可见光催化C(sp3)-C(sp3)键的构筑

本文对近年来可见光催化构筑C(sp ³)-C(sp ³)键的国内外最新研究成果进行概述,着重阐述了各类催化的催化体系、反应机理及在合成生物活性分子或药物分子方面的应用。在可见光催化的反应体系中引入过渡金属或手性催化剂,构建新颖的协同催化体系,可以实现在温和的条件下对C—C键构筑的精确控制,对于手性药物的设计、开发具有重要的意义。最后,对未来可见光催化构筑C—C键的发展进行展望。     

手性配体在钯催化不对称碳氢键活化反应中的应用

目前,手性配体辅助钯催化的区域和对映选择性碳氢键活化是过渡金属催化的前沿领域.在过去的十年中,它作为一种越来越重要的合成工具,用于合成含有各种不对称元素(中心手性、轴手性和平面手性)的手性分子,也是快速构建各种碳碳键和碳杂原子键的最有效方法之一.本文介绍了一些典型手性配体在钯催化不对称sp2和sp3碳氢键活化/官能团化...     

配位导向的分子内C(sp3)-H键胺化反应构建含氮杂环的新进展

含氮饱和杂环化合物,如β-内酰胺、氮杂环丙烷、四氢吡咯、哌啶及其苯并骨架吲哚啉、四氢喹啉、四氢异喹啉等结构单元是天然产物和药物分子中常见的"优势骨架",在新药的发现中起到了极其重要的作用.配位导向的非活化C(sp³)-H键的直接胺化方法可高效构建C-N键,是C-H键活化反应方法学的重要研究内容之一.本文介绍了近期配位导向的非活化C(sp³)-H键的分子内直接胺化策略构建含氮杂环的新进展,其中包括双齿、单齿和分子内本身的二级胺作为定位基参与的活化模式,探讨了其反应机制、选择性、底物的适用性及其在合成中的应用.     

氨基甲酸酯在C—H键活化中的应用

氨基甲酸酯广泛存在于天然产物、药物和农药分子中,同时也是一种常见的C—H键活化导向官能团。在过渡金属催化下,氨基甲酸酯可导向底物分子氨基邻位的C—H键活化,经六元环金属中间体,再与其他偶联试剂偶联实现新的官能团化。本文系统总结了其在C—H键活化反应中的应用,具体包括:(1)N-芳基氨基甲酸酯、氨基甲酸芳酯和氨基甲酸烯醇酯可在过渡金属Pd、Rh、Ru和Ir等催化下发生芳基邻位sp2C—H键活化与官能团化反应,得到卤化、芳基化、环化和烯基化产物;(2)氨基甲酸烯醇酯可在Rh催化下发生烯基β-位sp2C—H键活化与官能团化反应,得到烯基化和烯丙基化产物;(3)氨基邻位具有活性氢的N-烷基氨基甲酸酯可在Pd、Cu、Fe甚至无过渡金属催化下发生sp3C—H键活化与官能团化反应,得到酰氧化、烷基化和芳基化产物。在芳香sp2C—H键活化中,取代基的电子效应和空间位阻效应均对产物产率和选择性有重要影响。大多数情况下,给电子与空间位阻较小的取代基有利于反应的顺利进行。此外,当底物为N-烷氧羰基保护的苄胺、四氢异喹啉或1,2-二氢喹啉时,因氨基邻位独特的高活性,可在Cu、Fe甚至无金属催化剂或光催化下催化氨基邻位sp3C—H键活化反应,还可以实现不对称诱导,获得非常高的对映选择性。希望本文总结的内容能促进氨基甲酸酯在C—H键活化反应中的进一步应用。     

钯催化的官能团导向的sp~2-C—H键功能化

近年来,钯催化的C—H键功能化已成为有机合成中构建C—C键,C—N键,C—O键,C—X(Cl,Br,I)键等的重要方法,而带有导向基团的C—H键的选择性功能化一直备受关注.主要综述了通过官能团导向实现sp2-C—H键功能化的最新研究进展,介绍了各类反应的特点、优势及在合成中的应用.     

可见光诱导C—N键断裂构建C—C键的研究进展

近年来,可见光促进的光化学有机转化引起了广大有机化学家的兴趣.相比于传统方法,利用可见光作为可再生能源的光氧化还原催化已被证明是一种温和而强大的工具,可以通过单电子转移(SET)过程促进有机分子的活化.在许多天然产物的结构中存在大量的氨基功能团,同时氨基也是一些药物分子和功能材料的重要结构单元.因此,通过对这些物质分子中的C—N键进行活化而进行C—C键形成的偶联反应,则可以对该类化合物进行有效的结构修饰,从而得到具有多种结构及功能化的化合物.因此,这方面的研究现已成为了有机合成的一个重要研究领域.综述了近年来通过可见光促进C—N键断裂及其在C—C键形成反应研究中的应用研究成果,讨论了代表性的例子及其反应机制.     

过渡金属催化的C—CN键断裂的研究进展

有机氰化物是一种重要的合成中间体,在药物、农药、染料和活性物质中都有应用.使用廉价、简单、低毒的氰基化合物在过渡金属的催化下通过C—CN键断裂生成复杂的氰化物是合成有机氰化物的重要手段之一.综述了不同过渡金属(如Ni,Pd,Rh,Cu,Ru,Fe,Mo,Co等)催化不同种类的氰基化合物C—CN键断裂的最新研究进展,如含C(sp1)—CN键化合物、C(sp2)—CN键化合物以及C(sp3)—CN键化合物,并对有关的反应机理及C—CN键断裂机理的进展进行了探讨.     

导向的过渡金属催化不活泼C(sp~3)-H键氧化反应研究进展

近年来,过渡金属催化不活泼C(sp3)—H键氧化反应取得重要进展.该领域的研究主要集中在过渡金属催化甲烷选择性氧化,以及过渡金属催化导向基团螯合甲基氧化方面,这些研究成果实现了许多传统氧化方法不能完成的高效选择性转化.重点概述导向基团(肟、噁唑啉、吡啶、酰胺、羧酸、羟基)对促进过渡金属催化氧化C(sp3)—H键的影响,底物的乙酰氧基化、羟基化、羰基化、酯化反应以及催化反应体系和相关机制.     

过渡金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键官能化反应进展

近二十年来,过渡金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键活化已发展成为在酮的非传统反应位点构建碳碳键和碳杂键(杂原子为氮、氟和氧原子等)的强有力而快捷的手段.其中,钌、铑、钯、铱等贵金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键活化反应得到了广泛研究,而廉价3d金属锰、铁和钴催化的酮羰基导向C—H活化反应逐渐成为当前研究的热点.文中按照过渡金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键官能化的不同反应类型(烷基化、烯基化、酰胺化、芳基化、环化等)综述了该领域近年来(2014～2021)的研究进展.     

C(sp3)—H键直接催化硅基化反应研究进展

含C(sp3)—Si键的有机硅化合物在材料科学、药物化学和精细化学品合成等研究领域有着广泛的应用.通过C(sp3)—H的直接催化硅基化形成C(sp3)—Si键具有高的原子经济性和步骤经济性特点,近些年己成为含C(sp3)—Si键的新型有机硅分子合成领域的一个研究热点.详细总结了 C(sp3)—H键直接催化硅基化反应的研...     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.