直接硼氢化物燃料电池（DBFC）阳极材料及反应机理*

以碱金属硼氢化物为燃料的直接硼氢化物燃料电池（DBFC）,是一种有发展潜力的移动电源。DBFC阳极过程是一个复杂的H^--H0*-H⁺之间价态转化的电极反应体系,涉及BH₄^-的电氧化反应、BH₄^-的水解释氢反应与氢的电氧化反应,该过程不仅与电极材料有关,也与反应条件有关。研发能有效抑制释氢的廉价阳极催化材料,是DBFC实用化的关键。因此,本文对近年来报道的DBFC阳极催化材料、以及BH₄^-在不同阳极材料上的电化学氧化反应机理进行了综述,并归纳出需要深入研究的主要问题。     

氧化镧作为直接硼氢化物燃料电池阴极催化剂的研究

通过采用线性电势扫描(LSV)和恒电流计时电势扫描方法对氧化镧作为直接硼氢化物燃料电池阴极催化剂的电化学性能进行了研究.实验结果表明:在单室燃料电池体系中,氧化镧对氧还原具有良好的活性,同时在强碱溶液中对硼氢根离子具有很强的稳定性且对硼氢根的水解没有任何促进作用.以镍基储氢合金作为电池的阳极催化剂组装成简单的单室燃料电池,电池的开路电压达到1.052 V,在常温下(21℃),电池于0.491 V获得最高功率密度65.25 mW·cm-2,电池运行稳定.     

氧化铈作为阴极催化剂在直接硼氢化物燃料电池中的应用

研究以氧化铈(CeO2)作为直接硼氢化物燃料电池(DBFC)阴极催化剂的性能.结果表明:氧化铈对氧还原具有良好的催化效能,但对BH4-离子水解没有明显的促进作用,而且还能抑制它在正极的氧化.以氧化铈为阴极催化剂组装成的模拟单室燃料电池在常温下的最高功率密度为67.8mW·cm-2,运行稳定.     

直接硼氢化物燃料电池

直接硼氢化物燃料电池是一种新型的燃料电池，具有理论比能量高，产物清洁无污染，燃料易于储存和运输等特点，可广泛应用于小型便携式电子产品和移动电源,近年来受到越来越多研究者的关注。本文在介绍了直接硼氢化物燃料电池工作原理的基础上讨论了阳极催化剂、阴极催化剂的研究进展，并探讨了电解液和温度等条件对电池性能的影响，简要分析了发展直接硼氢化物燃料电池面临的主要问题。     

层状水滑石结构包覆钴硼合金的电化学产氧性能

电解水制氧是一种非常有吸引力的转化储存间歇式能源的技术.本文着重研究了非晶态钴硼合金的电解水产氧性能.非晶态钴硼合金可以通过硼氢化钠直接还原钴盐来获取,并表现出较高的电化学活性.对钴硼合金的弱氧化,产生了类水滑石结构的钴氢氧化物,可进一步提高该类催化剂的整体催化活性,达到接近商业催化剂水平.     

层状水滑石结构包覆钴硼合金的电化学产氧性能（英文）

电解水制氧是一种非常有吸引力的转化储存间歇式能源的技术.本文着重研究了非晶态钴硼合金的电解水产氧性能.非晶态钴硼合金可以通过硼氢化钠直接还原钴盐来获取,并表现出较高的电化学活性.对钴硼合金的弱氧化,产生了类水滑石结构的钴氢氧化物,可进一步提高该类催化剂的整体催化活性,达到接近商业催化剂水平.     

双核双金属酞菁(FeCoPc_2)阴极催化直接硼氢化物燃料电池

研制一种无膜型直接硼氢化物燃料电池(DBFC).循环伏安测试发现FeCoPc2在碱性溶液中对氧还原具有催化作用.稳态极化曲线表明,由于FeCoPc2结构具有较强的共轭效应以及Fe、Co在催化中的协同作用使它比FePc、CoPc具有更强的氧还原能力,并获得了110mW/cm2的功率密度.恒电流放电测试表明该燃料电池性能具有良好的稳定性.     

直接硼氢化物燃料电池阴极催化剂的研究进展

缓慢的阴极氧还原动力学和催化剂稳定性是制约直接硼氢化物燃料电池商业化的关键因素之一。为此,研究者在提高催化剂的催化活性与稳定性和降低催化剂成本方面开展了大量的研究工作。本文在简要介绍直接硼氢化物燃料电池的工作原理和阴极氧还原反应机理的基础上,从催化剂性能和反应机理角度综述了近年来直接硼氢化物燃料电池中贵金属和非贵金属两类阴极催化剂的主要研究进展,指出了阴极催化剂研究所面临的问题,同时提出了阴极催化剂研究的新的发展方向。     

提高AB_5型贮氢电极合金低温电化学性能研究

采用优化稀土成分并添加适量的硼改善AB5型贮氢合金的低温性能 .实验表明 ,含富Ce稀土及添加适量硼的AB5型合金 ,其低温电化学性能优良 ,能满足Ni/MH电池在低至 - 35℃小倍率电流密度放电的要求 .贮氢合金低温性能的改善与合金的微结构、热力学和动力学性能相一致     

PtCr合金的溶液制备及其电化学性质分析

催化剂性能的高低直接决定了燃料电池性能的好坏. 采用Pt基合金不仅能够降低催化剂Pt的载量, 而且往往能够提高催化剂的性能. 本工作用Cr作为合金化元素, 通过液相共沉淀的方式制备了不同比例的碳载PtCr合金催化剂. 采用高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM), 扫描电镜(SEM)等技术对合金催化剂的物理性质进行了测试. 结果表明, 获得的PtCr/C催化剂均匀地分散在Vulcan XC-72碳载体上, 粒度小于4 nm. 通过电化学测试, 研究了不同比例PtCr合金的电化学催化性能. 循环伏安测试表明, 本实验条件合成的合金催化剂在Pt/Cr原子比为2/1的时候, 对氧还原动力学有最佳的催化性能.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.