锥柱复合目标激光距离多普勒像分析模型

激光距离多普勒成像技术在航天和国防应用领域受到极大的关注.文章建立了锥柱复合目标的激光距离多普勒像分析模型,包括底面的贡献.该模型能分析锥柱复合目标的几何参量、表面粗糙度、姿态、角速度和脉冲宽度等因素对激光距离多普勒像的影响,并能退化到圆柱和圆锥的激光距离多普勒像分析模型,也能退化到平面波下的多普勒谱分析模型.分析了几何参量和姿态对距离多普勒像的影响.计算结果表明,锥柱复合目标距离多普勒像能体现出目标的几何形状和姿态信息.理论和测量相结合,该分析模型能用来进行圆柱、圆锥及锥柱复合目标物理和几何参量的识别,其解析表达式对于多普勒速度计和激光雷达应用有着重要的意义.     

目标激光脉冲一维距离成像研究

根据激光雷达方程及粗糙面脉冲波束散射理论,提出了目标激光脉冲后向散射回波功率即激光一维距离像的计算表达式,并获得斜板、球和圆锥一维距离像的具体形式.数值计算结果与粗糙平板和圆锥激光脉冲回波强度实验数据比较,两者符合良好.数据分析表明,激光一维距离像曲线能够较好反映目标的纵向几何外形信息.我们着重讨论了入射激光脉冲宽度与目标径向尺寸对距离像的影响.上述研究可为激光波段的目标特征提取和识别提供理论依据.     

基于相干探测的目标激光一维距离像特性分析

为了实现对空间目标的远距离、高分辨率激光一维距离像探测及特性分析,在建立点目标激光一维距离像光外差探测模型的基础上,进一步通过三维建模的方式获取了三维目标的激光一维距离像。比较了圆锥体目标光外差探测获取的一维距离像与其距离分辨激光雷达散射截面、脉冲激光一维距离像之间的区别和联系,分析了目标尺寸、姿态、调频带宽以及表面材质对目标激光一维距离像的影响。实验结果验证了目标一维距离像能够反映目标外形特征,可为目标特性分析及识别提供参考。     

激光雷达地面目标姿态估计

激光雷达距离像能表征目标的几何结构,而同一目标不同姿态的距离图像差别较大,因此目标姿态的准确估计对目标识别尤为重要。Ulf Grenander的模式理论利用变形模板表示观测图像,目标姿态变化引起刚性模板的变形用特殊正交群矩阵表示,在贝叶斯估计框架下,用跳扩散过程从后验密度中取样,以希尔伯特-施密特范数作为误差特性,对目标姿态进行估计,并分析误差性能。针对激光雷达距离像基于地面目标进行研究,利用Grenander的模式理论,在不同载噪比情况下对车辆姿态进行估计。通过对姿态估计误差的分析,表明该算法能够较准确地估计目标的姿态。     

星载激光相干测高计的参量设计

为使星载激光高度计实现高空间分辨力、高距离精度,提出了联合采用调频光纤激光器和相干测距的方法.详细讨论了这种方法的实现方案,并对方案中的激光发射功率、望远镜口径以及脉冲宽度对距离精度及信噪比的影响进行数值模拟.对系统参量进行分析,得到了相关参量的关系和优化的参量.结果表明,当望远镜口径为400 mm时,啁啾调频速率为1 MHz/μs,脉冲时间宽度150～350 μs, 发射功率10 W左右时,基于相干测距的星载激光高度计可以实现距离精度小于15 cm的技术指标.     

亚表面异质缺陷对功能梯度材料表面温度场的影响

基于双曲型热传导方程,采用镜像法和波函数展开法,求解了含亚表面异质圆柱缺陷的半无限功能梯度材料的表面温度场,给出了功能梯度材料中热波散射的一般解.分析了亚表面异质圆柱缺陷的几何参数(如埋藏深度)和热物理参数(如导热系数、热扩散长度、热扩散率及热弛豫时间等)对功能梯度材料表面温度场的影响.温度波由调制的超短脉冲激光在功能梯度材料表面激发,异质圆柱缺陷表面的边界条件为导热边界.研究结果可望为功能梯度材料的红外热波无损检测、导热反问题提供计算方法和参考数据.     

姿态变化对空间目标可见光特性的影响分析

空间目标的光散射、光辐射特性除了与其背景环境、几何结构和表面材料等密切相关外,姿态变化对其光学特性也有一定的影响,这种影响在天基观测中尤为明显。就姿态变化对空间目标可见光特性的影响进行了理论分析与建模研究,建立了姿态相关的空间目标可见光特性的理论模型。结合具体的参数,对空间目标环境一号卫星和资源二号卫星在探测视点处的辐照度随姿态的变化进行了数值计算。初步的研究结果表明,姿态变化对空间目标可见光特性的影响不可忽略。建模结果可为空间目标的探测、识别提供理论依据。     

不同表面结构特征圆柱导体的太赫兹散射特性

太赫兹频段下导体表面的细微结构、粗糙度等细节将对目标电磁散射行为产生影响。为衡量这一影响程度,以圆柱导体为例研究了太赫兹频段下目标表面不同结构特征的电磁散射现象及其在图像域的表现规律。利用高频电磁计算方法获得了表面分别为理想光滑、带刻痕和周期粗糙的三种圆柱多姿态角、多频点单站散射场;基于转台成像算法重建了小转角下目标的二维图像。从仿真结果可以看出:m量级的细节特征在太赫兹雷达图像上有着显著的表现,表明太赫兹雷达能够获取更加丰富和精细的目标信息,从而为目标探测识别提供新的特征和技术手段。     

OPCPA系统中光栅对不平行度对脉冲时间波形的影响

 利用光线追迹法和四阶龙格-库塔法分析了光参量啁啾脉冲放大系统中实际展宽器和压缩器所带来的各阶色散，并将其代入放大过程数值模拟了脉冲变化的情况，讨论了压缩器光栅对表面不平行、刻线不平行、信号光强度、泵浦光强度等因素对输出脉冲宽度和时间波形的影响。结果表明，光栅对表面不平行将引起脉冲宽度变大，且光栅顺时针旋转对脉冲宽度和波形影响更大。而光栅刻线不平行时，当仅考虑二阶色散时，夹角为0.8°时脉宽最小，考虑到三阶色散时，夹角为1°脉宽最小，且光栅顺时针和逆时针旋转对脉冲的作用相同。对实际OPCPA系统，当放大晶体材料及长度一定时，尽量调整压缩器光栅平行，信号光强度和泵浦光强度有一最佳值能使输出脉冲宽度达到最小。     

脉冲宽度对云雾回波的影响研究

云雾后向散射会产生引发激光引信虚警的回波信号.基于蒙特卡罗法,对云雾散射回波进行了模拟仿真,并定量给出了云雾散射回波的波形、波峰位置、脉宽和峰值功率随发射脉冲宽度的变化规律.研究结果表明,回波峰值功率随着发射脉宽的增大而增大,且当发射脉宽增大到50ns后趋于饱和,峰值功率将不随脉冲宽度的变化而变化;脉冲展宽的程度随发射脉宽的增大而减弱;发射脉宽对云雾散射回波波峰位置的影响较小.给出的回波信号模拟仿真结果可以为窄脉冲激光引信的目标识别以及探测阈值和脉冲宽度等参量的优化设计提供依据.     

Analytical Model of Doppler Spectra of Light Backscattered from Rotating Convex Bodies of Revolution in the Global Cartesian Coordinate System

We present an analytical model of Doppler spectra in backscattering from arbitrary rough convex bodies of revolution rotating around their axes in the global Cartesian coordinate system. This analytical model is applied to analyse Doppler spectra in backseatter from two cones and two cylinders, as well as two ellipsoids of revolution. We numerically analyse the influences of attitude and geometry size of objects on Doppler spectra. The analytical model can give contribution of the surface roughness, attitude and geometry size of convex bodies of revolution to Doppler spectra and may contribute to laser Doppler velocimetry as well as ladar applications.     

Laser backscattering analytical model of Doppler power spectra about rotating convex quadric bodies of revolution

We propose an analytical model of Doppler power spectra in backscatter from arbitrary rough convex quadric bodies of revolution (whose lateral surface is a quadric) rotating around axes. In the global Cartesian coordinate system, the analytical model deduced is suitable for general convex quadric body of revolution. Based on this analytical model, the Doppler power spectra of cones, cylinders, paraboloids of revolution, and sphere–cones combination are proposed. We analyze numerically the influence of geometric parameters, aspect angle, wavelength and reflectance of rough surface of the objects on the broadened spectra because of the Doppler effect. This analytical solution may contribute to laser Doppler velocimetry, and remote sensing of ballistic missile that spin.     

The influence of flight speed on the ranging performance of bats using frequency modulated echolocation pulses

Many species of bat use ultrasonic frequency modulated (FM) pulses to measure the distance to objects by timing the emission and reception of each pulse. Echolocation is mainly used in flight. Since the flight speed of bats often exceeds 1% of the speed of sound, Doppler effects will lead to compression of the time between emission and reception as well as an elevation of the echo frequencies, resulting in a distortion of the perceived range. This paper describes the consequences of these Doppler effects on the ranging performance of bats using different pulse designs. The consequences of Doppler effects on ranging performance described in this paper assume bats to have a very accurate ranging resolution, which is feasible with a filterbank receiver. By modeling two receiver types, it was first established that the effects of Doppler compression are virtually independent of the receiver type. Then, used a cross-correlation model was used to investigate the effect of flight speed on Doppler tolerance and range-Doppler coupling separately. This paper further shows how pulse duration, bandwidth, function type, and harmonics influence Doppler tolerance and range-Doppler coupling. The influence of each signal parameter is illustrated using calls of several bat species. It is argued that range-Doppler coupling is a significant source of error in bat echolocation, and various strategies bats could employ to deal with this problem, including the use of range rate information are discussed.     

Irradiation effects of CO2 laser parameters on surface morphology of fused silica

To understand the surface morphology evolution of fused silica induced by 10.6-μm CO2 laser irradiation at different parameters,this paper reports that optical microscopy,profilometry,and hydrophilicity tests are utilized to characterize the surface structure and roughness of the laser irradiated area. The results show that three typical surface morphologies and two typical hydrophilicity test images are observed at different laser powers and pulse durations. The correlations between surface temperature and surface morphology as well as hydrophilicity behaviours are presented. The different hydrophilicity behaviours are related to surface structures of the laser-induced crater and thermal diffusion area. The thermal diffusion length monotonously increases with increasing laser power and pulse duration. The crater width is almost determined by the laser beam size. The crater depth is more sensitive to the laser power and pulse duration than the crater width.     

Electrical discharge machining of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V)

In this study, the electrical discharge machining (EDM) of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with different electrode materials namely, graphite, electrolytic copper and aluminium and process parameters such as, pulse current and pulse duration were performed to explore the influence of EDM parameters on various aspects of the surface integrity of Ti6Al4V. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrograph (EDS) and hardness analysis were performed. The experimental results reveal that the value of material removal rate, surface roughness, electrode wear and average white layer thickness are tendency of increase with increasing current density and pulse duration. However, extremely long-pulse durations such as 200 μs led to decrease MRR and surface roughness. Furthermore, the surface hardness is increasing due to the Ti₂₄C₁₅ carbides formed on the surface and obvious cracks are always evident in re-solidified layer when machining copper electrode. The surface crack densities and critical crack lines were determined for the tested material. The graphite electrode is beneficial on material removal rate, electrode wear and surface crack density but relatively poorer surface finish.     

Invisibility cloaking via non-smooth transformation optics and ray tracing

We present examples of theoretically-predicted invisibility cloaks with shapes other than spheres and cylinders, including cones and ellipsoids, as well as shapes spliced from parts of these simpler shapes. In addition, we present an example explicitly displaying the non-uniqueness of invisibility cloaks of the same shape. We depict rays propagating through these example cloaks using ray tracing for geometric optics.     

Scattering on rough surfaces with alpha-stable non-Gaussian height distributions

We study the electromagnetic scattering problem on a random rough surface when the height distribution of the profile belongs to the family of alpha-stable laws. This allows us to model peaks of very large amplitude that are not accounted for by the classical Gaussian scheme. For such probability distributions with infinite variance the usual roughness parameters such as the RMS height, the correlation length or the correlation function are irrelevant. We show, however, that these notions can be extended to the alpha-stable case and introduce a set of adapted roughness parameters that coincide with the classical quantities in the Gaussian case. Then we study the scattering problem on a stationary alpha-stable surface and compute the scattering coefficient under the first-order Kirchhoff and small-slope approximations. An analytical formula is given in the high-frequency limit, which generalizes the well known geometrical optics approximation. Some numerical results are given and discussed.     

车削零件表面粗糙度图像法检测优选方法

为实现对车削零件表面粗糙度检测,提出一种基于机器视觉表面粗糙度检测图像处理的新方法。该方法先按相应算法对所采集图像剔出受光衍射影响严重区域,然后再按其灰度分布情况进行区域优化,获得的图像灰度特征参数能反映表面粗糙度量值的有效特征区域。用该方法对表面粗糙度Ra标称值为0.8 μm~12.5 μm的五种车削样件测试,处理后图像灰度的均值、方差、能量和熵等特征参数与Ra标称值单调关系显著,各特征曲线的非线性误差均在1.5%以内。对比实验显示,这种特征提取和区域优化方法可应用于表面粗糙度的区分与检测。     

CO_2激光预处理参数对石英基片表面粗糙度的影响

为研究CO2激光预处理参数对熔石英基片表面粗糙度的影响,采用频率为100 Hz,光斑面积为1 mm2的CO2激光对理想的熔石英基片进行辐照处理,根据处理后基片表面微观形貌特征将修复程度分别定义为轻度、中度和重度修复,并对3种修复程度下基片的表面粗糙度值进行了统计。研究了不同脉冲作用时间和不同占空比(激光功率)的激光束单点单次辐照基片后的表面粗糙度。结果表明:石英基片的表面粗糙度均方根值和处理造成的凹陷深度均随脉冲作用时间和功率的增加逐渐变大;均方根值的增幅逐渐增加,凹陷深度的增幅逐渐减小。