纳米二氧化锆在甲醇合成催化剂Cu/Ga2O3/ZrO2中的作用

The introduction of mesoporous nanosize zirconia to the catalyst for methanol synthesis dedicates the nanosized catalyst and mesoporous duplicated properties. The catalyst bears the larger surface area, larger mesoporous volume and more uniform diameter, more surface metal atoms and oxygen vacancies than the catalyst prepared with the conventional coprecipitation method. The modification of microstructure and electronic effect could result in the change of the reduced chemical state and decrease of reducuction temperature of copper, donating the higher activity and methanol selectivity to the catalyst. The results of methanol synthesis demonstrate that the Cu^＋ is the optimum active site. Also, the interaction between the copper and zirconia shows the synergistic effect to fulfil the methanol synthesis.     

SC-IrO2NR-carbon hybrid: A catalyst with high electrochemical stability for oxygen reduction

The enhanced electrochemical stability of the synthesized hybrid catalyst has been demonstrated by the introduction of the synergistic effect between carbon powder additive and the prepared catalyst.Single crystal IrO 2 nanorod (SC-IrO 2 NR) catalyst was prepared by a sol-gel method.The structure and performance of the catalyst sample were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD),scanning electron microscope (SEM),transmission electron microscope (TEM),rotating disk electrode (RDE) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements.XRD patterns and TEM images indicate that the catalyst sample has a rutile IrO 2 single crystal nanorod structure.The onset potential for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of the SC-IrO 2 NR-carbon hybrid catalyst specimen is 0.75 V (vs.RHE) in RDE measurement.CV and RDE test results show that the SC-IrO 2 NR-carbon hybrid catalyst has a better electrochemical stability in comparison with the commercial Pt/C catalyst,with attenuation ratios of 17.67% and 44.60% for the SC-IrO 2 NR-carbon hybrid catalyst and the commercial Pt/C catalyst after 1500 cycles,respectively.Therefore,in terms of stability,the SC-IrO 2 NR-carbon hybrid catalyst has a promising potential in the application of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.     

A Review of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer by Electrospinning北大核心CSCD

The limitation of catalyst layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in cost, durability and performance constitutes the bottleneck for the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles.Electrospun catalyst layer, with high catalyst utilization, increased triple phase boundary (TPB) and triple phase channel (TPC), has been developed by many researchers.This paper reviews the research progress in the electrospun catalyst layer for PEMFC, combined with the author's work.Firstly, the development progress of catalyst layer is summarized, and the catalyst layer is classified and analyzed based on its fabrication method and struc¬ture character.Next, the fabrication process, physical property characterization, electrochemical performance analysis and durability characterization of the electrospun nanofiber catalyst layer are described.Finally, further develoment tendency in catalyst layer for PEMFC is viewed by comparion of three kinds of catalyst layers from the viewpoints of TPB, TPC and mass production.Future re¬search topics are discussed. © 2018 Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.     

Surface Structure and Catalytic Behavior of MnO_(1+x) Radiated by Microwave

Introduction The surface structure, distribution and strength of the active centers of a catalyst would directly affect its catalytic activity and selectivity. In principle all the techniques and methods which can modify the surface and body structure of a catalyst, or influence its physicochemical properties can be used to change the activity and selectivity of a practical catalyst.     

Effect of Sulfate on an Iron Manganese Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

The effect of sulfate on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis performance was investigated in a slurry- phase continuously stirred tank reactor(CSTR)over a Fe-Mn catalyst.The physiochemical properties of the catalyst impregnated with different levels of sulfate were characterized by N_2 physisorption,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),H_2(or CO)temperature-programmed reduction(TPR),Mφssbauer spectroscopy,and CO_2 temperature-programmed desorption(TPD).The characterization results indicated that the impregnated sulfate slightly decreased the BET surface area and pore volume of the catalyst, suppressed the catalyst reduction and carburization in CO and syngas,and decreased the catalyst surface basicity.At the same time,the addition of small amounts of sulfate improved the activities of Fischer- Tropseh synthesis(FTS)and water gas shift(WGS),shifted the product to light hydrocarbons(C_1-C_(11)) and suppressed the formation of heavy products(C_(12 )).Addition of SO_4~(2-)to the catalyst improved the FTS activity at a sulfur loading of 0.05-0.80 g per 100 g Fe,and S-05 catalyst gave the highest CO conversion(62.3%),and beyond this sulfur level the activity of the catalyst decreased.     

Study on the deactivation and regeneration of the ZSM-5 catalyst used in methanol to olefins

ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst modified by a trace of metal cations shows high activity and high selectivity for the reaction of methanol to olefins (MTO), but it inclines to deactivate during the reaction. In this paper, the mechanism of the catalyst deactivation and the regeneration method were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, infrared spectra (IR), and infrared spectra coupled with NH3 molecular probes (IR-NH3). These characterizations indicated that coke formation was the main reason for the catalyst deactivation. To regenerate the deactivated catalyst, two methods, i.e., calcination and methanol leaching, were used. N2 adsorption-desorption, IR and IR-NH3 characteriza-tions showed that both methods can eliminate coke deposited on the catalyst and make the catalyst reactivated. XRD showed that the structure of the catalyst did not change after regeneration. Interestingly, the regenerated catalyst even showed better catalytic performance of the MTO reaction than the fresh one. Besides, the calcination regeneration can eliminate coke more completely, however, the methanol leaching method can be more easily carried out in situ in the reactor.     

Study on the Nanosized Amorphous Ru-Fe-B/ZrO2 Alloy Catalyst for Benzene Selective Hydrogenation to Cyclohexene

A novel nanosized amorphous Ru-Fe-B/ZrO2 alloy catalyst for benzene selective hydrogenation to cyclohexene was investigated. The superior properties of this catalyst were attributed to the combination of the nanosize and the amorphous character as well as to its textural character. In addition, the concentration of zinc ions, the content of ZrO2 in the slurry, and the pretreatment of the catalyst were found to be effective in improving the activity and the selectivity of the catalyst.     

STUDY OF THE CATALYTIC TECHNOLOGY IN THE OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE

The temperature of the catalyst bed in the oxidative coupling ofmethane would rise and be higher than the wall temperature when the amountof catalyst, the space velocity and the ratio of oxygen to methane wereincreased. Various aspects of the catalytic technology including the thickness ofthe catalyst bed, the mode of catalyst charge, the ratio of CH_4 to O_2 and thespece velocity were studied. An optimum temperature of the catalyst bed forhigher methane conversion and C_2 selectivity was investigated. It was foundthat the burning of methane in the gas phase to form CO occurred at certaintemperatures with some ratios of oxygen to methane. Additionally, the effectof adding water to the reaction feed gas was studied.     

THE EFFECT OF SENSITIZERS ON PARTIAL OXIDATION OF METHANE TO FORMALDEHYDE

Ketone was the optimum sensitizer selected from many additives. With ketonc as the additive, the yield of formaldehyde was more than 2.40% and the highest yield Was 3.58% over the silica gel-1 catalyst, and remained almost unchanged during the catalyst life test of 500 h. Ketone can compensate the catalyst for the -OH loss shown by 1R, TGA and XPS of the catalysts before and after the reaction.     

High-yield production of 2,5-dimethylfuran from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over carbon supported Ni–Co bimetallic catalyst

The catalytic conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) to 2,5-dimethylfuran(DMF) has attracted extensive research interests because DMF can be used as potential and competitive renewable transportation fuel or additives. Here we report a non-noble bimetallic catalyst with improved activity for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis by introducing active carbon as support into a nickel–cobalt catalyst. The characterizations of the catalyst indicate that the Ni and Co species are uniformly dispersed on the active carbon through the wetness impregnation method. The influences of reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure are systematically investigated and an excellent yield(up to 95%) of DMF can be obtained at relatively mild conditions, 130 °C and 1 MPa H_2, over the carbon supported Ni–Co bimetallic catalyst. The high catalytic activity originates from the synergistic effect between Ni and CoO xspecies, the high BET surface area of the catalyst, and the uniform dispersion of Ni and Co species on the active carbon. The catalyst could be reused for 5 times without loss of activity in a batch reactor. Futhermore, the conversion of HMF to DMF on a fixed-bed reactor was also investigated and the 2%Ni–20%Co/C catalyst exhibited an excellent yield to DMF(90%) for 71 h time on stream, indicating the high activity and stability of the catalyst.     

手性含硫恶唑硼烷催化芳酮不对称还原反应的量子化学研究

用HF方法在6-31G^*基组下,对手性含硫恶唑硼烷催化苯乙酮不对称还原反应进行了量子化学从头算研究。还原反应经历了催化剂-硼烷加合物、催化剂-硼烷-酮加合物、催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物的生成以及催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物的离解过程。催化剂-硼烷加合物、催化剂-硼烷-酮加合物和催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物的生成分别为放热、吸热、放热过程;催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物离解成催化剂烷氧基硼烷为吸热过程。催化剂-硼烷-酮加合物和催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物都存在四种稳定的结构。最有利于氢转移的催化剂-硼烷-酮加合物结构是次低能量结构,并且具有扭曲的船形结构。催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物含有一个B-O-B-N四元环,尽管四元环有较大的张力,但加合物仍有较高的稳定性。     

用于苯选择加氢制环己烯的非晶态合金Ru-La-B/ZrO2催化剂的失活与再生

 研究了在中试装置上经长期运转后的非晶态合金Ru-La-B/ZrO2催化剂的失活原因与再生方法. 结果表明: 催化剂失活不是由微孔堵塞、比表面积减小、晶粒长大或催化剂中毒而引起的,而是由于在长期运转过程中催化剂吸附了反应浆液中的Zn2+ 和反应器壁引入的Fe2+ , 通过酸洗的方法可以使催化剂的活性和选择性基本恢复.     

Impact of ageing on the distribution of platinum group elements and catalyst poisoning elements in automobile catalysts

The distribution of platinum group elements (PGEs) and catalyst poisoning elements (Pb, Zn, P and S) on the surface of gasoline and diesel automobile catalysts was investigated within this study. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICPMS) provides both the sensitivity and the spatial resolution required for the surface analysis of sectioned automobile catalysts, and scanning along channels reveals the distribution of longitudinal changes in PGE and catalyst poisoning elements. Changes in catalyst surface features were studied for fresh catalysts and after ageing of the catalyst up to 80 000 km for both types of catalysts studied. The PGEs in the gasoline catalyst were found to decrease at the front of the catalyst after ageing, whereas the diesel catalyst presented a more constant loss along the catalyst. The fraction of poisoning elements (Pb, P and Zn for the gasoline catalyst and P and Zn for the diesel catalyst) retained by the catalyst is distributed non‐uniformly over the length of the catalyst. This could indicate different ageing mechanisms for gasoline and diesel catalysts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polymer-supported lewis acid catalysts. VII. Polystyrene-bonded Ti(IV) chloride catalysts

A polystyrene-bonded Ti(IV) chloride catalyst was synthesized by the reaction of a polystyryl lithium (catalyst I , PS—TiCl₂) or a polystyryl magnesium (catalyst II , PS-TiCl₃) combined with titanium tetrachloride. The catalyst produced is a polymeric organometallic compound containing 0.479 mmol Ti/g catalyst, 0.986 mmol Cl/g catalyst (catalyst I ) and 0.281 mmol Ti/g catalyst, 0.766 mmol Cl/g catalyst (catalyst II ), depending on the method of synthesis. Both catalysts showed very good stability and good catalytic activity in such organic reactions as esterification, acetalation, and ketal formation. They can be reused many times without losing its catalytic activity. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

氯对钌基氨合成催化剂的影响

氯离子的脱除是制备高性能钌催化剂的一个重要步骤。本文综述了新型钌基氨合成催化剂制备过程中的脱氯环节。介绍了以RuCl₃·3H₂O作为活性前驱体的钌催化剂中氯离子的来源、氯在催化剂中的存在方式、它对催化剂的毒害作用以及去除氯离子的方法。     

烷基化催化剂表面酸性及催化性能的动力学研究

在确定关联升温速率、脱附峰温和脱附峰覆盖率的程序升温脱附动力学模型的基础上，通过TPD实验和模型参数估值，建立了表征催化剂酸密度、酸强度及强度分布情况的方法。研究表明，随着活化温度的提高，固体酸催化剂表面酸中心强度分布先变宽后趋于均匀，350?℃活化催化剂的强度分布最宽；催化剂表面酸强度和酸密度随活化温度提高均呈先增大后降低、分别在350 ℃和250 ℃活化温度达到极大值的变化规律。催化剂酸性与催化性能关联的结果表明，随着活化温度的提高，烷基化反应速率常数与总脱附量的变化趋势相同，而催化剂失活速率常数与脱附活化能变化趋势相同；催化剂活性稳定性随其酸强度的增大而变差，催化剂活性与催化剂酸量和酸强度有关。     

费托合成中Co/ZrO2/SiO2催化剂的失活行为

 采用等体积分步浸渍法制备了费托合成用Co/ZrO2/SiO2催化剂,并用XRD,TPR和N2-吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 考察了催化剂在费托反应过程中的结构变化和失活行为. 结果表明,反应过程中硅酸钴物种的生成是催化剂失活的主要原因,且硅酸钴的生成与产物水的分压有关; 晶粒长大也可能是催化剂失活的原因之一.     

聚烯烃催化剂的发展及我们的对策

评述了聚烯烃催化剂的几个重要发展阶段，讨论了Ziegler-Natta催化剂，茂金属催化剂及非茂有机金属催化剂的组成及特征，提出了我国在聚烯烃催化剂开发方面的对策。     

在超临界正己烷介质中的F-T合成反应行为

在固定床反应器中,以正己烷为超临界介质,研究了三种Co催化剂（浸渍、喷雾干燥、双模催化剂）上的F-T合成反应行为。在相同的Co质量分数下,喷雾干燥催化剂和双模催化剂的活性接近,都高于浸渍催化剂。在喷雾干燥催化剂上CO的转化率显著高于浸渍催化剂。喷雾干燥催化剂F-T产物中具有高的低碳选择性和低的1-烯烃质量分数,然而在相近的CO转化率下,喷雾干燥和浸渍催化剂具有类似的1-烯烃质量分数。对于浸渍催化剂,当Co质量分数从5％增加到15％,CO转化率从8.3％增加到43.6％。含Co5％的催化剂比质量分数为10％、15％、20％催化剂的甲烷选择性低2.0%～3.0%,但产物中1-烯烃的质量分数明显要高。     

钯催化气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯

通过催化剂反应性能和反应前后XPS谱图对比，分析了负载型钯催化剂在甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯过程中的失活原因，研究了HCl在维持催化剂活性及失活催化剂再生中的作用．结果表明，氯离子的流失是负载型钯碳催化剂失活的主要原因．由于氯离子的流失，对于PdCl2／AC催化剂，钯很容易从二价变为零价：对于PdCl2-CuCl2／AC催化剂，CuCl2发生变化，失去使钯保持二价氯化物状态的功能．在反应过程中补充HCl可以延长催化剂的寿命，也可以利用HCl对失活催化剂进行再生，但采用HCl不能从根本上解决催化剂失活的问题．