低杂波电流驱动下HT-7超导托卡马克逃逸电子行为

 HT-7托卡马克的逃逸电子诊断系统由CdTe,BGO,Na三种探测器组成,可以用来观测逃逸电子撞击托卡马克第一壁材料产生的硬X射线轫致辐射,它的能量响应范围是0.3~1.5 MeV。结合电子回旋辐射、中子等诊断手段,研究了HT-7超导托卡马克在低杂波电流驱动下的逃逸电子行为。实验结果显示：高功率低杂波的关断和低功率低杂波的投入都会增强逃逸电子的产生,但是如果低杂波可以将等离子体环电压降低到逃逸的阈值电场以下,低杂波的投入就可以抑制电子的逃逸。逃逸电子的产生还和低杂波功率有着密切的关系,可以通过控制低杂波的投入和关断的时刻以及改变低杂波功率来抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

A confident source of hard X‐rays: radiation from a tokamak applicable for runaway electrons diagnosis

In a tokamak with a toroidal electric field, electrons that exceed the critical velocity are freely accelerated and can reach very high energies. These so‐called `runaway electrons' can cause severe damage to the vacuum vessel and are a dangerous source of hard X‐rays. Here the effect of toroidal electric and magnetic field changes on the characteristics of runaway electrons is reported. A possible technique for runaways diagnosis is the detection of hard X‐ray radiation; for this purpose, a scintillator (NaI) was used. Because of the high loop voltage at the beginning of a plasma, this investigation was carried out on toroidal electric field changes in the first 5 ms interval from the beginning of the plasma. In addition, the toroidal magnetic field was monitored for the whole discharge time. The results indicate that with increasing toroidal electric field the mean energy of runaway electrons rises, and also an increase in the toroidal magnetic field can result in a decrease in intensity of magnetohydrodynamic oscillations which means that for both conditions more of these high‐energy electrons will be generated.     

Scattering of magnetic mirror trapped fast electrons by a shear Alfvén wave

Laboratory observations of enhanced loss of fast electrons trapped in a magnetic mirror geometry irradiated by shear Alfvén waves (SAW) are reported. A population of runaway electrons generated by second harmonic electron-cyclotron-resonance heating, as evidenced by the production of hard x rays with energy up to 3?MeV, is subjected to SAW launched with a rotating magnetic field antenna. It is observed that the SAW dramatically affect the trapped fast electrons and scatter them out of the magnetic mirror despite any obvious resonance. The results could have implications on the techniques of artificial reduction of energetic electrons in the inner radiation belt.     

Elektronenbeschleunigung in einem Plasmabetatron mit und ohne hohem Leitungsstrom

A previous paper by Drees and Paul reported measurements on a plasma betatron. The study was continued using a betatron field with a vector potential taking into account the self magnetic field of a plasma current. The plasma was produced by a high frequency electric quadrupole field without an azimuthal magnetic field. The bremsstrahlung intensity of the accelerated electrons was observed as a function of gas pressure and accelerating field. The maximum energy of the electrons was 1.3 MeV compared to 1.5 MeV given by the field parameters. The maximum number in this energy range was about 10¹⁰ per pulse corresponding to a circulating runaway current of ～ 1 A. The conduction current was drasticly reduced by coating the inner wall of the quartz glass torus with a thin layer of graphite. This change in the plasma current did not influence the γ radiation intensity.     

Scale size of magnetic turbulence in tokamaks probed with 30-MeV electrons

Measurements of synchrotron radiation emitted by 30-MeV runaway electrons in the TEXTOR-94 tokamak show that the runaway population decays after switching on neutral beam injection (NBI). The decay starts only with a significant delay, which decreases with increasing NBI heating power. This delay provides direct evidence of the energy dependence of runaway confinement, which is expected if magnetic modes govern the loss of runaways. Application of the theory by Mynick and Strachan [Phys. Fluids 24, 695 (1981)] yields estimates for the "mode width" (delta) of magnetic perturbations: delta<0.5 cm in Ohmic discharges, increasing to delta = 4.4 cm for 0. 6 MW NBI.     

Synchrotron radiation intensity and energy of runaway electrons in EAST tokamak

A detailed analysis of the synchrotron radiation intensity and energy of runaway electrons is presented for the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST). In order to make the energy of the calculated runaway electrons more accurate, we take the Shafranov shift into account. The results of the analysis show that the synchrotron radiation intensity and energy of runaway electrons did not reach the maximum at the same time. The energy of the runaway electrons reached the maximum first, and then the synchrotron radiation intensity of the runaway electrons reached the maximum.We also analyze the runaway electrons density, and find that the density of runaway electrons continuously increased. For this reason, although the energy of the runaway electrons dropped but the synchrotron radiation intensity of the runaway electrons would continue rising for a while.     

Role of bremsstrahlung radiation in limiting the energy of runaway electrons in tokamaks

Bremsstrahlung radiation of runaway electrons is found to be an energy limit for runaway electrons in tokamaks. The minimum and maximum energy of runaway electron beams is shown to be limited by collisions and bremsstrahlung radiation, respectively. It is also found that a massive injection of a high-Z gas such as xenon can terminate a disruption-generated runaway current before the runaway electrons hit the walls.     

Observation of trapped and passing runaway electrons by infrared camera in the EAST tokamak

In EAST, synchrotron radiation is emitted by runaway electrons in the infrared band, which can be observed by infrared cameras. This synchrotron radiation is mainly emitted by passing runaway electrons with tens of Me V energy. A common feature of radiation dominated by passing runaway electrons is that it is strongest on the high field side. However,the deeply trapped runaway electrons cannot reach the high field side in principle. Therefore, in this case, the high field side radiation is expected to be weak. This paper reports for the first time that the synchrotron radiation from trapped runaway electrons dominates that from passing runaway electrons and is identifiable in an image. Although the synchrotron radiation dominated by trapped runaway electrons can be observed in experiment, the proportion of trapped runaway electrons is very low.     

Study of runaway electron behaviour during electron cyclotron resonance heating in the HL-2A Tokamak

During the current flat-top phase of electron cyclotron resonance heating discharges in the HL-2A Tokamak, the behaviour of runaway electrons has been studied by means of hard x-ray detectors and neutron diagnostics. During electron cyclotron resonance heating, it can be found that both hard x-ray radiation intensity and neutron emission flux fall rapidly to a very low level, which suggests that runaway electrons have been suppressed by electron cyclotron resonance heating. From the set of discharges studied in the present experiments, it has also been observed that the efficiency of runaway suppression by electron cyclotron resonance heating was apparently affected by two factors: electron cyclotron resonance heating power and duration. These results have been analysed by using a test particle model. The decrease of the toroidal electric field due to electron cyclotron resonance heating results in a rapid fall in the runaway electron energy that may lead to a suppression of runaway electrons. During electron cyclotron resonance heating with different powers and durations, the runaway electrons will experience different slowing down processes. These different decay processes are the major cause for influencing the efficiency of runaway suppression. This result is related to the safe operation of the Tokamak and may bring an effective control of runaway electrons.     

逃逸电子和不稳定性波反常多普勒共振实验研究

利用电子回旋辐射诊断系统并结合其他相关诊断研究了HL-2A托卡马克中逃逸电子与波间的反常多普勒共振作用.结果显示:欧姆放电下提高等离子密度能抑制逃逸电子束的不稳定性,但等离子密度的再次降低导致逃逸电子又会激发不稳定性波,并耦合不稳定性波发生二次反常多普勒共振作用.利用统计方法分析了HL-2A上不同放电阶段逃逸电子反常多普勒共振阈值(ωpe/ωce)区间大致都在0.17-0.54范围内.此共振机制导致逃逸电子在速度空间被波散射,平行能量转化到垂直能量,pitch角增加,同步辐射功率增强,逃逸电子能量限制在反常多普勒效应的阈值能量附近.基于反常多普勒共振的逃逸抑制能有效减轻逃逸电子对装置第一壁的损坏.     

Suppression of runaway electrons by resonant magnetic perturbations in TEXTOR disruptions

The generation of runaway electrons in the international fusion experiment ITER disruptions can lead to severe damage at plasma facing components. Massive gas injection might inhibit the generation process, but the amount of gas needed can affect, e.g., vacuum systems. Alternatively, magnetic perturbations can suppress runaway generation by increasing the loss rate. In TEXTOR disruptions runaway losses were enhanced by the application of resonant magnetic perturbations with toroidal mode number n=1 and n=2. The disruptions are initiated by fast injection of about 3x10{21} argon atoms, which leads to a reliable generation of runaway electrons. At sufficiently high perturbation levels a reduction of the runaway current, a shortening of the current plateau, and the suppression of high energetic runaways are observed. These findings indicate the suppression of the runaway avalanche during disruptions.     

Beschleunigung von Elektronen in einem Plasmabetatron

A plasma was produced by a high frequency electric quadrupole field (v=200 Megacycles) at gas pressures of 10^?4 to 5·10^?3 mm Hg in a quarz glass torus. The torus was placed between the poles of an air-core betatron with the following properties: radius of equilibrium orbit 20 cm, maximum accelerating field strength 80 V/cm, end energy 1.5 MeV. Associated with conduction currents of some 100 A, energetic Bremsstrahlung was observed and attributed to 1,2 MeV electrons. The number of accelerated electrons was of the order of 10¹¹ per pulse. The intensity and energy of the radiation, together with the time dependence of the plasma current, were observed as function of different parameters, such as the gas pressure, high frequency amplitude, induced acceleration field strength, for different gases. The energetic radiation disappears when, because of the self-induced magnetic field, the stability condition for the betatron equilibrium is no longer fulfilled.     

Cyclotron mechanism of electron acceleration in subpicosecond laser plasma

The effect of ultrastrong magnetic fields generated in a relativistic-intensity subpicosecond laser plasma on the acceleration of fast electrons was studied. It is shown that resonance electrons can continuously accumulate energy from the circularly polarized laser field in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field. For the linear polarization and a transverse magnetic field, energy accumulation has a pulse-periodic character, and the electron trajectories correspond to electron rotation in the Larmor orbit in a quasi-stationary magnetic field, while the energy strongly oscillates. In both cases, electron energy may attain values higher than 100 MeV for intensities of 10²⁰ W/cm².     

Numerical investigation of the methods for reducing the runaway electron beam divergence

We have performed a comparative numerical analysis of two methods for reducing the runaway electron beam divergence using an external magnetic field or a dielectric tube. The generation of runaway electrons takes place in an inhomogeneous medium that consists of a hot channel (spark channel, laser torch, etc.) surrounded by air under normal conditions. The model makes it possible to consistently calculate the formation of a subnanosecond gas discharge and the generation of accelerated electrons under these conditions. The possibility of effectively decreasing the runaway electron beam divergence using an external magnetic field, as well as a dielectric tube, has been demonstrated. However, the number of runaway electrons in the case with the tube is considerably smaller than in the case with the magnetic field due to the fact that some runaway electrons settle on the tube walls. The energy spectra of the runaway electrons significantly differ in these cases, which can be explained by the differences in the dynamics of the discharge formation.     

Runaway-Ströme hoher Intensität in einer toroidalen Entladung

Intensive currents of runaway electrons with energies of 50 keV or more have been observed at high pressures in a plasma betatron in addition to betatron accelerated electrons at lower pressures. The measurements agree with the assumption that these electrons are accelerated in the external field while they are guided by the self magnetic field of the plasma current. Macroscopic instabilities and plasma waves can be excluded as accelerating mechanisms. The strong dependence of the runaway flux upon the gas pressure and the electric field can be explained by collisions between electrons and the other plasma particles. Furthermore the influence of the external magnetic field on the movement of the plasma current to the torus wall was investigated. A maximum circulating runaway current of more than 2000 A (Xenon) appeared when the plasma current was kept approximately in balance by the external magnetic field.     

入射电子能量对低密度聚乙烯深层充电特性的影响

高能带电粒子与航天器介质材料相互作用引起的深层带电现象, 一直是威胁航天器安全运行的重要因素之一. 考虑入射电子在介质中的电荷沉积、能量沉积分布以及介质中的非线性暗电导和辐射诱导电导, 建立了介质深层充电的单极性电荷输运物理模型. 通过求解电荷连续性方程和泊松方程, 可以得出不同能量 (0.1–0.5 MeV) 电子辐射下, 低密度聚乙烯 (厚度为1 mm) 介质中的电荷输运特性. 计算结果表明, 不同能量的电子辐射下, 介质充电达到平衡时, 最大电场随入射能量的增加而减小; 同一能量辐射下, 最大电场随束流密度的增大而增加. 入射电子能量较低时 (≤ 0.3 MeV) , 最大电场随束流密度的变化趋势基本相同. 具体表现为: 当束流密度大于3× 10^-9 A/m²时, 最大场强超过击穿阈值2×10⁷ V/m, 发生静电放电 (ESD) 的可能性较大. 随着入射电子能量的增加, 发生静电放电 (ESD) 的临界束流密度增大, 在能量为0.4 MeV时, 临界束流密度为6×10^-8 A/m². 当能量大于等于0.5 MeV时, 在束流密度为10^-9–10^-6 A/m²的范围内, 均不会发生静电放电 (ESD) . 该物理模型对于深入研究深层充放电效应、评估航天器在空间环境下 深层带电程度及防护设计具有重要的意义. 关键词： 高能电子辐射 低密度聚乙烯(LDPE) 介质深层充电 电导特性     

托卡马克中等离子体频率附近的增强辐射现象

实验提出托卡马克中的等离子体频率附近的增强辐射现象与高能逃逸电子有关,但是辐射的机制尚未完全弄清。本文讨论了两种可能的机制。一种是诱发辐射,这是来自逃逸电子与波的反常迴旋共振。另一种是自发辐射,主要来自契仑柯夫共振。前者要求逃逸电子的能量比后者为大,因此,自发辐射理论更引人注意。在很宽的参数变化范围内对辐射率作了数值计算。对于等离子体频率大于迴旋频率的情况也作了讨论。 关键词：     

Manifestation of microflares in modulation of the microwave radiation of the coronal magnetic loops

We reveal a modulation the frequency of which varies quasi-periodically with a variation period of about 150 s when analyzing the low-frequency modulation of the intensity of the solar microwave radiation. It is shown that this modulation can be a manifestation of the microflares occurring in the coronal magnetic loop. The interaction of 5-min photospheric oscillations with currentcarrying loops results in modulation of the electric current in the loop and, as a result, generation of the inductive electric field. This leads to the emergence of a group of runaway electrons and their acceleration by the electric field. The most favorable conditions for the acceleration appear near the loop top, where the Dreicer field is minimum. When the electrons accelerated in the region near the top of the loop reach its footpoints, a microflare is observed. The radiation loss of the loop and the energy which is released in the loop as a result of the microflares are compared It is shown that for some loop parameters, the radiation loss can be compensated completely and the heating can exceed the radiation loss.     

托卡马克等离子体电子逃逸阈值实验研究

本文采用统计方法分析了HL-2A托卡马克装置上欧姆放电条件下的实验数据,根据硬X射线出现时刻的等离子体环电压、中心线平均等离子体电子密度等参数,计算出电子逃逸的实验阈值,并与初级产生机制下逃逸电子的理论阈值进行对比.实验数据表明逃逸电场阈值明显高于相对论碰撞理论预测,抑制电子逃逸现象的临界电子密度明显比理论预测的低.这与ITPA(International Tokamak Physics Activity)在D3D,TEXTOR,FTU,KSTAR等装置得出的实验结果吻合.针对逃逸现象出现时刻硬X射线增长率的实验研究发现初级产生机制下逃逸电子的增长率与电场强度大小成正比,与中心线平均等离子体电子密度成反比,此现象验证了通过减小环电压或提高等离子体密度的方法可以抑制电子逃逸现象.     

Beat excitation of terahertz radiation in a semiconductor slab in a magnetic field

Two infrared lasers of frequencies ω₁ and ω₂ propagating in the TM/TE mode along $\stackrel{?}{z}$ direction in a rippled density semiconductor waveguide are shown to resonantly excite terahertz radiation at the beat frequency when ripple wave number is suitably chosen to satisfy the phase matching. The wave vector of the density ripple is along the direction of laser propagation while a static magnetic field is applied transverse to it. The lasers exert a ponderomotive force on the electrons at the beat frequency. This force, in the presence of density ripple and transverse magnetic field, produces a nonlinear current at the terahertz frequency. The magnetic field enhances the amplitude of the terahertz wave. However terahertz yield is significantly higher in the TM mode laser beating than in the TE mode laser beating.