重金属铅胁迫下镧对螺旋藻生长及生理特性的影响

以鄂尔多斯高原碱湖钝顶螺旋藻为实验材料,在Pb(NO3)2(70 mg·L-1)胁迫下,采用生理学方法研究了不同浓度La(NO3)3对螺旋藻生长速率、叶绿素a含量、硝酸还原酶及谷氨酸脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明:各处理组在培养初期生长速率差异不大(P0.05),6 d后添加La(NO3)3的各处理组螺旋藻的生长速率显著高于对照(P0.05);当La(NO3)3处理浓度为8μg·L-1时可显著促进螺旋藻叶绿素a的合成,有效缓解Pb(NO3)2对硝酸还原酶及谷氨酸脱氢酶活性的影响(P0.05),高浓度La(NO3)3则会与Pb(NO3)2协同、抑制螺旋藻的生长。     

外源稀土La~(3+)对鄂尔多斯高原碱湖钝顶节旋藻生长及生理特性的影响

以鄂尔多斯高原碱湖的钝顶节旋藻(S1)为实验材料,采用生理与生物化学的方法测定了外源稀土元素La3+对S1生长的影响。结果表明:一定浓度的La3+对S1生长繁殖有明显的促进作用。在S1藻体细胞生长的初期La3+对其生长影响不明显;随着培养时间的延长,La3+对S1生长的影响逐渐显著(p<0.05);La3+浓度为38.53～53.94μmo.lL-1时S1的生长较快,其中La3+浓度为53.94μmol.L-1时对S1的生物量、叶绿素含量、胞内多糖和可溶性蛋白质含量促进作用最显著(p<0.01);La3+浓度高于53.94μmol.L-1时对S1的生长产生抑制作用。     

镧对镉离子胁迫下黑曲霉抗氧化酶活性变化的影响

分别应用含有120μmol·L-1 La3+,50μmol·L-1 Cd2+,100μmol·L-1 Cd2+,50μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+,100μmol·L-1Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+的培养基培养黑曲霉,3 d后测定黑曲霉菌球的生物量及其胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性及脂质过氧化产物(MDA)的变化。结果表明,50和100μmol.L-1Cd2+降低了黑曲霉生物量和五种抗氧化酶活性,并诱导了MDA产物的升高。与Cd2+单一处理比较,50μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+和100μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+处理组均不同程度上诱导了五种抗氧化酶活性的升高,并降低了MDA的积累水平。其中,120μmol·L-1 La3+对50μmol·L-1 Cd2+氧化胁迫的缓解效应明显高于100μmol·L-1 Cd2+。因此,La对黑曲霉中低剂量Cd胁迫的缓解效应比较显著,而对高剂量Cd的拮抗效应不明显。     

As(Ⅲ)胁迫对小球藻生化指标的影响及其耐受性机制研究

本研究通过测定不同浓度As(Ⅲ)作用下小球藻叶绿素a、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)等生化指标，结合藻细胞SEM-EDS、TEM形貌分析和MOE分子模拟，探究As(Ⅲ)对小球藻生长的抑制作用；通过评估藻细胞内抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性，揭示小球藻应对As(Ⅲ)胁迫的反应机制。结果显示：在高浓度As(Ⅲ)(300、600mg/L,6天)胁迫下，叶绿素a含量仅为对照组的40%,可溶性蛋白含量与对照组相当，MDA含量较第4天降低40%。SEM、TEM显示，小球藻在As(Ⅲ)作用下细胞表面皱缩、细胞器溶解、藻体破裂。MOE模拟表明，小球藻内大分子通过氢键与As(Ⅲ)结合，从而提高藻细胞耐受能力。研究表明小球藻对As(Ⅲ)具有一定的耐受性，但高浓度As(Ⅲ)会导致藻体死亡。     

外源钕减轻了重金属镉对菹草的毒害作用

研究了不同浓度钕对菹草镉胁迫的缓解效应.结果表明,单一镉(10 mg·L-1)处理降低了菹草叶片抗氧化酶系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量下降.用不同浓度钕处理后,明显减轻了这些症状,抗氧化酶活性均有所提高,与毒害对照相比,SOD、CAT及POD活性分别提高了14.0%～30.0%,8.8%～47.3%,4.6%～15.1%,并减轻了叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的降解,减缓了MDA的积累.随着钕浓度的进一步加大,缓解效应逐渐减弱,钕作用的最适浓度为10～15mg·L-1.     

外源稀土Ce3+对紫背浮萍光合作用和水体富营养化的影响

随着稀土的大量开采、冶炼和应用,导致稀土元素正逐渐由岩石圈向水圈和生物圈转移,由此对水环境很可能造成类同重金属的环境负面效应。基于适量稀土对植物生长的促进作用,以四川境内较为常见且易引起水体富营养化的紫背浮萍为研究对象,运用室内受控实验,观测不同浓度稀土Ce3+对紫背浮萍光合作用的影响,并对紫背浮萍鲜重以及培养液进行了15 d的监测。结果表明较低浓度Ce3+(0.30,0.60 mg.L-1)能提高紫背浮萍叶绿素a的含量和碳酸酐酶活性,促进植物的光合作用,其鲜重均高于空白样(P<0.05),并随着时间推移,培养液中DO含量逐渐下降,COD含量则显示出上升趋势;而较高浓度Ce3+(1.50,3.00 mg.L-1)条件下,紫背浮萍叶绿素a和碳酸酐酶活性明显降低,鲜重低于空白样,光合作用下降,植物生长受到抑制。研究结果可知,水域中适量浓度Ce3+(0～0.60 mg.L-1)可提高水生植物光合作用,加快新陈代谢,进而使水质恶化,促进水体富营养化的发生。     

镨对镉毒害下小麦种子萌发的缓解效应

重金属镉作为毒性较高的环境毒物,不仅危害植物的生长和发育,也对人类健康带来严重威胁。以小麦为试验对象,在200μmol.L-1镉胁迫下,研究了镨对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响,研究结果表明,200μmol.L-1镉胁迫下,小麦种子萌发过程中根生长、根尖细胞有丝分裂指数、α-淀粉酶、APX及CAT的活性明显受到抑制,而MDA含量明显增加。20~80 mg.L-1镨浸种24 h,对200μmo.lL-1镉胁迫下小麦种子的萌发及根、芽的生长具有一定缓解作用,且以40 mg.L-1镨的效果最好,在该浓度下,根长、根鲜重、发芽指数及活力指数明显提高;同时,可提高根尖有丝分裂指数,增强α-淀粉酶活性,提高抗氧化能力,使MDA含量显著降低。然而,100~150 mg.L-1的镨浸种后,种子活力及幼苗生长下降,根尖细胞分裂指数、α-淀粉酶活性降低,MDA含量增加。     

铈在水鳖叶片内的分布及生理和结构效应分析

以分布广泛的高等浮水植物--水鳖为研究对象,在人工模拟的含不同浓度Ce的水溶液中培养7 d,研究了Ce在水鳖叶细胞中的分布及其结构和生理效应. 随着Ce浓度的增大,水鳖叶片褪绿程度逐渐加重,光合色素(叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)含量也显著下降. Ce对保护酶系统存在不同影响,分别在2.5和5 mg·L-1时诱导SOD和POD活性达峰值,其后逐渐下降,但POD活性都高于对照,SOD则受到明显抑制,而CAT活性一直呈上升趋势. Ce导致可溶性糖在水鳖叶片内显著积累. 可溶性蛋白含量在2.5 mg·L-1 Ce时最大,比对照增加了12.98%,其后则下降并与Ce浓度显著负相关. SDS-PAGE电泳表明,当Ce浓度大于2.5 mg·L-1后,分子量为141.9,54.8和15.8 kD的蛋白/多肽表达逐渐减弱,但同时诱导出了分子量为33.0和20.7 kD的新蛋白. 电镜观察发现Ce对叶绿体、线粒体和细胞核的结构造成明显损伤,主要是被膜或外膜破裂和核质消失. 定位结果显示Ce主要分布在细胞壁以及细胞壁和质膜之间,原生质体内部没有观察到. 结果表明,(1)Ce不仅损害了水鳖的生理活性,而且也破坏了细胞的超微结构,最终导致植物死亡. (2)光合色素是反应最敏感的生理指标. (3)在实验周期内,Ce对水鳖的半效应浓度(EC50)为10 mg·L-1,水体最大允许浓度为1 mg·L-1.     

硝普钠对镧胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片碳氮代谢和抗氧化系统的影响

为了探讨一氧化氮(NO)对镧胁迫下牧草生理响应的调节作用,采用水培方法,研究了NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对300μmol.L-1LaCl3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、碳氮代谢和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:LaCl3胁迫下,喷施50μmol.L-1SNP能显著缓解幼苗生物量的下降,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,降低超氧阴离子(O2.-)产生速率及H2O2和丙二醛含量;促进可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质积累,提高二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶、内肽酶和羧肽酶活性。表明NO可通过提高活性氧清除能力,维持碳氮代谢正常运转,从而缓解LaCl3胁迫对黑麦草生长的抑制作用。     

镧对UV-C胁迫下番茄幼苗的防护作用

在温室中研究了La3+对UV-C辐射胁迫下番茄幼苗保护酶活性及光合色素的影响.结果表明:UV-C胁迫降低了番茄幼苗SOD和POD活性,增加了膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量.La3+对UV-C胁迫下番茄幼苗SOD和POD有显著的调控作用.与单一UV-C胁迫组相比,番茄幼苗SOD活性平均增加了38.03%,POD活性平均增加了20.43%,番茄幼苗MDA含量平均降低18.63%,表明La3+有效防止了番茄幼苗细胞膜脂过氧化作用,一定程度上缓解了番茄幼苗膜系统的伤害.La3+能够显著缓解UV-C辐射胁迫对光合色素的降解作用.与单一UV-C胁迫组相比,番茄幼苗叶绿素a平均提高了17.65%.叶绿素b平均提高了17.11%,类胡萝卜素含量维持较高水平.综合比较各项指标,30 mg·L-1LaCl3在UV-C辐射胁迫下对番茄幼苗的防护效果好于60 mg·L-1LaCl3.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。