The electrochemical reaction mechanism of selenocystine on selenium-gold film modified glassy carbon electrode

A simple and selective voltammetric method based on selenium-gold film modified glassy carbon electrode has been developed for investigating electrochemical reaction mechanism of selenocystine. With N₂ saturated, redox reactions between selenocystine (SeC) and selenocysteine (SeCys) were judged to be two simple electron-transfer processes. With air saturated, the reduction reaction was diagnosed to be EC catalytic reaction (the chemical oxidation reaction of the SeCys by O₂ (C) following the electron-transfer reaction (E)) and oxidation reaction is a simple electron-transfer process. With pure O₂ saturated, only reduction peak was observed and the reaction was judged to be EC catalytic reaction. The electron-transfer numbers of redox reaction were calculated to be 2 by chronocoulometry and rotating disk electrode.     

Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of CF2 Reaction with CH2O

The insertion reaction mechanism of CF2 with CH2O was investigated at the B3LYP/6-311G（d）//MP2/6-311G（d） level. The geometric conformations at each stationary point in reaction potential surface were fully optimized and the transition states were verified by intrinsic reaction coordinate （IRC） and frequency analysis. The energies of all reactants were calculated with CCSD（T）/6-311G（d）//G2MP2 methods. Results indicated that the P1 reaction route with difuoroaldehyde as product is the dominant reaction pathway, which exhibits nucleophilic character. According to NBO analysis, the starting point of insertion reaction is the interaction between carbene LP（C3） and formaldehyde π（Cl-O2）. Besides, the thermodynamic and dynamic properties of dominated reaction （1） at different temperature were studied with statistic thermodynamic method and Eyring transition state theory adjusted by Wigner means, from which the proper temperature （500- 1200 K） of reaction （1） could be estimated. Finally, the thermo- dynamic and dynamic properties of insertion reaction mechanisms （CF2, CX2 （X = Cl, Br） with CH2O） were compared and discussed.     

负载型过氧磷钨杂多化合物上正己醇催化氧化成正己酸

由正己醇合成正己酸不仅可以提高附加值,还能生产己酸类香料以及多种医药产品．利用杂多过氧磷钨季铵盐催化剂,以对环境友好的H2O2 为氧化剂催化十八醇氧化成十八酸的研究已有报道［1,2],但合成负载型相转移催化剂并用于本课题的研究还未见报道．由于过氧磷钨十八烷基季铰盐催化剂（POWP）通常只有很小的比表面积,而SiO2不仅有大的比表面积,同时它所具有的表面羟基是杂多化合物的良好载体［2],POWP负载后的催化剂（POWPS）与未负载的POWP相比,将正己醇氧化为正已酸的收率提高了10多个百分点．     

苯并噻唑-2-甲醛合成方法的改进

以邻氨基苯硫酚为原料,先与羟基乙酸反应合成2-羟甲基苯并噻唑,然后通过氧化反应生成苯并噻唑-2-甲醛。对比了几种氧化剂的效果,发现二氧化锰氧化的效果最好。优化的反应条件为,2-羟甲基苯并噻唑与二氧化锰的摩尔比为1∶8,回流反应8h,产率可达90.2%。该方法适合苯并噻唑-2-甲醛及其衍生物的大规模生产。     

Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Reaction Mechanism of Cl2 ＋ I2- 2ICl

1 INTRODUCTION The reactions between halogen and halogen are basic reactions in chemistry. Especially, in the syn- thesis of iodo-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, the reaction Cl2 I2 = 2ICl could heighten the usage of iodine atom to 100%. So far, to the best of our know- ledge, the studies about halogen-halogen reaction mechanisms are very few. In detail, only the struc- ture and stability studies of X2Y- (X, Y = Cl, Br and I) ions by calculating reaction potential energy sur- face…     

Photoinduced electron-transfer substitution reactions via unusual charge-transfer intermediates.

The photoinduced substitution reactions of halogenated alkanes (1-haloadamantanes, 1-haloronorbornanes, menthyl chloride) with a homologous series of amines or alcohols (methylamine, 2-methyl-2-aminopropane, methanol, or 2-methyl-2-propanol) to form the corresponding alkane-substituted amines or ethers and HCl were investigated. The geometry of the bridgehead carbons made S(N)2 reactions impossible. Nonpolar reaction conditions were employed which made classical and nonclassical carbocation S(N)1 reaction pathways unlikely. The reaction rates were measured. Trapping experiments indicated that free radical reactions were uninvolved in the substitution product formation. A novel, photoinduced electron-transfer reaction mechanism involving a charge-transfer intermediate is proposed to explain the observed production of secondary amines and ethers. The excitation wavelength dependence (action spectrum) was measured and found to be comparable to the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the charge-transfer complexes. The stereochemical implications of the reaction mechanism were investigated. The formation of the methyl ether of (1R,2S,5R)-menthol was the only organic reaction product observed in the photoreaction between (1R,2S,5R)-menthyl chloride and methanol.     

新型叶酸拮抗剂吡啶并嘌呤衍生物的环合反应研究

将6-取代-2,4-二氨基哌啶并[3,2-d]嘧啶衍生物与N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、三氯乙酰氯在25℃反应2h,"一锅法"环合反应生成7-取代-2-氨基-7,8-二氢-6H-吡啶并[1,2,3-gh]嘌呤衍生物,利用NMR、HRMS确定目标化合物的结构。考察了不同底物、反应底物比例、反应时间、温度对反应产率的影响,并提出可能的反应机理。该反应条件温和、效率高、操作简单。     

负载型钾盐催化剂用于合成苯甲醚的研究

采用固定床连续进料的反应器代替传统间歇反应釜作为评价反应器,以环境友好的碳酸二甲酯为甲基化试剂,由苯酚合成苯甲醚的反应新工艺。采用SiO2负载的钾盐类催化剂,考察了反应温度、进料空速、原料配比、活性组分负载量以及催化剂用量等对反应性能的影响。研究表明,在该负载型钾盐催化剂上苯酚的转化率均较高,且生成苯甲醚的选择性较好。尤其是在KF/SiO2催化剂上,在DMC/苯酚摩尔比为2∶1,进料空速为2 h-1,反应温度为250℃时,苯甲醚收率和选择性分别高达93.93%和98.19%。而且该负载型催化剂活性比较稳定,未发现活性组分流失,反应运行16 h催化剂未见失活。     

New insights into the bromination reaction for a series of alkenes--a computational study

Ab initio calculations were carried out for the reaction of Br2 with ethene, propene, isobutene, fluoroethene, chloroethene, (E)-1,2-difluoroethene, and (E)-1,2-dichloroethene. For ethene the calculations were also carried out for the reaction with 2Br2. Geometries were optimized at the HF, MP2, and B3LYP levels using the 6-31G(d) and 6-31+G(d) basis sets where for Br both the standard 6-31G and the Binning-Curtiss bromine basis sets were used. Energies were also calculated at the G3MP2 and G3MP2B3 levels. For a single Br2 one mechanism involves a perpendicular attack by Br2 to the C=C bond, and a second mechanism consists of sidewise attack by Br2. Alkenes can react with 2Br2 via several mechanisms, all leading to the dibromo product. The most likely pathway for the reaction of ethene and 2Br2 involves a trans addition of a Br atom from Br3- to one of the bromonium ion carbons. Activation energies, free energies, and enthalpies of activation along with thermodynamic properties (DeltaE, DeltaH, and DeltaG) for each reaction were calculated. We have found that the reaction of ethene with 2Br2 is favored over reaction with only Br2. There is excellent agreement between the calculated free energies of activation for the reaction of ethene and 2Br2 and experimental values in nonpolar aprotic solvents. However, the free energies of activation for the reaction with a single Br2 agrees well with the experimental results for polar protic solvents only when the reaction is mediated by a solvent molecule. A kinetic expression is proposed that accounts for the difference between bromination of alkenes in protic and nonprotic solvents. Some previously unknown heats of formation are reported.     

NCS自由基与NO反应动力学的理论研究

用量子化学密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31+G^*和高级电子相关校正的偶合簇[CCSD(T)/6-311+G^*]方法,对NCS自由基与NO反应的机理和动力学进行了理论研究,得到了体系的势能面信息和可能的反应机理.计算了反应的热力学参数及反应能垒.采用传统过渡态理论计算了各反应通道的速率常数.研究结果表明,NCS自由基与NO反应中存在4个反应通道,产物分别为OCS+N₂,CS+N₂O,ONS+CN和ONCNS.从能量变化和反应速率两方面考虑,NCS+NOOCS+N₂应为主反应通道.     

磷钨杂多化合物催化H2O2氧化十八醇制十八酸

合成了磷钨杂多化合物,考察了其对十八醇经过氧化氢催化氧化制十八酸的反应活性,探讨了温度,催化剂用量、反应时间以及Ｈ２Ｏ２与底物的摩尔比等一系列条件对反应的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。通过ＩＲ,ＩＣＰ,ＵＶ和ＮＭＲ等技术对催化剂进行了表征,考察了反应前后催化剂的变化情况,讨论了活性中心。     

Fourier transform infrared spectra of transition metal ion-containing polyanilines synthesized in different reaction conditions

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the detailed chain structure changes during the chemical oxidative polymerisation of aniline in different reaction conditions including different polarity reaction medium, reaction temperature, reactants molar ratio and in the presence of different transition metal ions such as Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+. The results show that stronger polarity reaction medium and lower reaction temperature were beneficial to obtain 1,4-para-disubstituted linear chain structure polyaniline with higher electrical conductivity. The higher oxidation degree polyaniline contained more linear chain structure than that in lower oxidation degree. Polyanilines containing Fe2+ and Cu2+ had more linear chain structure than that containing Co2+ and Ni2+. These observations were in accordance with experimental measurements of electrical conductivity.     

Polymerization of bis(2-oxazoline) compounds with dicarboxylic acids

A side reaction was found in the reaction of a 2-oxazoline compound with a carboxylic acid. It is an oxazoline ring opening addition to an amide group formed by the main reaction. In addition, certain phosphites were found to act as catalyst for the side reaction. The rate constants of the main and side reactions in the system of 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline and n-octanoic acid were obtained through simulation of the reactions on an analog computer. The side reaction makes it impossible for a very high molecular weight polymer to form in the reaction of a bis-2-oxazoline with a dicarboxylic acid, but makes it possible for a new crosslinked polymer to form when excess bis-2-oxazoline and a dicarboxylic acid are heated in the presence of a certain phosphite.     

氨丙基官能化SBA-15介孔分子筛的合成及催化性能的研究

以氨丙基-三乙氧基硅烷为有机硅源，采用共价接枝法，合成了杂化NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-SBA-15介孔分子筛，并用于催化苯甲醛与氰乙酸乙酯的Knoevenagel缩合反应．反应结果表明，除个别有机基团负载量较高的样品外，该催化剂对Knoevenagel缩合反应有很高的催化活性，反应75min后，苯甲醛的转化率可以达到80％以上．此外，还考察了反应温度、溶剂、反应物配比和催化剂用量对反应活性的影响，以及催化剂的重复使用情况．结果表明，反应可以在低于75℃的温和条件下进行；有明显的溶剂效应；氰乙酸乙酯／苯甲醛的摩尔比太高不利于反应的进行；反应活性不仅与催化剂上氨丙基活性中心的密度有关，而且与杂化分子筛的比表面积、孔径和孔容大小有关．催化剂在重复使用三次时，苯甲醛的转化率仍可达到60％以上．     

亚氯酸钠溶液同时脱硫脱硝的热力学研究

在自行设计的小型鼓泡反应器中, 以亚氯酸钠溶液作为吸收剂, 进行了模拟烟气同时脱硫脱硝实验研究, 得到反应的最佳实验条件以及在此条件下同时脱硫脱硝效率. 分析了反应产物, 推导出了亚氯酸钠溶液与硫氧化物、氮氧化物的反应历程以及总化学反应方程式. 利用热力学原理计算出亚氯酸钠溶液同时脱硫脱硝的摩尔反应吉布斯函数、摩尔反应焓变、化学反应平衡常数以及化学反应达到平衡时SO2和NO的分压力. 结果表明: 亚氯酸钠溶液同时脱硫脱硝是可行的, 且可以几乎100%的脱除烟气中的SO2和NO.     

一种四氢苯并吡喃及其衍生物的水相合成

制备了一种以三乙烯二胺(DABCO)为基础的离子液体;在水溶剂中,以该离子液体为催化剂催化三组分一锅法制备四氢苯并吡喃的反应,得到2-氨基-3-氰基-4-芳基-7,7-二甲基-5-氧代-4H-5,6,7,8-四氢苯并[b]吡喃;考察了反应时间、催化剂用量、催化剂加入时间、反应温度对反应收率的影响,确定了最优反应条件;由不同的芳香醛和活性亚甲基化合物制备了一系列四氢苯并吡喃衍生物,并讨论了可能的反应机理.结果表明,所选用的合成反应条件温和、时间短、收率高、后处理简单,且催化剂重复使用4次催化效果变化不大;就反应机理而言,所用催化剂具有双重催化活性.     

碳质表面异相还原NO2的反应机理

基于量子化学密度泛函理论（DFT），研究了碳质表面异相还原NO₂的反应机理，针对Zigzag与Armchair两种碳质表面，采用M06-2X方法与6-311G （d）基组联用，优化得到了不同反应路径下所有驻点的几何构型与能量，并对各路径进行了热力学与动力学分析，重点探究了CO在NO₂异相还原反应中的作用规律，同时考察了碳质表面与反应温度对异相反应的影响。计算结果表明，NO₂在碳质表面的异相还原过程主要分为两个阶段，即NO₂还原阶段与碳氧化物释放阶段。通过对比无CO分子参与的反应可知，参与反应的CO分子可以降低各阶段的反应能垒并且加快各阶段的反应速率；CO分子存在时，NO₂还原阶段的反应能垒被降低，促进了NO₂还原成NO的异相反应过程，同时参与反应的CO分子与碳质表面剩余氧原子结合，形成CO₂分子并释放，使碳氧化物释放阶段的反应能垒降低，从而促进了整体还原反应的进行。此外，与Armchair型相比，基于Zigzag型碳质表面的NO₂异相还原反应能垒更低且反应速率更快，说明NO₂异相还原反应更容易在Zigzag型碳质表面进行。最后，由反应动力学分析可知，随着温度上升，各阶段的反应速率均增大，说明提高温度对碳质表面的NO₂异相还原能够起到促进作用。     

Cu／ZnO催化剂上逆向水煤气变换反应反应机理的Monte Carlo模拟

采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ方法模拟了ＣＯ２在Ｕ／ＺｎＯ催化剂上的解离反应，发现在ＣＯ２的解离过程中只有ＣＯ生成；若用Ｈ２对生成的表面吸附氧进行还原，所生成的Ｈ２Ｏ量与前期生成的ＣＯ量相同，说明在Ｃｕ／ＺｎＯ上ＣＯ２和Ｈ２之间发生了化学计量的氧化还原反应，即逆向水煤气反应可能以表面氧化还原反应机理进行。     

Atrazine toxicity reduction following H2O2/TiO2- photocatalyzed reaction and comparison with H2O2- photolytic reaction

An atrazine photodegradation study carried out by a Q-Panel suntest apparatus is reported in this work. H2O2/TiO2 photocatalyzed reaction yield and parameters (time, irradiance, temperature, H2O2 (40%) volume, TiO2 amount) were exactly determined relating to the used atrazine concentration. An experimental kinetic study was performed to establish the reaction order in fixed conditions. Using a biosensor method, 10(-4) M Atrazine solution toxicity and final photocatalytic reaction solution toxicity were quantitatively determined. A consistent toxicity decrease was observed on passing from the analyte to the products of the photocatalytic reaction. An analogous photolytic reaction carried out in absence of TiO2, but in the same experimental conditions of time, irradiance, temperature and H2O2 volume, brings to a toxicity increase.     

C_（60）的胺加成反应和电喷雾电离质谱（ESI－MS）检测

报道了Ｃ６０与１，３－丙二胺和Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基－１，３－丙二胺的加合反应，反应产物未经预先离子化处理直接用ＥＳＬ－ＭＳ进行检测。由于反应产物从甲苯溶液中析出，避免了生成多胺基加合物，产物以单加成物为主。当加合反应在空气氛下进行时，有加合氧的产物Ｃ６０Ｏｎ（ＮＨ２—ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＮＲ２）ｍ（Ｒ＝Ｈ，ＣＨ３）存在。实验发现：Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基－１，３－丙二胺比１，３－丙二胺更容易与Ｃ６０发生多胺基加成和氧加成反应。通过控制反应条件可制备Ｃ６０二胺的单加成产物。