偏氟乙烯的聚合反应

本文研究了用有机引发剂引发偏氟乙烯的水相聚合,并对制得的聚偏氟乙烯的性质进行了研究。有机引发剂引发聚合的聚偏氟乙烯的热稳定性、强度、结晶度和熔点均比用过硫酸盐引发聚合的聚偏氟乙烯高。     

P(VDF-co-TrFE-co-CTFE)-g-SPS共聚物的合成表征

采用商业聚(偏氟乙烯-co-三氟氯乙烯)(P(VDF-co-CTFE)为原料,结合氢化反应、ATRP和磺化反应系统合成了一系列聚(偏氟乙烯-co-三氟乙烯-co-三氟氯乙烯)-g-磺化聚苯乙烯(P(VDF-co-TrFE-co-CTFE)-g-SPS)共聚物.重点研究了测试环境(如温度和相对湿度)、聚合物微观结构(接枝密度,接枝长度等)对聚合物形貌、吸水率和质子传导率的影响.研究表明,在接枝量相同的情况下,随着接枝密度的降低,聚合物的相分离更加明显,亲水相从孤岛型逐渐转变为部分连续型;聚合物的吸水率随磺酸基摩尔含量增加而提高;聚合物的质子传导率随着温度的提高和湿度的降低而降低;在较低温度下,聚合物的电导率随接枝密度的增加而降低,而在较高温度下,聚合物的电导率随接枝密度的增加而升高.组成优化的P(VDF-co-TrFE-co-CTFE)-g-SPS共聚物在30～120℃和高湿度条件下,其质子传导率明显优于Nafion112膜.     

~(13)C-NMR研究稀土催化聚戊二烯-1,3的末端链结构

用~(13)C-NMR方法研究了稀土催化聚戊二烯-1,3的末端链结构及聚合温度对聚合物微观结构的影响。结果指出,聚合物的末端活性增长链是以头-尾或尾-头加成生成的anti-和syn-四种 π-烯丙基。聚合温度降低时,顺-1,4含量增加,这可解释为由于 anti-和 syn-异构化的作用。同时解释了反-1,2结构形成的过程。     

新型含膦聚合前体4-溴-3-(二苯基膦酰基)-1-(1,2,2-三氟乙烯氧基)苯的合成

以间氨基苯甲醚为原料,经重氮化、溴化、Pd催化偶联、氧化、1,2-二溴四氟乙烷氟烷基化、Zn粉还原脱卤消除等反应制得合成全氟环丁基芳基醚聚合物的新型含膦聚合前体——4-溴-3-(二苯基膦酰基)-1-(1,2,2-三氟乙烯氧基)苯,其结构经NMR和MS表征。     

高温热处理对偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物高次结构的影响

聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)及其一些共聚物,例如偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(PVDF/TFE)经过处理后呈现较强的压电性。许多研究表明它们是铁电聚合物,而且压电活性与样品的高次结构有关。松弛谱是研究结晶高聚物的高次结构的有力工具,近来,Koizumi等人报道了PVDF/TFE的热处理与松弛现象的关系。本文作者也报道了     

单茂钪催化对氟苯乙烯间规聚合及与乙烯共聚合的研究

采用(C5Me4Si Me3)Sc(CH2C6H4NMe2-o)2(1)和(C5Me4Si Me3)Sc(CH2Si Me3)2(THF)(2)2种单茂钪催化剂,考察了其催化对氟苯乙烯均聚合以及与乙烯共聚合的性能,并通过1H-NMR、13C-NMR、GPC和DSC对所获聚合物的微观结构和热性能进行了分析.结果表明,单茂钪1可以催化对氟苯乙烯均聚合,获得间规聚合物,但聚合活性较低.采用单茂钪2,控制溶剂种类和用量可以获得间规和无规2类聚合物:控制对氟苯乙烯单体在氯苯溶剂中浓度低于2.4 mol/L,可获得间规聚对氟苯乙烯(rrrr≥99%,Tm≥319oC),且聚合活性高达105 g polymer molSc-1 h-1;控制对氟苯乙烯单体在氯苯溶剂中浓度高于4.8 mol/L或者选用氟苯做溶剂,可获得无规聚对氟苯乙烯;固定单体浓度调控对氟苯乙烯和催化剂的比例,可获得分子量(Mn)在3.10×104~2.08×105间调控的间规和无规聚对氟苯乙烯.在常压乙烯下,单茂钪1和2还可以催化对氟苯乙烯与乙烯共聚合,获得了组成(对氟苯乙烯含量41 mol%~88 mol%)和分子量(3.10?104~1.84?105)可控的两元共聚物,共聚合活性高达106 g polymer molSc-1 h-1.当共聚物中乙烯含量高于对氟苯乙烯含量时,共聚物仅有源自聚乙烯嵌段的熔点(119~126oC).当共聚物中对氟苯乙烯含量高于乙烯含量时,共聚物出现聚对氟苯乙烯嵌段;由单茂钪1获得聚对氟苯乙烯嵌段为间规结构,共聚物具有熔点(269~282oC)和玻璃化转变温度(Tg,79~82oC);单茂钪2获得聚氟苯乙烯嵌段为无规结构,共聚物仅有1个Tg(94~96oC).     

可控/“活性”自由基聚合制备聚乙烯及聚卤代烯烃

可控/“活性”自由基聚合(CLRP)可以用于制备分子量分布窄、分子链缺陷少的聚合物,如聚乙烯(PE)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚偏氯乙烯(PVDC)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF),且易控制上述单体与其他单体共聚得到嵌段聚合物。本文调研了近年来可控/“活性”自由基聚合(如碘转移聚合(ITP)、氮氧稳定自由基聚合(NMP)、可逆加成断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合和金属催化的活性自由基聚合(OMRP)等)制备聚乙烯和聚卤代烯烃等方面的工作,并指出了未来的发展方向。     

RAFT聚合合成高分子量嵌段聚合物

以合成高分子量聚合物为目标,以苯基二硫代乙酸-1-苯基乙酯(PEPDTA)作为RAFT试剂,研究引发剂的种类(偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、1-1′-偶氮环己腈(ACC))、用量及聚合温度对苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯RAFT共聚合过程和聚合物结构的影响.结果发现,由于体系中RAFT浓度很低,相应的引发剂浓度要比传统自由基聚合低得多,只有采用较高的聚合温度和低分解速率常数的引发剂(ACC),才能制得无活性聚合物分率低(<0.1)、分子量高的聚合物,并进一步得到杂质含量少、分子量分布窄的嵌段聚合物.     

聚α-溴丙烯酸酯的结构问题

乙烯类单体 CH_2=CH_2X 在聚合过程中,因连接方式的不同可得“头-头”或“尾-尾”相连的聚合物(Ⅰ),“头-头”相连:“头-尾”相连:或者是“头-尾”相连的聚合物(Ⅱ)。     

等离子体聚四氟乙烯和聚三氟氯乙烯结构的研究

应用元素分析、红外光谱和X射线衍射法研究了由外部电容式聚合装置制备的等离子体聚四氟乙烯和聚三氟氟乙烯的结构,结果表明,在辉光区中所制得的二种等离子体聚合物的结构中,—CF_2—基的浓度减少,从而生成交联的产物。另外,应用红外光谱研究了二种等离子体聚合膜的某些光学性质,在4000—200cm~(-1)范围内只出现一个明显的吸收峰,聚合膜在较广的光谱波段有不同的增透作用,聚合膜具有较好的热稳定性。     

SYNTHESIS OF POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) WITH LOW CONTENTS OF HEAD-TO-HEAD CHAIN

The relations between polymerization conditions of vinylidene fluoride and contents of head-tohead chain in the polymer have been studied. It shows that the contents of head-to-head chain of the polymer are related to its polymerization temperature, but are not related with the kinds of initiators used. Therefore, poly(vinylidene fluoride) with low contents of head-to-head chain (ca. 3%) can be prepared under lower polymerization temperature. Plot of the contents of A chains against melting points of the polymer is linear, which can be expressed by an equation: A=24.8 + 0.362 T_m(%).     

Infrared study of poly(vinyl fluoride)

Poly(vinyl fluoride) polymers prepared at different polymerization temperatures have been examined in the melt, oriented, and solid state by infrared spectroscopy. Bands arising from the head-to-tail and head-to-head-tail-to-tail portions of the polymer have been isolated and assigned. The head-to-head-tail-to-tail portion of the polymer crystallizes in the head-to-tail unit cell except for a portion of the 1,2-difluorethylene units which apparently have the gauche (out-of-plane) structure. The head-to-tail portion of the polymer is nearly atactic, but is somewhat rich in syndiotactic chain structure. Bands arising from local syndiotactic order are observed.     

The influence of chain structure on the equilibrium melting temperature of poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Three poly(vinylidene fluoride) whole polymers were fractionated according to their head-to-head concentrations. Their melting temperatures and fusion properties were studied. Although small but significant differences were found among the fractions obtained from a given parent polymer, a wide range in chain compositions was not obtained. The equilibrium melting temperatures were determined by extrapolating the dependence of the observed melting temperature on the crystallization temperature. A critical analysis is given of this extrapolation method as applied to poly(vinylidene fluoride) and the results are compared with literature reports. The problems involved in explaining the dependence of the equilibrium melting temperatures on the structural irregularities of the chain are given. Possible reasons for the relatively high level of crystallinity that is observed, for what is essentially a copolymer, are also discussed.     

Head-to-tail regioregularity of poly(3-hexylthiophene) in oxidative coupling polymerization with FeCl3

We investigated a head-to-tail regioregularity of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) from 3-alkylthiophene by an oxidative coupling polymerization, which is the simplest and easiest way for the synthesis of polythiophenes. The polymerizations were conducted using ferric chloride (III) as an oxidant in chloroform. Investigating the polymerization conditions, a lower temperature and a lower concentration were effective for increasing the head-to-tail (HT) content. The best HT content of 88% was obtained when the temperature was −45°C and the initial monomer concentration was 0.02 mol L⁻¹. Washing the resulting polymer by n-hexane further increased the content to 91%. Thus, it was found that the high regioselectivity can be achieved by the simple polymerization and the simple operation such as washing. The polymerization mechanism causing the regularity is also discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 1943–1948, 1999     

偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯共聚物的分子链结构与多晶型现象

偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯共聚物(PVDF/TrFE)的合成及物性研究,是改善聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)压电性的一种尝试。据文献报道,PVDF/TrFE 有明显的铁电性,以及强的压电性     

TiCl_4共引发异丁烯正离子聚合合成反应活性聚异丁烯

由H2O/TiCl4/甲醇或乙醚体系引发异丁烯在二氯甲烷与己烷混合溶剂中进行正离子聚合,探讨甲醇用量、聚合时间等因素对正离子聚合以及产物分子量、分子量分布和末端基结构的影响,并在此基础上探讨TiCl4共引发混合C4馏分中异丁烯选择性正离子聚合以制备活性聚异丁烯的可行性.结果表明,含氧试剂对聚合反应起到明显的调节作用,可适当稳定碳正离子活性中心,降低链增长速率,降低聚合产物的分子量(Mn=1600~4600),使分子量分布明显变窄(Mw/Mn=1.35~2.05),并可调节大分子链末端基结构及其含量.降低聚合体系中微量单体浓度以及适当延长聚合反应时间,均有利于提高聚异丁烯大分子链末端α-双键结构含量.通过TiCl4共引发异丁烯正离子聚合制备出末端α-双键含量可以达到70%以上的低分子量高反应活性聚异丁烯.此外,该引发体系还可引发混合C4馏分原料中异丁烯进行高选择性正离子聚合,得到Mn=2000、Mw/Mn=2.59、端基α-双键含量为38.9%的聚异丁烯.     

Continuous precipitation polymerization of vinylidene fluoride in supercritical carbon dioxide: molecular weight distribution

The surfactant-free precipitation polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VF2) in supercritical carbon dioxide was studied in a continuous stirred autoclave. The polymerization temperature ranged from 65 to 85°C, the average residence time in the reactor varied from 10 to 50 min., and the pressure was between 210 and 305 bar. Diethyl peroxydicarbonate was used as the initiator. The fractional conversion of monomer varied from 7 to 26%, the number-average molecular weight of the polymer was between about 14,000 and 79,000, and the weight-average molecular weight was between about 21,000 and 700,000. In many cases, the polymer exhibited a bimodal molecular-weight distribution, especially at high monomer concentrations.     

Effect of polymerization conditions on the morphology of as-polymerized poly(vinylidene chloride)

Poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) separates from the reaction mixture during the free-radical polymerization of vinylidene chloride. The morphology of the “as-polymerized” powder is determined by the degree of undercooling existing in the reaction medium at the time of crystallization. Crystallization occurs simultaneously in the process of polymerization and subsequently by the precipitation of polymer which formed in solution. As the medium becomes more favorable, an increasing portion of the polymer forms in solution and then crystallizes. The morphology developed by polymerization in borderline solvents such as dioxane can be nearly duplicated by recrystallization under similar conditions. The simultaneous occurrence of solution and solid phase polymerization leads to a double DTA endotherm. The upper peak at ca. 200°C represents the melting point of PVDC. The size and temperature of the lower peak vary with polymerization conditions. The results can be correlated with the degree of under-cooling as estimated by the difference between the polymerization temperature and the temperature at which the crystalline polymer dissolves in the reaction mixture.     

聚偏氟乙烯凝胶电解质组成间相互作用及其凝胶化研究

通过冷却聚偏氟乙烯 (PVDF) 丙烯碳酸酯 (PC)或PVDF PC LiClO4的溶液 ,制备了数个聚合物凝胶 .实验表明 ,聚合物凝胶的凝胶化时间 (tgel)与凝胶温度、聚合物浓度有关 ,且强烈地依赖于体系中盐的浓度 ,因为盐会缩短体系的tgel.凝胶体系中LiClO4的存在提高了其凝胶熔融温度 (Tgm) ,LiClO4的含量越大 ,相应凝胶的Tgm 越高 .用DSC和落球法所测凝胶的Tgm 有较大的差别 .这说明凝胶中可能存在热稳定性好和热稳定性相对较差的两种不同结构部分 .FT IR的研究结果表明 ,凝胶电解质的各组成 (LiClO4,PC和PVDF)间存在较强的相互作用 .对含盐和不含盐的两类凝胶体系的对比研究表明 ,两者不同的凝胶化现象和Tgm 归因于盐与聚合物或溶剂间的络合作用     

Influence of annealing and chain defects on the melting behaviour of poly(vinylidene fluoride)

The melting behaviour of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering in order to study the influence of the chain defects content and of the temperature of annealing on the crystallization and melting behaviour.All the DSC scans show a double endotherm and the analysis of the data suggests that the low temperature endotherm is due to the melting of a population of thin lamellae, whose thickness increases during the annealing, but a high content of chain defects prevents the lamellar thickening and the main effect in this case is the crystallization of thin lamellae from a portion of polymer which did not crystallize during the quenching from the melt. Furthermore, the two melting endotherms, which are observed, can be partially ascribed to a melting-recrystallization process.Furthermore, stepwise isothermal cooling was performed in a differential scanning calorimeter followed by melting scans of fractionated PVDF samples to point out the possible presence of a series of endothermic peaks.