Surface potential decay of DC-corona-charged PET films on humid electrodes

Surface potential decay measurement is a widely used tool to test the electrical properties of insulation materials. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the effect of a humid electrode on the surface potential decay process. The experiments are performed on 1-mm thick samples of PET films (50 mm × 50 mm) in ambient air (temperature: 25 °C–29 °C; relative humidity: 42%–48%). The samples are placed on a grounded humid electrode (aluminum plate covered by a humid textile: 52 mm × 52 mm), and are charged by exposing them for 10 s to the negative DC corona discharge generated by a high-voltage wire-type dual electrode.The results show that the humid electrode has a significant influence on the surface potential evolution during the first moments after corona charging. Bipolar charge injection is the main physical mechanism that explains this potential decay.     

电晕充电多孔PTFE/PP复合驻极体过滤材料的电荷存储特性

报道采用电晕充电方法，对用高温熔融粘合工艺制备得到的双向拉伸多孔PTFE与PP复合过滤材料进行驻极体改性，并采用热刺激放电和表面电位测量等方法研究了材料的电荷存储稳定性,根据驻极体相关理论，对实验结果进行了解释. 结果表明，电晕充电的多孔PTFE/熔喷或纺粘PP覆膜材料中，既存在空间电荷又存在极化电荷，复合膜的界面是电荷陷阱的主要来源. 从不同面对复合膜材料进行充电时，材料具有完全不同的电荷存储特性. 由于材料体内空间电荷和极化电荷的极性相反、相互补偿，表面电位测定并不能真正反映材料内部电荷的存储状态. 关键词： 驻极体 电晕充电 聚合物复合膜 热刺激放电     

充电栅压对聚四氟乙烯多孔膜驻极体储电能力的影响

利用室温下栅控恒压电晕充电、热脉冲技术、开路热刺激放电电流谱以及对在充电过程中通过样品电流的监测等方法，系统地研究了充电栅压对具有开放性孔洞结构的聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）多孔膜储电能力的影响，并讨论了导致这类影响的电荷动力学特性和材料的微结构根源 .结果显示，过高的充电栅压会导致沉积电荷密度下降和电荷衰减加剧，不利于这类新结构 功能材料压电活性的提高及其热稳定性的改善.合理的优化充电条件能使负极性充电PTFE多 孔膜驻极体在有机聚合物材料中显示优异的储电能力及电荷稳定性，并改善其作为双极性空 间电荷型压电传 关键词： 聚四氟乙烯 驻极体 储电能力 多孔膜     

恒流电晕充电对聚四氟乙烯多孔薄膜驻极体驻极态的影响

利用常温下恒流和恒压电晕充电、充电后的等温表面电位衰减、热刺激放电和扫描电镜等实 验手段研究了恒流和恒压电晕充电技术对聚四氟乙烯多孔薄膜驻极体驻极态的影响.与恒压电晕充电相比较，恒流电晕充电时由于流过薄膜的电流恒定，增加了注入电荷在多孔结构厚度方向界面处的俘获概率，使沉积电荷密度上升，改善了驻极体的储电能力.然而，这些位于不同层深多孔界面处的俘获电荷在这类功能膜储存或使用过程中，经外激发从脱阱位置 以跳动（hopping）模式输运至背电极的路径相对缩短将导致脱阱电荷衰减较快. 关键词： 恒流电晕充电 聚四氟乙烯多孔膜 驻极体 电荷稳定性     

Polarity reversal charging of polypropylene films under DC corona discharge

In this paper, a needle–plane electrode system and polypropylene (PP) films were used to study the DC corona charging of polymers. It was found that the charges injected into the PP films sometimes show different polarity to the applied DC voltage, called polarity reversal charging, which may results in invalidation charging. The pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) space charge measurement showed that charges of different polarities have been injected into the PP films’ bulk, simultaneously. From these results, a mechanism of two charging processes of high-field injection and return-stroke injection has been introduced here. We presumed that the return-stroke injection can be boosted with the increase of corona voltages and thus reduces the net charge as well as even change the polarity of charges injected.     

宏观电偶极子对聚丙烯铁电驻极体膜电荷储存及其动态特性的影响

利用栅控恒压电晕充电组合反极性电晕补偿充电法，研究了孔洞(单元电畴)内分布的空间电荷型宏观电偶极子的形成，及其增长对聚丙烯孔洞膜电极化期间的电流特性及电导率的影响. 借助等温表面电位衰减测量、开路和短路热刺激放电电流谱分析等，讨论了宏观电偶极子及其密度变化时的聚丙烯孔洞驻极体膜电荷储存稳定性及电荷动态特性. 实验结果说明：由电极化形成的宏观电偶极子的自身电场提高了聚丙烯孔洞驻极体膜的电导率，从而降低了驻极体膜电荷储存的稳定性. 对呈现弱极化强度的孔洞驻极体膜，以孔洞为畴结构基本单元内的宏观电偶极子，其两性空间电荷的大部分仅仅分别沉积在透镜状孔洞上下两壁的两端. 外激发脱阱电荷从脱阱位置的输运路径，主要是绕孔洞两边沿介质层迁移；而极化强度较高的样品，其两性电荷则分别分布在上下两壁的宽广区域内，脱阱电荷的大部分在驻极体电场驱动下从脱阱位置通过孔洞层间的介质层迁移并衰减.     

Influence of gamma irradiation on surface potential decay of corona charged polyethylene

In the present paper the surface potential decay after dc corona charging of gamma-irradiated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has been studied. The irradiation was carried out in air, nitrogen gas and vacuum to investigate the effect of irradiation environment on the surface potential of LDPE. Samples with different absorbed doses were obtained by exposing samples to ⁶⁰Co for various times at room temperature. It has been found that there is a significant change in the surface potential decay characteristics after different irradiation dose and the surface potential decay pattern depends also on irradiation environment. The possible surface potential decay mechanisms responsible for the above were discussed. The results are useful in the context of long-term performance of electrets.     

界面极化注极聚丙烯薄膜驻极体的电荷存储特性研究

本文报道一种基于双层介质界面极化机理的新型驻极体注极技术: 借助辅助层对PP薄膜进行注极. 采用表面电位测试方法考察了注极温度、注极电压对所获PP薄膜驻极体电荷存储性能的影响, 并利用热刺激放电技术研究了其高温电荷存储性能, 同时测试了PP薄膜驻极体在X和Y方向的静电场分布. 结果表明: 界面极化注极是一种比电晕注极更为优异的驻极体形成方法. 在一定温度下, 驻极体表面电位随注极电压的增加而增加, 而且两者呈线性关系, 这一结果与注极过程的电荷积聚方程的分析完全一致. 注极温度的影响研究表明, 在保持注极电压不变(注极电压范围为0.5–3.0 kV)的情况下, 温度低于75 ℃时, 温度的变化对于注极效果的影响不明显; 当注极温度大于75 ℃ 时, PP薄膜驻极体的表面电位随注极温度的增加而增加. 表面电位随时间的变化研究表明, PP薄膜驻极体具有良好的电荷存储稳定性. 对其表面电位分布的测试表明, 界面极化注极所形成的PP薄膜驻极体呈现均匀的静电场分布.     

Surface charge dynamics studied by the temporal evolution of the corona charging current

The decay of surface charges deposited on the dielectric material by the partial discharge (PD) activity has a great impact on the repetition of partial discharges. In this work, the effect of dielectric placed on the surface of ground electrode in a needle-plane configuration on the discharge activity was investigated, with the application of a periodic negative step voltage. The charge decay mechanisms on a corona charged dielectric surface were investigated based on a comparison between experiments and a FEM-based numerical model. The comparison indicates that the surface charges may decay due to different mechanisms depending on the applied stress.     

Improving electret properties of PP filaments with barium titanate

Barium titanate (BaTiO₃) containing polypropylene (PP) composite filaments were melt spun to modify polymer electrostatic charging characteristics. Sample filaments were charged with a corona instrument and their surface potentials were measured. Initial surface potential as well as potential stability was monitored through an accelerated decay procedure. It was found that both BaTiO₃ concentration and charging temperature influence the charging characteristics of the fibers. When BaTiO₃/PP composite filaments were charged at 130 °C, significant enhancements were observed when compared to samples charged at room temperature. The distribution of BaTiO₃ particles within the filaments and changes in the crystal structure were also examined.     

不连续Co/SiO2多层膜的结构及其输运性质的研究

用射频磁控溅射方法制备了系列Co/SiO2不连续磁性金属绝缘体多层膜（DMIM） .经研究发现：对［SiO2(2.4 nm)/Co(t)］20体系，在Co层厚度小于2.5 nm时，Co层由连续变为不连续；Co层不连续时，其导电机理为热激发的电子隧穿导电，lnR与T-1/2接近正比关系; 隧道磁电阻（TMR）在Co层厚度为1.4 nm时出现极大值-3%.DMIM 的性质 不仅与磁性金属层厚度密切相关，而且与绝缘层厚度有密切的关系.在固定Co层厚度为 1.9 nm的情况下，研究了TMR随SiO2层厚度的变化 关键词： 不连续磁性金属/绝缘体多层膜 隧道磁电阻效应     

Characteristics of charge and discharge of PMMA samples due to electron irradiation

In this study, using a comprehensive numerical simulation of charge and discharge processes, we investigate the formation and evolution of negative charge and discharge characteristics of a grounded PMMA film irradiated by a nonfocused electron beam. Electron scattering and transport processes in the sample are simulated with the Monte Carlo and the finite-different time-domain(FDTD) methods, respectively. The properties of charge and discharge processes are presented by the evolution of internal currents, charge quantity, surface potential, and discharge time. Internal charge accumulation in the sample may reach saturation by primary electron(PE) irradiation providing the charge duration is enough. Internal free electrons will run off to the ground in the form of leakage current due to charge diffusion and drift during the discharge process after irradiation, while trapped electrons remain. The negative surface potential determined by the charging quantity decreases to its saturation in the charge process, and then increases in the discharge process. A larger thickness of the PMMA film will result in greater charge amount and surface potential in charge saturation and in final discharge state, while the electron mobility of the material has little effects on the final discharge state. Moreover,discharge time is less for smaller thickness or larger electron mobility. The presented results can be helpful for estimating and weakening the charging of insulating samples especially under the intermittent electron beam irradiation in related surface analysis or measurement.     

正充电聚四氟乙烯薄膜驻极体的电荷储存及其动态特性

研究了栅控恒压正电晕充电的聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）薄膜驻极体的电荷储存与 输运特性.结果显示在100℃以下的较低温区和高于150℃，尤其是高于180℃的较高 温区内慢再俘获效应控制着脱阱电荷的输运；而在约100—150℃的温区内快再俘获效应占主导地位.初始表面电位的增加将导致电荷密度衰减加剧，通过合理控制充电参数和组合 热处理工艺，可使同样储存有足够高的电荷密度的正负充电的PTFE薄膜驻极体既显示出相近 的电荷储存寿命，又具有突出的电荷稳定性. 关键词： 聚四氟乙烯 正充电驻极体 交越现象 电荷稳定性 电荷 输运     

Experiment and simulation of space charge suppression in LDPE/MgO nanocomposite under external DC electric field

In this paper, space charge dynamics under DC electric field of −100 kV/mm in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and its nanocomposite containing a small amount of MgO nanoparticles were measured using an improved pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) system. Unlike negative packet-like space charge accumulating in LDPE films, no remarkable space charge was observed in LDPE/MgO nanocomposite films, which indicated that the introduction of MgO nanoparticles played a key role on the space charge suppression. Different with current qualitative models, this paper describes space charge suppression on the basis of simulation using the bipolar charge transport model, which featured bipolar charges injection, transport, trapping, recombination, and extraction process. It was shown from the simulation that trap depth, trap concentration, local electric field and charge injection barrier height were all significant factors on the space charge suppression process. A deeper trap depth in LDPE/MgO nanocomposites made it easier for traps to capture mobile carriers. And a larger trap concentration effectively slowed down the whole carrier movement although there seemed a trap concentration threshold less than 30 Cm⁻³, above which this effect became slight. In addition, both the high permittivity of LDPE/MgO nanocomposites and low local electric field in the vicinity of cathode led to a larger injection barrier height based on the Schottky injection law, which would tremendously block the charge injection. At last, the suppression mechanism of space charge formation in the LDPE/MgO nanocomposites is presented.     

Surface electroluminescence phenomena correlated with trapping parameters of insulating polymers

Electroluminescence (EL) phenomena are closely linked to the space charge and degradation in insulating polymers, and dominated by the luminescence and trap centers. EL emission has been promising in defining the onset of electrical aging and in the investigation of dissipation mechanisms. Generally, polymeric degradation reveals the increment of the density of luminescence and trap centers, so a fundamental study is proposed to correlate the EL emission of insulating polymers and their trapping parameters. A sensitive photon counting system is constructed to detect the weak EL. The time- and phase-resolved EL characteristics from different polymers (LDPE, PP and PTFE) are investigated with a planar electrode configuration under stepped ac voltage in vacuum. In succession, each sample is charged with exposing to multi-needle corona discharge, and then its surface potential decay is continuously recorded at a constant temperature. Based on the isothermal relaxation current theory, the energy level and density of both electron and hole trap distribution in the surface layer of each polymer is obtained. It is preliminarily concluded that EL phenomena are strongly affected by the trap properties, and for different polymers, its EL intensity is in direct contrast to its surface trap density, and this can be qualitatively explained by the trapping and detrapping sequence of charge carriers in trap centers with different energy level.     

非聚焦电子束照射SiO2薄膜带电效应

采用考虑电子散射、俘获、输运和自洽场的三维数值模型, 模拟了低能非聚焦电子束照射接地SiO₂薄膜的带电效应. 结果表明, 由于电子的迁移和扩散, 电子会渡越散射区域产生负空间电荷分布. 空间电荷呈现在散射区域内为正, 区域外为负的交替分布特性. 对于薄膜负带电, 电子会输运至导电衬底形成泄漏电流, 其暂态过程随泄漏电流的增加趋于平衡. 而正带电暂态过程随返回二次电子的增多而趋于平衡. 在平衡态时, 负带电表面电位随薄膜厚度、陷阱密度的增大而降低, 随电子迁移率、薄膜介电常数的增大而升高;而正带电表面电位受它们影响较小.     

毫米级栅型电场分布FEP薄膜驻极体的制备及其电荷存储性能研究

采用电晕注极和热注极技术, 在厚度为25 μm的氟化乙丙烯共聚物(FEP)表面制备了宽度为2 mm和3 mm的具有栅型电场分布的驻极体, 研究了注极温度和电极宽度对其电荷存储性能的影响. 样品注极后经150天的存储, 栅型电场分布变得清晰而有规律, 覆盖铝电极区电位已衰减至接近零, 未覆盖铝电极区仍保持高电位; 对电极宽度为2 mm和3 mm的样品, 覆盖铝电极区与未覆盖铝电极区的表面电位差分别为110 V和130 V(电场强度差分别为44 kV/cm和52 kV/cm). 表面电位跟踪测试结果表明: 电晕注极样品初始表面电位高于热注极样品; 在相同的注极方法下, 注极温度越高初始表面电位越高, 电极宽度越小初始表面电位越低. 依据电晕注极和热注极原理对实验结果的分析表明, FEP和金属铝在电荷存储性能上的差异是FEP表面蒸镀铝电极后能获得栅型电场分布的原因所在.     

聚丙烯孔洞铁电驻极体膜的电极化及其电荷动态特性

根据栅控恒压电晕充电组合反极性电晕补偿充电法的实验结果计算出铁电驻极体的极化强度.结果说明，伴随着薄膜内孔洞气体的Paschen击穿，该铁电体的极化强度随栅压增加而显著上升.利用上述充电方法和热刺激放电(TSD)谱的分析讨论了这类空间电荷型宏观电偶极子，及与其补偿的空间电荷热退极化的电荷动态特性；阐明了这两类俘获电荷的能阱分布，即构成宏观电偶极子的位于孔洞上下介质层内的等值异号空间电荷分别被俘获在深、浅两种能值陷阱内，而位于薄膜表面层的注入空间电荷则被俘获在中等能值陷阱中. 关键词： 反极性电晕补偿充电法 铁电驻极体 充电电流 热刺激放电     

多孔聚四氟乙烯/氟代乙烯丙烯共聚物复合驻极体材料的压电效应研究

采用高温熔融和电晕充电方法制备了由聚四氟乙烯/氟代乙烯丙烯共聚物复合而成的空间电荷驻极体压电膜.借助准静态压电系数测量，研究了制备工艺对复合膜压电活性的影响.根据Kacprzyk等提出的复合驻极体膜的压电模型，结合等温表面电位衰减和压电系数衰减测量结果，讨论了驻极体复合膜系统中的压电性产生机制.结果表明，压电效应的大小不仅取决于俘获在材料中的电荷密度的大小，还与被俘获电荷在材料中的存在形式和分布有关. 关键词： 空间电荷驻极体 压电效应 聚合物复合膜