非球面复制成型技术的研究

光学非球面复制成型技术是一种通过面形转移的方法成型光学非球面的技术,即将高精度非球面光学元件(母模)的表面利用脱模膜和胶粘剂转移到球面光学元件(基体)的表面上,并保持原非球面光学元件的光学品质,使球面变成非球面。介绍了该技术的基本原理以及所进行的工艺实验(镀膜、脱模、胶合等),给出了母模和复制件的面形图,证明了该技术用于中小口径非球面光学元件的制造具有较高的精度。     

基于振镜扫描方式的光学元件表面损伤检测

振镜作为一种二维扫描器件,可以实现光学元件不同位置处表面情况在CCD相机上的成像,利用振镜扫描方式无需移动待检测光学元件和成像系统即可完成大口径光学元件表面损伤的扫描检测,提出了一种基于振镜扫描方式的大口径光学元件表面损伤检测方法。利用该方法对光学元件表面损伤点检测进行了验证实验,通过在元件表面设置基准点,利用振镜扫描步数及图像处理技术确定损伤点位置及尺寸,并与光学显微镜观察到的损伤情况进行对比,结果显示利用振镜扫描方法对元件表面损伤点位置及尺寸的检测结果与光学显微镜检测结果偏差较小。该检测系统分辨率可达到(2.08±0.015)μm/pixel,检测范围大于2.5cm,水平方向和竖直方向位置坐标检测准确度分别为3.76%和1.37%,损伤点尺寸检测准确度为6.19%,能够实现较大尺寸光学元件表面损伤点的高准确性检测。     

基于振镜扫描方式的光学元件表面损伤检测EI北大核心CSCD

振镜作为一种二维扫描器件,可以实现光学元件不同位置处表面情况在CCD相机上的成像,利用振镜扫描方式无需移动待检测光学元件和成像系统即可完成大口径光学元件表面损伤的扫描检测,提出了一种基于振镜扫描方式的大口径光学元件表面损伤检测方法。利用该方法对光学元件表面损伤点检测进行了验证实验,通过在元件表面设置基准点,利用振镜扫描步数及图像处理技术确定损伤点位置及尺寸,并与光学显微镜观察到的损伤情况进行对比,结果显示利用振镜扫描方法对元件表面损伤点位置及尺寸的检测结果与光学显微镜检测结果偏差较小。该检测系统分辨率可达到(2.08±0.015)μm/pixel,检测范围大于2.5cm,水平方向和竖直方向位置坐标检测准确度分别为3.76%和1.37%,损伤点尺寸检测准确度为6.19%,能够实现较大尺寸光学元件表面损伤点的高准确性检测。     

基于经验模态分解-Wigner分布的光学元件中频误差识别

对于大尺寸高精密光学元件,不仅要对光学元件表面低频面形精度和高频粗糙度进行控制,还需要严格限制中频误差,以保证其使用性能和稳定性。为了确定光学元件的不合格区域并指导其返修,引入经验模态分解(EMD)和Wigner分布(WVD)函数方法,通过理论分析确定该方法与功率谱密度函数间的关系,实现对光学元件表面中频误差的辨识与定位。实验结果表明:EMD-WVD方法不仅可以识别分布在实验光学元件表面15~27mm空间频率为0.1mm-1的中频误差,还可以减小多分量信号所引起的空间频率为1.0~1.5mm-1的交叉项干扰,提高中频误差辨识的准确率。     

基于深度学习的光学元件表面疵病识别北大核心CSCD

精密光学元件表面疵病的人工检测分类方法效率低,且准确率易受疲劳等人工因素影响,而基于传统机器学习方法的分类准确率有待进一步提高。提出了一种基于深度学习卷积神经网络的光学大尺寸元件表面疵病识别方法。首先,通过现场实验采集并整理了大尺寸镜面疵病样本;接着,基于单通道灰度图像构建融合梯度的三通道图像,挖掘更深入的特征表达;最后,基于经典的LeNet网络,提出了面向激光惯性约束聚变(ICF)的光学元件表面疵病识别网络ICFNet,该网络不需要复杂的手工特征设计和提取,仅使用原始灰度图像就实现高效的疵病识别。实验结果表明:针对包含麻点、划痕和灰尘的三类疵病数据,ICFNet相较于使用多项特征和支持向量机的传统方法拥有较好的分类准确率。     

双波段多层衍射光学元件的基底材料选择方法研究及其在变焦系统中的应用

基于双波段系统的多层衍射光学元件(MLDOE)的带宽积分衍射效率(PIDE),建立其与入射角度和基底材料关系的数学模型,提出一种双波段斜入射多层衍射光学元件基底材料的选择方法,并通过该方法选择出双波段多层衍射光学元件基底材料的最佳组合方案。方法的提出以及数学模型的建立,解决了光线斜入射时基底材料选择不当导致多层衍射元件衍射效率和带宽积分衍射效率下降的问题,为多层衍射元件在多波段和宽波段系统中的应用提供理论指导。依据该方法,设计了适用于中波红外3.7～4.8μm(MWIR)和长波红外7.7～9.5μm(LWIR)双波段的多层衍射光学元件,并利用该衍射元件设计了10倍中长波折衍混合双波段红外变焦系统。结果表明,该系统在中波红外奈奎斯特频率处的调制传递函数(MTF)均大于0.52,在长波红外奈奎斯特频率处的MTF均大于0.35。     

光学工艺 光学加工工艺与设备

TQ171.68 2006032713非球面复制成型技术的研究=Research on the asphericaloptical replication technique[刊,中]/王勤(苏州大学,江苏现代光学技术省重点实验室.江苏,苏州(215006)) ,余景池…∥光学技术.—2006 ,32(1) .—121-123光学非球面复制成型技术是一种通过面形转移的方法成型光学非球面的技术,即将高精度非球面光学元件(母模)的表面利用脱模膜和胶粘剂转移到球面光学元件(基体)的表面上,并保持原非球面光学元件的光学品质,使球面变成非球面。介绍了该技术的基本原理以及所进行的工艺实验(镀膜、脱模、胶合等) ,给出了母模和复制…     

基于纳米压印的大角度衍射光学元件批量化制备方法

针对大角度(大于50°)衍射光学元件低成本、批量化制备的需求,提出一种基于纳米压印技术的制备方法.首先利用光学曝光技术或电子束直写技术制备衍射元件的原始母板,然后将原始母板的结构通过纳米压印过程复制到压印胶上,完成衍射光学元件的制备.由于纳米压印母板可以多次重复使用,降低了制作成本,提高了效率.用该方法制备了不同特征尺寸(最小为250nm,衍射全角为70°)的衍射光学元件,具有良好的衍射效果,实现了对高深宽比浮雕结构的高保真复制.该技术可实现从微米到纳米跨尺度兼容的衍射光学元件的高保真、低成本、批量化制备.     

超薄光学元件精密加工关键技术

针对超薄光学元件在加工过程中因重力和磨头产生应力形变的特点,提出了一种高效、先进的超薄光学元件综合加工方法。该方法综合运用了精密铣磨、精密抛光、离子束修形等先进技术进行面形控制。在铣磨阶段采用受力分析和误差补偿的方法降低了元件变形引入的面形误差;在抛光阶段通过气囊抛光和沥青抛光的迭代实现了面形快速收敛;在离子束加工阶段充分利用其非接触、无应力的加工特点实现了高精度面形修正。实验选择径厚比为34(边长152 mm,厚度6.35 mm)的方形融石英材料进行加工实验。结果表明:在铣磨、抛光、修形阶段的各项指标都达到了精密光学元件的加工水平,最终的面形精度为PV=25 nm,RMS=1.5 nm。该加工方法可以广泛应用于超薄光学元件的高精度加工。     

应用发光二极管和光探测器的光触发器

光学数字计算机主要是由逻辑门和存储元件组成。大多数逻辑门是由光学双稳态元件实现的,而光存储元件(即触发器)是将这些逻辑元件与复杂电路结合在一起来实现的。最近,应用偏振双稳态激光器的光触发器已经展出。这篇通讯叙述一个以光电反     

Generalizing Boltzmann Configurational Entropy to Surfaces,Point Patterns and Landscape Mosaics

Several methods have been recently proposed to calculate configurational entropy, based on Boltzmann entropy. Some of these methods appear to be fully thermodynamically consistent in their application to landscape patch mosaics, but none have been shown to be fully generalizable to all kinds of landscape patterns, such as point patterns, surfaces, and patch mosaics. The goal of this paper is to evaluate if the direct application of the Boltzmann relation is fully generalizable to surfaces, point patterns, and landscape mosaics. I simulated surfaces and point patterns with a fractal neutral model to control their degree of aggregation. I used spatial permutation analysis to produce distributions of microstates and fit functions to predict the distributions of microstates and the shape of the entropy function. The results confirmed that the direct application of the Boltzmann relation is generalizable across surfaces, point patterns, and landscape mosaics, providing a useful general approach to calculating landscape entropy.     

Stokes integral of economic growth: Calculus and the Solow model

Economic growth depends on capital and labor and two-dimensional calculus has been applied to economic theory. This leads to Riemann and Stokes integrals and to the first and second laws of production and growth. The mathematical structure is the same as in thermodynamics, economic properties may be related to physical terms: capital to energy, production to physical work, GDP per capita to temperature, production function to entropy. This is called econophysics. Production, trade and banking may be compared to motors, heat pumps or refrigerators. The Carnot process of the first law creates two levels in each system: cold and hot in physics; buyer and seller, investor and saver, rich and poor in economics. The efficiency rises with the income difference of rich and poor. The results of econophysics are compared to neoclassical theory.     

Nonsensitive Homotopy-Padé Approach: Anharmonic Oscillators

In order to investigate a complicated physical system, it is convenient to consider a simple, easy to solve model, which is chosen to reflect as much physics as possible of the original system, as an ideal approximation. Motivated by this fundamentalidea, we propose a novel asymptotic method, the nonsensitive homotopy-Padé approach. In this method, homotopy relations are constructed to link the original system with an ideal, solvable model. An artificial homotopy parameter is introduced to the homotopy relations as the normal perturbation parameter to generatethe perturbation series, and is used to implement the Padé approximation. Meanwhile, some other auxiliary nonperturbative parameters, which are used to control the convergence of the perturbation series, are inserted to the approximants, and are fixed via the principle of minimal sensitivity. The method is used to study the eigenvalue problem of the quantum anharmonic oscillators. Highly accurate numerical results show its validity. Possible further studies on this method are also briefly discussed.     

Data mining techniques for scientific computing: Application to asymptotic paraxial approximations to model ultrarelativistic particles

We propose a new approach that consists in using data mining techniques for scientific computing. Indeed, data mining has proved to be efficient in other contexts which deal with huge data like in biology, medicine, marketing, advertising and communications. Our aim, here, is to deal with the important problem of the exploitation of the results produced by any numerical method. Indeed, more and more data are created today by numerical simulations. Thus, it seems necessary to look at efficient tools to analyze them. In this work, we focus our presentation to a test case dedicated to an asymptotic paraxial approximation to model ultrarelativistic particles. Our method directly deals with numerical results of simulations and try to understand what each order of the asymptotic expansion brings to the simulation results over what could be obtained by other lower-order or less accurate means. This new heuristic approach offers new potential applications to treat numerical solutions to mathematical models.     

Modifications to functional and biological properties of proteins of cowpea pulse crop by ultrasound-assisted extraction

Natural resource depletion, negative environmental effects and the challenge to secure global food security led to the establishment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In need to explore underutilized sustainable protein sources, this study aims at isolating protein from cowpea by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), where the techno-functional characteristics of the protein isolates were studied at different sonication conditions i.e., 100 W and 200 W at processing times ranging from 5 to 20 min. The US at 200 W-10 min produced the optimal results for all properties. In this process combination, there was an increase in protein yield, solubility, water-holding capacity, foaming capacity and stability, emulsion activity and stability, zeta-potential, and in-vitro protein digestibility from 31.78% to 58.96%, 57.26% to 68.85%, 3.06 g/g to 3.68 g/g 70.64% to 83.74%, 30.76% to 60.01%, 47.48% to 64.26%, 56.59% to 87.71%, –32.9 mV to −44.2 mV and 88.27% to 89.99%, respectively and particle size dropped from 763 nm to 559 nm in comparison to control. The microstructure and secondary-structure alterations of proteins caused by sonication were validated by SEM images, SDS-PAGE, and FTIR analyses. Sonication leads to acoustic cavitation and penetrate the cell walls, improving extraction from the solid to liquid phase. After sonication, the hydrophobic protein groups were exposed and proteins were partially denatured which increased its functionality. The findings demonstrated that UAE of cowpea protein improved yield, modify characteristics to fit the needs of the food industry, and contribute to achieving SDGs 2, 3, 7, 12, and 13.     

做实验的主人--写给学习物理实验的学生

在学习实验时应注意学习探索,本文从实验课上学什么,如何在探索中学习,如何进行误差分析,实验结果如何评价,怎样认识验证性实验,怎样理解实验的物理思想,怎样在实验过程中提出问题等几方面讨论了学生怎样做实验的主人.     

Two-dimensional detector software: From real detector to idealised image or two-theta scan

Abstract

Detector systems introduce distortions into acquired data. To obtain accurate angle and intensity information, it is necessary to calibrate, and apply corrections. Intensity non-linearity, spatial distortion, and non-uniformity of intensity response, are the primary considerations.

It is better to account for the distortions within scientific analysis software, but often it is more practical to correct the distortions to produce ‘idealised’ data.

Calibration methods and software have been developed for single crystal diffraction experiments, using both approaches. For powder diffraction experiments the additional task of converting a two-dimensional image to a one-dimensional spectrum is used to allow Rietveld analysis. This task may be combined with distortion correction to produce intensity information and error estimates.

High-pressure experiments can introduce additional complications and place new demands on software. Flexibility is needed to be able to integrate different angular regions separately, and to produce profiles as a function of angle of azimuth. Methods to cope with awkward data are described, and examples of the techniques applied to data from high pressure experiments are presented.     

Understanding the Interaction of Glutamate Salts with Serum Albumin Protected Prism‐Shaped Silver Nanoparticles toward Glutamate Sensing

Surface plasmon spectroscopy of serum albumin protected prism‐shaped silver nanoparticles is used as simple and effective sensing tool to detect glutamate salts. The approach does not require any electrochemical setup to detect glutamates, in contrast to common techniques to detect glutamates in general. Experiments reveal that upon presence of high concentrations of glutamate salts, the prism‐shaped nanoparticles are transformed to smaller‐sized nanoclusters, while the remaining nanoparticles are assembled to form aggregates. Control experiments confirm that the interaction is specific to the serum albumin coating, the prism shape of the nanoparticles, and to silver.     

AC losses dependence on a CuNi layer location in NbTi CICC

In the frame of the ITER fusion program, large Cable In Conduit Cables (CICC) made with NbTi superconductors are foreseen for the poloidal field system. These coils are pulsed and so subjected to fast variations in magnetic field. Superconductors have then to be designed in order to reduce AC losses to an acceptable level. A solution could be to insert a copper nickel resistive barrier in the copper stabilizer surrounding the filamentary area of the composite. The purpose of this barrier is to reduce interstrand coupling currents. In order to predict the effect of this barrier on AC losses, a modeling of a 36 strands CICC has been realized. According to this code, the ability of the resistive barrier to reduce coupling currents is dependent on its location. For this study, three CICC with three barrier locations, from the inner to the outer diameter of the copper crown stabilizer, have been produced. AC losses have been measured and compared to our numerical model.     

The complexity and robustness of metro networks

Transportation systems, being real-life examples of networks, are particularly interesting to analyze from the viewpoint of the new and rapidly emerging field of network science. Two particular concepts seem to be particularly relevant: scale-free patterns and small-worlds. By looking at 33 metro systems in the world, this paper adapts network science methodologies to the transportation literature, and offers one application to the robustness of metros; here, metro refers to urban rail transit with exclusive right-of-way, whether it is underground, at grade or elevated. We find that most metros are indeed scale-free (with scaling factors ranging from 2.10 to 5.52) and small-worlds; they show atypical behaviors, however, with increasing size. In particular, the presence of transfer-hubs (stations hosting more than three lines) results in relatively large scaling factors. The analysis provides insights/recommendations for increasing the robustness of metro networks. Smaller networks should focus on creating transfer stations, thus generating cycles to offer alternative routes. For larger networks, few stations seem to detain a certain monopole on transferring, it is therefore important to create additional transfers, possibly at the periphery of city centers; the Tokyo system seems to remarkably incorporate these properties.