激光时序信号实时在线监测系统

激光时序信号实时在线监测系统用于氧碘化学激光器的总控系统中，全过程地实时监测强光系统及相关分系统的所有时序信号，在线提供信号脉冲时间、幅度、宽度等特性，动态显示关键信号的波形，并以文件形式记录保存。一旦发生故障，指挥员通过查看信号状态，能够在分系统电子线路繁杂、涉及环节和信号众多的总控系统内迅速判断故障原因，找到故障部位。本系统采用基于Compact PCI技术的工业级板卡，具有如下的功能和特性：（1）实时采集信号：采样时间可根据脉冲的宽度可调，信号脉宽最小为200ms；（2）在线提供信号的特性：信号发生时刻，脉冲宽度，脉冲幅度；（3）实时显示关键信号的波形，并记录保存；（4）所有信号的状态和特性以文件的形式保存记录；（5）对保存的信号可方便地进行后台的数据处理，如：绘制信号波形，计算脉冲宽度等；（6）作为第3方独立的试验测试系统，和各个分系统之间的信号连接相互隔离，避免彼此之间的干扰；（7）系统稳定可靠，易于维护，扩展方便。     

焊接现场射线检测技术应用分析

某产品的焊接须预热到300℃后进行，焊后采用自然冷却，再进行X射线照相检测。传统的射线照相检测过程费时费力，一定程度制约了产品生产进度。如能在焊接现场进行实时的射线检测，则可及时发现焊接中的缺陷并进行相应的处理，免除了冷却、送检、返修、再预热及胶片处理等时间，从而大大提高生产效率。文中对射线检测的数字化技术应用的不同方式（CR、DR）进行了对比分析，认为采用DR技术（射线扫描探测器）可有望提高检测的效率。     

基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱的气池光程可溯源测量

在碳中和的国际大背景下,精确可靠地定量测量大气温室气体浓度对实现碳中和目标具有重要意义,开发测量结果可直接溯源至国际单位制SI的气体分析仪是精确可靠监测温室气体浓度的重要方法。可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱（TDLAS）技术是常用的气体浓度测量方法,根据比尔-朗伯定律,实现仪器的测量浓度直接溯源至SI的必要条件之一是可直接溯源的气池光程,气池光程的不确定度直接影响气体浓度的测量不确定度,对气池光程的可溯源精确测量有利于发展测量结果可直接溯源的气体分析仪。针对光程标称为81 cm的三次反射型气池光程可溯源测量需求,使用校准的米尺测量该气池光程得到的直接测量结果为(81.21±0.80) cm,较大的测量不确定度（0.80 cm）是综合考虑定位误差和三段光路与测量路径可能不重合导致的测量误差估算得到的。为了减小测量不确定度,本文搭建了TDLAS气池光程测量系统,测量系统以1 576 nm分布式反馈激光器为光源,通过在激光控制器上加载斜坡扫描电压来测量待测气池内标准高纯二氧化碳（CO₂,99.999%）在6 344.68 cm-1附近的吸收光谱,使用测量结果可直接溯源的压力传感器和温度传感器分别测量气池内的压强和气体温度,采用美国国家标准技术局最新测量得到的30012-00001跃迁带P 4e支线强（相对标准不确定度为0.15%）反演气池光程,使用二次速度依赖Voigt线型精确拟合不同气压（36~75 Torr）下的光谱吸光度信号获得对应气压的积分吸光度,全面分析各参量的测量不确定度及其传递过程,对不同气压下的积分吸光度进行线性回归分析,计算得到可直接溯源的气池光程为(81.61±0.42) cm,相对标准不确定度为0.51%,测量不确定度范围落在直接测量结果范围内,测量不确定度小于直接测量结果。本文气池的光路结构是多次反射长光程气池的简化,该系统同样适用于多次反射长光程气池光程的可溯源测量。     

对差分光学吸收光谱法的监测数据进行实时预测研究

差分光学吸收光谱法（DOAS）已经成为测量大气中微量气体浓度广泛应用的方法.通过对大气差分吸收光谱的分析可以得到它们的浓度.但在恶劣气候条件下，DOAS系统不能获得连续的实时监测数据，因此不能满足我国环境监测条例对环境监测子站的要求.文中提出了一种利用逐步回归分析的方法，对DOAS系统的监测数据进行实时预测.通过大量的对比实验表明，利用该方法得到的预测结果与实际测量结果一致，目前该技术已经被应用于DOAS监测仪器中. 关键词： 差分光学吸收光谱法（DOAS） 逐步回归分析 预测     

Na（3P）十Rb（5P）碰撞能量转移截面

置于同一池中的钠原子和铷原子，分别被连续染料激光器和铷光谱灯激发到Ｎａ（３Ｐ），Ｒｂ（５Ｐ），Ｎａ（３Ｐ）原子密度由吸收等效宽度技术测定，利用调制技术分离出了由异核碰撞产生的荧光光谱，观察到了Ｎａ（３Ｐ）和Ｒｂ（５Ｐ）问的碰撞能量合并现象，并测定了其碰撞截面。     

新型塑料导线直径在线测量系统

本文提出了一种用线阵ＣＣＤ非接触实时测量塑料导线直径的仪器，它有如下特点：（１）采用了对被测目标所发出的烟雾不敏感的光学系统，提高了测量精度；（２）采用工作于脉冲方式的大功率近红外ＬＥＤ做照明光源，其寿命比采用白炽灯作为光源大为增长，同时缩小了体积并有利于抑制可见光的干扰；（３）对电信号采用了两级滤波、直流恢复、自适应阈值二值化等处理技术；（４）采用定标的方法来消除目标位置移动的影响，提高了测量精度，降低了加工装配精度要求。现场使用证明，它能长期可靠地工作，总的测量误差小于±０．０２ｍｍ。     

基于光束扫描宽化技术的激光掩模微加工系统

利用Nd∶KGW激光器,采用光束扫描宽化技术和掩模微缩成像方法研制了用于微打标及微型零件雕刻成形的激光掩模微加工系统。系统采用计算机打印的塑料胶片或液晶作掩模,光束扫描面积为（有效掩模面积）30 mm×30 mm。微缩成像系统的缩小倍率分别为8～10倍（f=100 mm透镜）和15～20倍（f=50 mm透镜）。对该系统的加工尺寸和加工精度进行了分析。实验结果表明：系统达到的最小标刻宽度和加工图形精度均为10μm,与分析结果一致。系统的单次加工深度为0.07～0.1μm,最大加工深度为200μm,可满足工业微加工技术的基本要求。     

激发态Na和K原子间的碰撞能量合并

置于同一池中的Ｎａ原子和Ｋ原子，分别被连续染料激光器和Ｋ光谱灯激发型Ｎａ（３Ｐ），Ｋ（４Ｐ），Ｎａ（３Ｐ）原子密度由吸收等效宽度技术测定。利用调制技术，分离出了由异核碰撞产生的荧光光谱，观察到了Ｎａ（３Ｐ）和Ｋ（４Ｐ）间的磁能量合并现象，并测定了其碰撞截面。     

Na（3P）＋Rb（5P）碰撞能量转移截面

置于同一池中的钠原子和铷原子，分别被连续染料激光器和铷光谱灯激发到Ｎａ（３Ｐ），Ｒｂ（５Ｐ），Ｎａ（３Ｐ）原子密度由吸收等效宽度技术测定，利用调制技术分离出了凡异核碰撞产生的荧光光谱，观察到了Ｎａ（３Ｐ）和Ｒｂ（５Ｐ）间的碰撞能量俣并现象，并测定了其碰撞截面。     

瞬态光谱测量中的触发与同步技术

设计加工了一套高速单脉冲触发电路,触发门限在150 mV～1.5 V范围内连续可调,输出脉冲宽度可自行调节,其响应时间小于50纳秒.提出了通过短脉冲半导体激光器测量触发延时的同步方案.在此基础上利用带像增强的ICCD探测器,建立了瞬态光谱测试系统,并实时测量了环氧丙烷爆燃转爆轰过程的瞬态光谱.触发与同步技术是研究的重点.     

Effects of relative positioning of energy sources on weld integrity for hybrid laser arc welding

This study is concerned with the effects of laser and arc arrangement on weld integrity for the hybrid laser arc welding processes. Experiments were conducted for a high-strength steel using a 4 kW Nd: YAG laser and a metal active gas (MAG) welding facility under two configurations of arc–laser hybrid welding (ALHW) and laser–arc hybrid welding (LAHW). Metallographic analysis and mechanical testing were performed to evaluate the weld integrity in terms of weld bead geometry, microstructure and mechanical properties. The morphology of the weld bead cross-section was studied and the typical macrostructure of the weld beads appeared to be cone-shaped and cocktail cup-shaped under ALHW and LAHW configurations, respectively. The weld integrity attributes of microstructure, phase constituents and microhardness were analyzed for different weld regions. The tensile and impact tests were performed and fracture surface morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. The study showed that ALHW produced joints with a better weld shape and a more uniform microstructure of lath martensite, while LAHW weld had a heterogeneous structure of lath martensite and austenite.     

Microstructure characteristics of laser-MIG hybrid welded mild steel

To deepen the understanding of laser-arc hybrid welding, the weld shape and microstructure characteristics of laser-metal inert gas hybrid welded mild steel were analyzed. The results showed typical hybrid weld could be classified as two parts: the wide upper zone and the narrow nether zone, which were defined as arc zone and laser zone, respectively. In the hybrid weld, the microstructure, alloy element distribution and microhardness all have evident difference between laser zone and arc zone. The microstructure of arc zone consists of coarse columnar dendrite and fine acicular dendrite between the columnar dendrites, but that of laser zone is composed of fine equiaxed dendrite in weld center and columnar dendrite around the equiaxed dendrite. Compared to arc zone, laser zone has finer grain size, higher microhardness, smaller alloy element content in the fusion zone and narrower heat affected zone. The discussions demonstrated that the observed difference was caused by the difference of temperature gradient, crystallizing and the effects of arc pressure on the molten pool between laser zone and arc zone.     

Improvement of laser keyhole formation with the assistance of arc plasma in the hybrid welding process of magnesium alloy

In the previous work, low-power laser/arc hybrid welding technique is used to weld magnesium alloy and high-quality weld joints are obtained. In order to make clear the interactions between low-power laser pulse and arc plasma, the effect of arc plasma on laser pulse is studied in this article. The result shows that the penetration of low-power laser welding with the assistance of TIG arc is more than two times deeper than that of laser welding alone and laser welding transforms from thermal-conduction mode to keyhole mode. The plasma behaviors and spectra during the welding process are studied, and the transition mechanism of laser-welding mode is analyzed in detail. It is also found that with the assistance of arc plasma, the threshold value of average power density to form keyhole welding for YAG laser is only 3.3×10⁴ W/cm², and the average peak power density is 2.6×10⁵ W/cm² in the present experiment. Moreover, the distribution of energy density during laser pulse is modulated to improve the formation and stability of laser keyholes.     

An investigation on capability of hybrid Nd:YAG laser-TIG welding technology for AA2198 Al-Li alloy

This paper surveys the capability of the hybrid laser-arc welding in comparison with lone laser welding for AA2198 aluminum alloy experimentally. In the present research, a continuous Nd:YAG laser with a maximum power of 2000 W and a 350 A electric arc were used as two combined welding heat sources. In addition to the lone laser welding experiments, two strategies were examined for hybrid welding; the first one was low laser power (100 W) accompanied by high arc energy, and the second one was high laser power (2000 W) with low arc energy. Welding speed and arc current varied in the experiments. The influence of heat input on weld pool geometry was surveyed. The macrosection, microhardness profile and microstructure of the welded joints were studied and compared. The results indicated that in lone laser welding, conduction mode occurred and keyhole was not formed even in low welding speeds and thus the penetration depth was so low. It was also found that the second approach (high laser power accompanied with low arc energy) is superior to the first one (low laser power accompanied with high arc energy) in hybrid laser-arc welding of Al2198, since lower heat input was needed for full penetration weld and as a result a smaller HAZ was created.     

新型智能球罐焊接机器人视觉传感器的研究

为实现智能球罐焊接机器人的自主运动与焊缝自动跟踪 ,研制了一种新型视觉传感器。该传感器以高分辨率线阵 CCD芯片为核心 ,由光源、滤光片、透镜等光学系统及 CCD驱动电路、光电信号处理电路等组成 ,其中光电处理电路全部由硬件实现。整个视觉传感系统可以避免焊接时弧光的干扰 ,实时、准确地检测出焊缝轨迹线偏差信号 ,具有实时性强、鲁棒性好、成本低、重量轻等优点。借助所研制的视觉传感器 ,球罐焊接机器人能够实现沿焊缝的自主运动和焊炬与焊缝的自动对中 ,满足球罐多层多道焊接工艺要求 ,实现球罐焊接作业的智能化、自动化     

考虑金属蒸汽的钨极惰性气体保护焊电弧与熔池交互作用三维数值分析

基于局域热平衡状态假设并考虑金属蒸汽的作用, 建立了钨极惰性气体保护焊电弧与熔池交互作用的三维数学模型. 电弧等离子体的热力学参数和输运系数由温度和金属蒸汽浓度共同决定, 并使用第二黏度近似简化处理金属蒸汽在氩等离子中的输运过程. 在考虑熔池流动时, 主要考虑了浮力、电磁力、表面张力和等离子流拉力的作用. 通过对麦克斯韦方程组、连续性方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程和组分输运方程的耦合求解, 得到了金属蒸汽在电弧中的空间分布、电弧和熔池的温度场、速度场和电流密度分布等重要结果. 通过与未考虑金属蒸汽的结果对比, 研究了熔池上表面产生的金属蒸汽对电弧等离子体行为的影响, 以及电弧等离子对熔池行为的影响. 结果表明, 金属蒸汽主要富集在熔池上表面附近; 金属蒸汽对电弧等离子体有明显的收缩作用, 而对等离子速度和电势影响较小; 金属蒸汽的出现对熔池上表面速度分布和剪切力分布以及熔池形貌并无明显影响. 求解结果与已有的实验结果和计算结果符合良好.     

大功率盘形激光焊飞溅特征分析

焊接过程的在线监控是保证激光焊接质量的关键, 为此, 首先要找到焊接过程传感特征量变化规律以及与焊缝质量间的关系. 飞溅是大功率盘型激光焊接过程中的一个重要现象, 其特征与焊接质量、焊接过程稳定性以及能量利用率等有着密切的联系. 以大功率盘形激光焊接304不锈钢为试验对象, 研究焊接过程中的飞溅特征. 在紫外波段和可见光波段应用高速摄像机摄取焊接过程中产生飞溅的瞬态特征, 通过计算机图像处理技术分析飞溅的数量、面积、行程和质心高度特征参量. 以焊件熔宽作为衡量焊接质量与焊接过程稳定性的因素, 对飞溅特征量进行线性和高次拟合, 研究飞溅特征参量的波动规律, 并与焊件熔宽的变化对比, 探索焊接过程的飞溅特征参量变化规律. 试验结果表明, 根据飞溅特征量变化规律能够对大功率盘形激光焊接304不锈钢板焊接质量做出动态评估, 为实现焊接质量的在线监控提供了试验依据.     

基于CCD的金属直接成型过程监控系统

采用等离子弧三维焊接直接制造金属零件的快速成型方法是一种新型的制造工艺,为了实现成型过程中的精度控制,采用了CCD视觉监控系统,为了避免弧光干扰,分析了等离子弧光的光谱特性,设计了光学滤光系统.通过对熔池图像进行二值化处理,并采用模糊PID的控制策略对焊接熔池进行控制,试验结果证明可以改善成型质量.     

Influences of laser in low power YAG laser-MAG hybrid welding process

The influences of laser defocusing amount △z, laser power P, space distance DLA between laser and arc on weld penetration, arc modality and stability are investigated in low power YAG laser and metal active gas （laser-MAG） hybrid welding process. The experimental results indicate that the effects of laser-induced attraction and contraction of MAG arc are emerged in hybrid welding process, which result in the augmentation of hybrid welding energy. When DLA ： -0.5 - 2 mm, △z = -2 - 2 mm and P ≥ 73 W, the synergic efficiency between laser and MAG arc is obvious, the cross section at the root of hybrid arc is contracted and the hybrid weld penetration is increased. The maximal ratio of hybrid/MAG weld penetration is 1.5 and the lowest YAG laser power that augments MAG arc is 73 W. The input of YAG laser makes the stabilities of arc ignition and combustion prominent in hybrid welding process.     

High-speed laser welding of plastic films

Laser welding of plastic materials has a large field of applications in the packaging industry provided that it can compete, in quality and productivity, with currently used industrial methods. Welding of white and transparent thin films of polypropylene and polyethylene of low and high density at high speeds of 20 m s⁻¹ using a CO₂ laser has been studied experimentally.‘ The weld process has been characterised by the specific energy required for each thickness, kind of plastic and the resistance of the weld seam. The influence of the dimensions of the laser beam spot on weld strength has also been analysed.