Complexation of Np(V) with oxalate at 283-343 K: spectroscopic and microcalorimetric studies

Thermodynamic parameters including the equilibrium constants and enthalpy of complexation of Np(V) with oxalate at variable temperatures (T = 283-343 K, ionic strength = 1.05 mol kg(-1) NaClO(4)) were determined by spectrophotometric and microcalorimetric titrations. The results show that the complexation of Np(V) with oxalate is moderately strong and becomes weaker at higher temperatures. The complexation is exothermic and driven by both enthalpy (negative) and entropy (positive) in the temperature range from 283 K to 343 K. As the temperature is increased, both the enthalpy and entropy of complexation increase (ΔH becomes less negative and ΔS becomes more positive), having opposing effects on the complexation. Because the increase in the enthalpy (ΔH) exceeds that of the entropy term (TΔS), the complexation of Np(V) with oxalate becomes weaker at higher temperatures. The effect of temperature on the complexation is discussed in terms of the energetics of ion solvation and hydrogen bonding involved in the complexation.     

Refractive index of thin, aqueous films between hydrophobic surfaces studied using evanescent wave atomic force microscopy

We have studied the refractive index of a thin aqueous film between microscopic hydrophobic surfaces using evanescent wave atomic force microscopy (EW-AFM). An evanescent wave, generated at a solid-liquid interface, is scattered by AFM tips or glass particles attached to AFM cantilevers. The scattering of this wave is used to determine the refractive index as a function of separation between these surfaces. Measurements were performed on surfaces that were rendered hydrophobic with octadecyltrichlorosilane, which produces solid-water contact angles in excess of 90 degrees. For AFM tips, the average refractive index in the thin film was always equal to that of water when the film was thicker than approximately 100 nm. At smaller separations, the refractive index was always greater than or equal to that of water. This is inconsistent with the formation of air or vapor films and consistent with a small amount of organic material between the surfaces. For colloidal spheres (R approximately 10 microm), we were not able to detect changes in the refractive index of the thin film between the sphere and plate.     

Bridging-cluster model for hydrophobic attraction

A new model is proposed to account for the long-range hydrophobic attraction repeatedly observed for thin water films between two stable (solid) hydrophobic surfaces. The model is based on the notion of structurally organized, elongated water clusters that span the gap between the hydrophobic surfaces. Two features are noted: (i) Mixing entropy due to the mixing of the clusters and the remainder of the water in the thin film is explicitly taken into account. (ii) A term is invoked that depends inversely on the film thickness, which accounts for the free-energy change associated with reorganizing the film as the film thickness varies. Fitting to experimental surface force data resulted in parameter values of reasonable magnitudes. The model developed covers film thicknesses from about 2 nm and above. On this basis, the amazingly long range of the hydrophobic attraction can be attributed to the formation of bridging, quasi-cylindrical clusters having a radius on the order of 1 to 2 nm.     

阳离子膨润土对分散染料的吸附动力学研究

研究了阳离子膨润土(EPI-DMA/Bt, PD/Bt, CTMAB/Bt)对分散染料(分散黄棕S-2RFL, 分散大红S-R, 分散蓝SBL, 分散黄SE-6GFL)的吸附动力学行为. 结果表明, 阳离子膨润土对分散染料的吸附过程符合二阶段吸附速率方程, 各阶段具有不同的吸附动力学常数(k1, k2)以及吸附活化能(Ea1, Ea2)、活化焓(ΔH*1, ΔH*2)和活化熵(ΔS*1, ΔS*2); 在阳离子膨润土对分散染料的吸附过程中, k1随着阳离子插层剂烷烃链的增加而增大, 表明较大的晶片层间距, 疏水的层间域和表面正电荷增加均有利于吸附速率增大; 对于两个吸附动力学阶段, ΔH★1<-TavΔS★1, △H★2<-TavΔS★2和ΔG★>0表明整个吸附过程活化熵的影响大于活化焓.     

Interaction via in situ binding of CdS nanorods onto gelatin

In situ interaction of CdS nanorods (CdSNRs) with gelatin was investigated at pH 12.0. UV-Visible, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, synchronous fluorescence, and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy methods were used. It was found that negatively charged CdSNRs quenched the synchronous fluorescence of gelatin by forming a CdS/gelatin complex. The synchronous fluorescence quenching data were analyzed according to Scatchard equation, and the binding constants and corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS at three different temperatures were calculated. Small positive enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) values indicate that both electrostatic and hydrophobic forces played the major roles in the binding reaction of CdSNRs with gelatin. The effect of CdSNRs on the conformation of gelatin was also analyzed from both synchronous fluorescence and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra. The results provide useful information for exploring the chemical mechanism of interaction between nanomaterials and fibrous protein.     

烷基芳基磺酸盐分子量及其分布对微乳液结构参数及热力学函数的影响

用稀释法求得了由自制的7种烷基芳基磺酸盐复配体系(AAS)/正丁醇/正癸烷/水组成的W/O型微乳液的结构参数,还求得了醇从油相转移到界面时的标准自由能,并计算出标准焓变和标准熵变。探讨了烷基芳基磺酸盐平均分子量及其分布对结构参数及热力学函数的影响。结果表明,分散相有效半径Re,内核水半径Rw,二者之差di和表面活性剂分子在每个液滴中的平均聚集数n值均呈现为正态分布<递减分布<均匀分布<递增分布<反正态分布;分散相颗粒总数Nd和分散相界面外层总面积Ad值均呈现为正态分布>递减分布>均匀分布>递增分布>反正态分布;-ΔG0o→i值呈现为正态分布(5.36 kJ/mol)<递减分布(5.49 kJ/mol)<均匀分布(5.64 kJ/mol)<递增分布(5.78 kJ/mol)<反正态分布(6.01 kJ/mol);ΔS0o→i值呈现为正态分布(26.88 J/(mol.K))<递减分布(27.12 J/(mol.K))<均匀分布(27.60 J/(mol.K))<递增分布(28.06 J/(mol.K))<反正态分布(29.23 J/(mol.K));Rw、Re、n、di、-ΔG0o→i、ΔH0o→i和ΔS0o→i值均随磺酸盐平均分子量的增大而增大;Nd、Ad值均随磺酸盐平均分子量的增大而减小;且在实验范围内,结构参数、-ΔG0o→i、ΔS0o→i与磺酸盐平均分子量均呈线性关系;后两者分别为y=0.0586x-17.916,y=0.2203x-61.275。     

硅烷化活性炭的吸附性质

本工作测定了25℃和35℃时硅烷化活性炭自水溶液中吸附苯甲酸和苯甲醛的等温线;计算了吸附过程的ΔGⅲ,ΔHⅲ和ΔSⅲ;用Hill-deBoer方程处理了实验结果。所得结果表明:(1)随硅烷化时间延长,苯甲酸和苯甲醛的吸附量(mol.m^-^2)明显增加;-ΔGⅲ和-ΔHⅲ略有升高,ΔSⅲ为正值;(2)吸附分子之间的相互作用很弱,吸附分子与活性炭表面间的作用随硅烷化程度增加而加大;(3)芳香化合物可能是以苯环吸附在炭表面上的。     

Analysis of binding interaction between pegylated puerarin and bovine serum albumin by spectroscopic methods and dynamic light scattering

The interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and pegylated puerarin (Pur) in aqueous solution was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectra (CD), as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS). The fluorescence of BSA was strongly quenched by the binding of pegylated Pur to BSA. The binding constants and the number of binding sites of mPEG(5000)-Pur with BSA were 2.67±0.12 and 1.37±0.05 folds larger after pegylating, which were calculated from the data obtained from fluorescence quenching experiments. The enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) were calculated to be 4.09 kJ mol(-1) and 20.01 J mol(-1) K(-1), respectively, according to Van't Hoff equation, indicating that the hydrophobic force plays a main role in the binding interaction between pegylated Pur and BSA. In addition, the negative sign for Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) implies that the interaction process is spontaneous. Moreover, the results of synchronous fluorescence and CD spectra demonstrated that the microenvironment and the secondary conformation of BSA were changed. Comparing with Pur, all our data collected indicated that pegylated Pur interacted with BSA in the same way as that of Pur, but docked into the hydrophobic pocket of BSA with more accessibility and stronger binding force. DLS measurements showed monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) have an effect on BSA conformation, and revealed that changes in BSA size might be due to increases in binding constant and the absolute values of ΔG after Pur pegylation.     

Structures, internal rotor potentials, and thermochemical properties for a series of nitrocarbonyls, nitroolefins, corresponding nitrites, and their carbon centered radicals

Structures, enthalpy (Δ(f)H°(298)), entropy (S°(T)), and heat capacity (C(p)(T)) are determined for a series of nitrocarbonyls, nitroolefins, corresponding nitrites, and their carbon centered radicals using the density functional B3LYP and composite CBS-QB3 calculations. Enthalpies of formation (Δ(f)H°(298)) are determined at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p), B3LYP/6-31+G(2d,2p), and composite CBS-QB3 levels using several work reactions for each species. Entropy (S) and heat capacity (C(p)(T)) values from vibration, translational, and external rotational contributions are calculated using the rigid-rotor-harmonic-oscillator approximation based on the vibration frequencies and structures obtained from the density functional studies. Contribution to Δ(f)H(T), S, and C(p)(T) from the analysis on the internal rotors is included. Recommended values for enthalpies of formation of the most stable conformers of nitroacetone cc(═o)cno2, acetonitrite cc(═o)ono, nitroacetate cc(═o)no2, and acetyl nitrite cc(═o)ono are -51.6 kcal mol(-1), -51.3 kcal mol(-1), -45.4 kcal mol(-1), and -58.2 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The calculated Δ(f)H°(298) for nitroethylene c═cno2 is 7.6 kcal mol(-1) and for vinyl nitrite c═cono is 7.2 kcal mol(-1). We also found an unusual phenomena: an intramolecular transfer reaction (isomerization) with a low barrier (3.6 kcal mol(-1)) in the acetyl nitrite. The NO of the nitrite (R-ONO) in CH(3)C(═O')ONO moves to the C═O' oxygen in a motion of a stretching frequency and then a shift to the carbonyl oxygen (marked as O' for illustration purposes).     

微量热法研究α-环糊精与新型表面活性剂的包结作用

在298.15 K下用微量热法研究了α-环糊精与3-烷氧基-2-羟丙基三甲基溴化铵在水溶液中的包结作用.实验结果表明,随着疏水链CnH2n＋1O中碳原子数目n的增加(n=7、8、12、14), 主-客体包合物的化学计量比由1 :1为主变为2 :1为主. 各包合物都相当稳定,对应于n=7、8、12、14所得实验稳定常数分别为,β1=1.95×103 dm3•mol－1、β1=2.62×103 dm3•mol－1、β2=3.06×106 dm6•mol－2、β2=13.75×106 dm6•mol－2.包合物的形成均是焓驱动过程.包合物的平衡常数随烷氧基(CnH2n＋1O)中碳原子数目n的增加而增大,而包合物生成过程的标准反应焓(ΔHΘ)和标准反应熵(ΔSΘ)都随n的增加而减小.从主、客体的微观结构及包合物形成前后表面活性剂离子憎水基团周围溶剂分子排列结构的变化出发对实验结果进行了讨论.     

Incorporation of carbon nanotubes in a silica HPLC column to enhance the chromatographic separation of peptides: theoretical and practical aspects

The retention mechanism of a series of peptides on a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) stationary phase inside an HPLC column was investigated over a wide range of mobile phase compositions. While the similar size C18 column exhibited an efficiency of 11.5 μm, the SWCNT column increased the efficiency, i.e. 7.10 μm at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, and significantly affected the separation quality of the peptides. The values of enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS(*)) of transfer of the peptides from the mobile to the SWCNT stationary phase were determined. The method studied each factor, i.e. ACN fraction x in the ACN/water mixture and column temperature. The changes in retention factor, ΔH and ΔS(*) as a function of the ACN fraction in the mobile phase were examined. These variations are explained using the organization of ACN in clusters in the ACN/water mixture and on the steric and electronic forces implied in the retention process. The information obtained in this work makes this SWCNT stationary phase useful for peptide research and demonstrated the role of ACN to improve the separation quality.     

Thermodynamics of micelle formation in water, hydrophobic processes and surfactant self-assemblies

The critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.) for four cationic surfactants, alkyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromides, was determined as a function of temperature by conductivity measurements. The values of the standard free energy of micellisation DeltaG degrees(mic) at different temperatures were calculated by using a pseudo-phase transition model. Then, from the diagram (-DeltaG degrees(mic)/T)=f(1/T), the thermodynamic functions DeltaH(app) and DeltaS(app) were calculated. From the plots DeltaH(app)=f(T) and DeltaS(app) = f(ln T) the slopes DeltaC(p) = n(w(H))C(p,w) and DeltaC(p)=n(w(S))C(p,w) were calculated, with the numbers n(w(H)) and n(w(S)) negative and equal and therefore defined simply as n(w). The number n(w)<0, indicating condensed water molecules, depends on the reduction of cavity that takes place as a consequence of the coalescence of the cavities previously surrounding the separate aliphatic or aromatic moieties. The analysis, based on a molecular model consisting of three forms of water, namely W(I), W(II), and W(III), respectively, was extended to several other types of surfactants for which c.m.c. data had been published by other authors. The results of this analysis form a coherent scheme consistent with the proposed molecular model. The enthalpy for all the types of surfactant is described by DeltaH(app)= -3.6 + 23.1xi(w)-xi(w)C(p,w)T and the entropy by DeltaS(app)= +10.2+428xi(w)-xi(w)C(p,w) ln T where xi(w)= |n(w)| represents the number of molecules W(III) involved in the reaction. The term Deltah(w)= +23.1 kJ mol(-1) xi(w)(-1) indicates an unfavourable endothermic contribution to enthalpy for reduction of the cavity whereas the term Deltas(w)= +428 J K(-1) mol(-1) xi(w)(-1) represents a positive entropy contribution for reduction of the cavity, what is the driving force of hydrophobic association. The processes of non polar gas dissolution in water and of micelle formation were found to be strictly related: they are, however, exactly the opposite of one another. In micelle formation no intermolecular electronic short bond is formed. We propose, therefore, to substitute the term "hydrophobic bond" with that of "hydrophobic association".     

Two-dimensional surface properties of PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer film at the air/water interface in the absence and presence of Tyr-Phe dipeptide, Val-Tyr-Val tripeptide, SDS and stearic acid

Two-dimensional surface properties of PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer film (Mol.Wt. 2800) in the absence and presence of Tyr-Phe dipeptide, Val-Tyr-Val tripeptide, sodium dodecylsulfate and stearic acid have been investigated for the first time at the air/water interface using Langmuir film balance technique. It is observed that the above polymer forms fairly stable film at the air/water interface. There are no significant changes observed in the surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms of polymer in the presence of SDS. However, more expanded film was formed in presence of SDS since the solubility of the polymer is more in SDS and the polymer network is disturbed in presence of SDS, which results in the increase in surface area of the polymer films. In the presence of dipeptide and tripeptide, the surface area of the polymer film decreased with a slight increase in the surface pressure indicating the binding of these peptides to polymer, which enhances the stability of the polymer film. Thermodynamic studies on the change in surface area (ΔA) and excess free energy of mixing (ΔG(mix)(E)) associated with the formation of the mixed film suggest the occurrence of a thermodynamically unstable mixed film. The presence of SDS slightly decreases the formation of mixed film of stearic acid with triblock copolymer and peptides due to the solubilization of these compounds in SDS. However, the hydrophobicity of the polymer films increases in the presence of stearic acid, leading to the increase in surface pressure. The positive deviation of ΔA and the positive ΔG(mix)(E) values show the non-ideality and incompatibility of thermodynamically unstable mixed films. The thermodynamic results suggest that the stability and compatibility of the polymer, peptides and their mixed films with stearic acid in the presence of SDS are decreased, which is in good agreement with the results obtained for other polymeric systems.     

Micelle formation by N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bromide in aqueous solution

The micellization of the ionic liquid N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bromide (C(n)MPB, n = 12, 14 and 16) in aqueous solutions was investigated by surface tension measurements, electrical conductivity and static luminescence quenching. The effectiveness of the surface tension reduction (Π(cmc)), maximum surface excess concentration (Γ(max)) and the minimum area (A(min)) occupied per surfactant molecule at the air/water interface can be obtained from the surface tension measurements at 25 °C. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) at different temperatures and a series of thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) of micellization were evaluated from electrical conductivity measurements in the temperature range of 25-45 °C. The thermodynamic parameters show that the micelle formation is entropy-driven at low temperature and enthalpy-driven at high temperature. Furthermore, the micelle aggregation number (N(agg)) of C(n)MPB was calculated according to the Turro-Yekta method through static luminescence quenching and found that N(agg) (49, 55, and 59) increased with the hydrophobic chain length of C(n)MPB.     

Mechanistic insight from activation parameters for the reaction of a ruthenium hydride complex with CO2 in conventional solvents and an ionic liquid

Detailed kinetic studies were performed on the reaction of [Ru(II)(terpy)(bpy)H](+) (terpy = 2,2',6',2″-terpyridine; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) with CO(2) in conventional solvents (water, methanol, and ethanol) and in the ionic liquid [emim][NTf(2)] ([emim] = 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium; [NTf(2)] = bistrifluoromethylsulfonylamide). Second-order rate constants and activation parameters (ΔH(?), ΔS(?), and ΔV(?)) were determined for the reaction in all solvents. The second-order rate constants correlate with the acceptor number of the solvent, whereas the activation parameters support the associative nature of the reaction. The results in water, especially the activation entropy (+14 ± 2 J K(-1) mol(-1)) and activation volume (-5.9 ± 0.6 cm(3) mol(-1)), differ significantly from those found for the other solvents.     

Kinetics and thermodynamic study of aniline adsorption by multi-walled carbon nanotubes from aqueous solution

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used in the adsorptive removal of aniline, an organic pollutant, from an aqueous solution. It was found that carbon nanotubes with a higher specific surface area adsorbed and removed more aniline from an aqueous solution. The adsorption was dependent on factors, such as MWCNTs dosage, contact time, aniline concentration, solution pH and temperature. The adsorption study was analyzed kinetically, and the results revealed that the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics with good correlation coefficients. In addition, it was found that the adsorption of aniline occurred in two consecutive steps, including the slow intra-particle diffusion of aniline molecules through the nanotubes. Various thermodynamic parameters, including the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°), were calculated. The results indicated that the spontaneity of the adsorption, exothermic nature of the adsorption and the decrease in the randomness reported as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°, respectively, were all negative.     

光度法测定铋(III)与N-苯基硫脲配合反应的热力学参数

The stability constants of complexes of N-phenylthiourea with bismuth (III) in 1M perchloric acid have been studied spectrophotemetrically by the method of corresponding solutions. The enthalpy change ΔH5^0 is obtained from the temperature coefficient data. The Gibbs free energy changes ΔG5^0 and the entropy changes ΔS5^0 are calculated from known formulas respectively. The experimental results are discussed. The successive accumulative stability constants and thermodynamic parameters ΔH5^0, ΔG5^0, ΔS5^0 are listed in Table 6 of the Chinese Text.     

脂肪族α-氨基酸疏水自缔合作用的流动微量热法研究

建立了水溶液中脂肪族α- 氨基酸疏水自缔合相互作用的化学模型, 根据模型方程对由精密流动微量热法测得的α- 氨基酸水溶液的稀释焓数据进行回归分析, 得到等步自缔合作用的平衡常数(K)、焓变(ΔHm)和熵变(ΔSm)等热力学参数, 发现焓、熵之间存在很好的补偿关系. 同时计算了溶液中水的偏摩尔过量熵(SE1), 并根据脂肪族α- 氨基酸的水化模型对结果进行了讨论. 建立的化学模型参数能在一定程度上解释McMillan- Mayer模型中的同系焓作用系数的物理意义.     

High-accuracy theoretical thermochemistry of atmospherically important sulfur-containing molecules

In this study, several sulfur-containing molecules with atmospherical importance were investigated by means of high-accuracy quantum chemical calculations including: HSO, HOS, HOSO2, HSNO, SH, CH2SO, CH2SH, S2COH, and SCSOH. After identifying the stable conformers of the molecules, a coupled-cluster-based composite model chemistry, which includes contributions up to quadruple excitations as well as corrections beyond the nonrelativistic and Born–Oppenheimer approximations, was applied to calculate the corresponding heat of formation (Δ(f)H(0)° and Δ(f)H(298)°) and entropy (S(298)°) values. In most of the cases, this study delivers more reliable estimates for the investigated thermodynamic properties than those reported in previous investigations. Our data also suggest that the experimental heats of formation associated with the HSO molecule are very likely to belong to its structural isomer, HOS. It is also confirmed by the calculated thermodynamic properties including standard reaction entropies, enthalpies, and equilibrium constants that, in the reaction CS2 + OH CS2OH, the SCSOH structural isomer is produced. It is also noted that the currently accepted Δ(f)H(0)°(S(gas)) = 274.73 ± 0.3 kJ/mol value is in need of revision, and based on a recent measurement, which is also confirmed by our computations, it is advised to update it to Δ(f)H(0)°(S(gas)) = 277.25 ± 0.3 kJ/mol.     

Thermodynamics of Dissociation and Metal Complexation of 3-Nitro-1,5-Diphenylformazan

Thermodynamic parameters for dissociation of 3-nitro-1,5-diphenylformazan and its complexation by some divalent metal ions were determined in a 50%(v/v) dioxane–water mixture at constant ionic strength (0.1 M KCl) using an automatic potentiometric technique. The changes in the standard Gibbs energy ΔG^o and enthalpy ΔH^o accompanying the complexation were found to decrease with increasing metal ionic radius and to increase with the electronegativity, the ionization enthalpy, and the enthalpy of hydration. The order of ?ΔG^o and ?ΔH^o values were found to be Mn²⁺ < Fe²⁺ < Co²⁺ < Ni²⁺ < Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺, in accordance with the Irving–Williams order. The complexes were stabilized by both enthalpy and entropy changes and the results suggest that the complexation is an enthalpy-driven process. The transition-series contraction energy E_r(Mn–Zn) and the ligand field stabilization energy δ H were calculated from the enthalpy changes.