Numerical studies on velocity, temperature history and heat transfer to the particles injected into the argon plasma

A new approach to study the particle velocity in a thermal plasma in relation to input parameters (power, gas flow rate, injection velocity of the particle and particle size) and nozzle dimensions (nozzle length and diameter) has been made. Injected particle's temperature and thermal history were calculated for particles of three different materials (alumina, tungsten and graphite) in argon plasma. Allowable powder feed rate was calculated for the particles. Heat transfer per particle injected in to the plasma is reported. Liquid fraction of the particle after it reached the melting point is also reported. Particle velocity is found to increase with increase in power, gas flow rate and injection velocity and decrease with increase in particle size, nozzle length and nozzle diameter. Thermal histories of the particles in relation to the plasma temperature and particle diameter are presented. Particle's residence time is found to increase with increase in diameter of the particle. Allowable powder feed rate for complete melting of the particle is higher at higher percentage utilisation of the plasma power. Powder feed rate is seen to decrease with increase in particle size and it is higher for tungsten and lower for graphite particle. Heat transfer rate from plasma to particle is seen to decrease with increase in time and the same is higher for plasmas of higher temperature and smaller sized particle. Received 4 May 2000 and Received in final form 15 March 2001     

激光熔覆中金属粉末粒子与激光相互作用模型

为了对同轴激光熔覆过程中运动的金属粉末粒子的速度和温度进行理论分析,并研究各工艺参量的影响,建立了运动中金属粉末粒子的运动模型和热模型.模拟结果表明,粉嘴几何尺寸、粒子直径以及气/粉两相流初始速度是影响粒子运动行为的重要因素;粉嘴几何尺寸、激光焦点位置、激光发散角、激光功率、粒子直径以及气/粉两相流初始速度是影响粒子热行为的重要因素.在相同的工艺参量下(粉嘴出口内径r=2 mm,粉嘴倾角α=60°,初始气流速度v0=0.8 m/s),基于数字粒子图像测速(DPIV)技术,对316L不锈钢粉末粒子运动模型进行了实验验证.结果表明,运动理论模型是可靠的.该模型是掌握同轴激光熔覆过程中金属粉末粒子运动行为的有效工具;同时,热模型也是分析粉末粒子温度随不同参量变化的重要工具.     

大气压微波等离子体射流装置放电特性研究

基于同轴传输线结构设计了两种不同喷嘴结构的大气压微波等离子体射流(MW-APPJ)装置,其工作频率2.45 GHz,工作气体为氩气,分别研究了两种不同喷嘴结构对等离子体放电特性产生的影响。仿真结果表明,MW-APPJ在气体喷嘴处会产生高强度的电场,经过优化结构,实现在频率2.45 GHz下,喷嘴处的场强满足氩气电离的击穿场强阈值要求。同时,利用多物理场耦合仿真软件对装置的气流分布进行了稳态模拟,并通过实验对比分析了两种喷嘴结构下大气压氩等离子体射流的基本特性。实验结果表明,不同的喷嘴结构会影响等离子体装置的反射系数随输入功率的变化规律,但并不影响等离子体射流长度随输入功率的变化规律和反射功率随进气流量的变化规律;同时,在大气压下,稳态微波等离子体射流呈现出类金属性,等离子体中的电子只能在很薄的区域中吸收微波能量,因而造成微波的反射功率较大。     

Geschwindigkeitsverteilung,Teilchendichte, transversale Driftgeschwindigkeit und Energiedichte des Neutralgases in der Freifallsäule unter Berücksichtigung der „Neutralgasaufzehrung”︁ durch die Ionisationsvorgänge

A neutral gas rarefaction caused by ionization processes occurs in the plasma of the low pressure gas discharges. The velocity distributions, the particle density, the transversal drift velocity and the energy density of the neutral gas are calculated both for the plane and for the cylindrical positive column under free fall conditions. The neutral gas rarefaction is taken into account. It is shown, that the velocity distributions is non-Maxwellian and anisotropic. The pressure tensor is anisotropic, too. Particle density and energy density of neutral gas decrease with increasing electron density and electron temperature relatively homogeneously over the cross section of the column. Only, if the degree of ionization is high, these densities are much smaller near the axis than at the wall. Decreasing neutral gas temperature causes a similar change in the particle density profile as increasing electron density and electron temperature do. The transverse neutral gas pressure decreases from the axis to the wall in all cases. In the steady-state column an upper limit exists for the transverse particle current density of the neutral gas and of the ion gas. This limit depends on the gas temperature, the filling pressure and the atomic mass of the filling gas. In the appendix the Boltzmann equation is given in a form, which is suitable to investigate cylindrical problems not only for simple examples.     

柱锥体喷动床喷动特性的试验研究

建立了高1500 mm、内径200 mm、锥角60°、喷口直径可变的可视化柱锥体喷动床系统,进行了五种不同颗粒喷动特性的试验,重点考察了床层压降、最小喷动速度和喷泉高度随操作参数的变化。结果表明:升速法与降速法测得的最小喷动速度具有较大的差异,降速法测得的最小喷动速度与经验关联式的计算值吻合较好;最小喷动速度随着静止床高、颗粒直径、喷口直径的增大而变大;随着表观气速的增加,喷泉高度上升,随着静止床高的增加,喷泉高度下降。     

Investigation of atomic and molecular clustering in a pulsed gas-dynamic jet with a pyroelectric detector

The clustering of atoms and molecules in a pulsed gas-dynamic jet has been investigated by the method of time-of-flight measurements performed with an uncooled pyroelectric detector (PED). The method is based on measuring the amplitude of the pyroelectric signal induced on the detector by a molecular (atomic) beam and the particle velocity in the beam as a function of the gas pressure above the nozzle. In addition, the number of molecules (atoms) emerging from the nozzle in a pulse has been measured. We describe the method and present the results of our studies on the clustering of He, Xe, CH₄, CO₂, and other gases. The peculiarities of the detection of molecular and cluster beams with PED are considered. We show that the described method allows the clustering threshold as a function of the gas pressure above the nozzle to be determined. We have established the threshold pressures at which particle clustering in the jet begins. Optimal conditions for the generation of intense cluster beams have been found.     

Measurement of particle velocity and characterization of deposition in aluminum alloy kinetic spraying process

Particle velocity is a very important parameter in kinetic spraying (or cold gas dynamic spraying). It is difficult to measure the velocity of a particle with supersonic speed at low temperature (lower than 500 °C). Thus, in many investigations only estimated values are used for evaluating coating processes. In this paper, the modeling of particle acceleration was reviewed, and the measurement of in-flight particle velocity in a kinetic spraying process was performed. Particle velocity and flux distributions from different process gas temperatures and pressures were investigated. The influences of process gas temperature and pressure on particle velocity were discussed. Characteristic of Al-Si feedstock deposition onto a mild steel substrate was described by comparing coatings structures with the in-flight particle conditions. The deposition behavior showed two critical particle velocities for Al-Si powder deposition onto a substrate and for particle-particle bonding.     

电弧射流激励器工作特性仿真研究

为了在高超声速飞行器减阻中达到更好的减阻效果,设计了一种电弧射流等离子体激励器。采用有限元法求解非线性多物理方程,对此电弧射流等离子体激励器的工作特性进行了数值模拟,得到了激励器内部的电势、压力、温度和速度分布,综合分析了进气口气体速度、放电电流、激励器管道半径对电势、压力、温度和速度分布的影响。获得了全面的影响规律,通过仿真结果还得到:电弧射流等离子体激励器可产生最高温度为8638 K、最高速度为655 m/s的等离子体射流。当电流20 A,进气速度0.5 m/s,管道半径2.5 mm时,所需功率最小;当电流20 A,入口气体流速5 m/s,管道半径2.5 mm时,出口处平均温度最高;当电流20 A,进口气体速度10 m/s,管道半径2.5 mm时,出口处平均速度最大。并对仿真得到的放电电压进行了实验验证,在等离子体参数相似的情况下,实验结果与仿真结果吻合较好。     

超音速等离子体炬的数值模拟

介绍了描述大气压下超音速等离子体炬内等离子体特性的磁流体力学模型，在二维近似下，对会聚-扩展型喷口等离子体炬进行了数值模拟，获得了等离子体炬内等离子体速度、温度、压力以及马赫数的分布.结果表明超音速等离子体炬内的流场特性可以分为亚音速、跨音速和超音速三个明显的区域. 关键词： 等离子体炬 磁流体力学 数值模拟     

高温空气燃烧NOx排放特性的试验研究

通过两种结构烧嘴的热态燃烧试验对比,研究了烧嘴结构、燃气射流速度、过量空气系数对高温空气燃烧过程氮氧化物排放的影响特性。研究结果认为:在燃气喷口两侧布置两个矩形空气喷口的烧嘴,氮氧化物排放量低于圆形空气喷口烧嘴;随着燃气射流速度的提高,高温空气燃烧过程排放的氮氧化物逐渐减少。与普通燃烧过程不同的是,随着过量空气系数的提高,在一定范围内高温空气燃烧的氮氧化物排放量不断增加。分析认为,高温空气燃烧氮氧化物排放量与火焰体积、炉内氧气与燃气混合过程以及燃气射流和空气射流对炉内烟气的卷吸量有关。     

Application of PIV to over-expanded supersonic flows: Possibilities and limits

Two-dimensional velocity distributions outside a Mach 2.0 supersonic nozzle have been investigated using a digital particle im age velocimetry (PIV). Mean velocities , vor ticity field and volume dilatation field were obtained from PIV images using 0 .33 μm titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particle. The seeding particle of larger size , 1.4 μrn Ti0₂, was also used for the experimental comparison of velocity lag downstream of shock waves. The results have been compared and analyzed with schlieren photographs for the locations of shock waves and over-expanded shock structure to inspect possibilities and limits of a PIV technique to over-expanded supersonic flows. It is found that although the quantitative velocity measurement using PIV on over-expanded supersonic flows with large velocity and pressure gradients is limited, the locations of normal shock and oblique shock waves can be resolved by the axial/radial velocity fields, and over-expanded shock structure can be predicted by vorticity field and volume dilatation field which are acquired from the spatial differential of the velocity field.     

基于激光布里渊散射的高速气流测试技术

激光布里渊散射是由介质密度涨落引起的一种非弹性散射现象,其散射谱特征参数（频移、线宽）取决于散射角和散射介质压强、温度等参数,通过探测高速气流激光布里渊散射谱,可反演获得高速气流压强、温度等参数。介绍了基于激光布里渊散射原理的高速气流参数测试原理,设计了一种基于法布里 珀罗干涉仪的高速气流参数测试装置,搭建实验平台获取了高速氮气气流的激光布里渊散射谱。实验结果表明,通过激光布里渊散射谱获得的高速气流压强、温度值与理论值相对误差在15%以内。     

小功率等离子体射流的流特性

采用焓探针对小功率(5kW)热喷涂等离子体射流的焓、温度和速度进行了测量和计算。研究了气体成分、流量、电弧电压和电流对等离子流体的焓、温度和速度分布的影响。结果表明,对于单一氩气等离子体,当使用新喷嘴时,增大氩气流量能够使喷嘴内部电弧弧根向出口方向移动,从而增加等离子体射流的焓、温度和速度。对于Ar-N2等离子体,增加气体中氮气的含量,会提高等离子电弧电压,在同样的输入功率下,改变等离子电流和电压对等离子体的焓、温度和速度影响较小。对于Ar-N2等离子体,增加氢气含量会明显地提高等离子射流的速度和热传递。     

Visualizations of fluid flows in the TIG welding region for different shapes of the shield gas nozzle

Abstract  

The tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding enables to produce high welding qualities. However, it has some problems such as a large distortion and a shallow penetration into the welding parts. To overcome those problems, there have been many studies on A-TIG welding in which active flux and a shield gas are used. The shield gas pressure, velocity, and distribution area are dominant factors in producing better welding condition which can be evaluated by the gas penetration, the gap between the nozzle tip and welding plate and the nozzle shape of the shield gas. In this study, the influences of the shield gas distribution onto the melting efficiency and penetration shape in TIG welding were investigated using a numerical simulation. The gap distances between the nozzle tip and the welding plate were changed 3, 4, 5 mm and two nozzle shapes, convergent parallel (CP) and CDP, were tested. 100% Ar gas was used as the shield gas. CDP type nozzle showed deeper penetrations and higher melting efficiency compared to those of CD type and CP type nozzles.     

A unified gas kinetic scheme with moving mesh and velocity space adaptation

There is great difficulty for direct Boltzmann solvers to simulate high Knudsen number flow due to the severe steep slope and high concentration of the gas distribution function in a local particle velocity space. Local mesh adaptation becomes necessary in order to make the Boltzmann solver to be a practical tool in aerospace applications. The present research improves the unified gas-kinetic scheme (UGKS) in the following two aspects. First, the UGKS is extended in a physical space with moving mesh. This technique is important to study a freely flying object in a rarefied environment. Second, the adaptive quadtree method in the particle velocity space is implemented in the UGKS. Due to the new improvements in the discretization of a gas distribution function in the six dimensional phase space, the adaptive unified gas kinetic scheme (AUGKS) is able to deal with a wide range of flow problems under extreme flying conditions, such as the whole unsteady flying process of an object from a highly rarefied to a continuum flow regime. After validating the scheme, the capability of AUGKS is demonstrated in the following two challenge test cases. The first case is about the free movement of an ellipse flying at initial Mach number 5 in a rarefied flow at different Knudsen numbers. The force on the ellipse and the unsteady trajectory of the ellipse movement are fully captured. The gas distribution function around the ellipse is analyzed. The second case is about the study of unsteady flight of a nozzle under a bursting process of the compressed gas expanding into a rarefied environment. Due to the strong expansion wave and the huge density difference between interior and exterior regions around the nozzle, the particle distribution function changes dramatically in the particle velocity space. The use of an adaptive velocity space in the AUGKS becomes necessary to simulate such a flow and to control the computational cost to a tolerable level. The second test is a challenge problem for any existing rarefied flow solver.     

Acoustic disturbance from gas non-uniformities convected through a nozzle

The non-steady flow generated by convection of gas containing non-uniform temperature regions or “entropy spots” through a nozzle is examined analytically as a source of acoustic disturbance. The first portion of the investigation treats the “compact nozzle”, the case where all wave lengths are much longer than the nozzle. Strengths of transmitted and reflected one-dimensional waves are given for supersonic and subsonic nozzles and for one configuration of supersonic nozzle with normal shock at the outlet. In addition to a wave reflected from the nozzle inlet, the supersonic nozzle discharges two waves, one facing upstream and the other facing downstream. For reasonable values of the nozzle inlet Mach number, the pressure amplitude of each wave increases directly as the discharge Mach number.The acoustic perturbations from a supercritical nozzle of finite length, in which the undisturbed gas velocity increases linearly through the nozzle, are analyzed for several inlet and discharge Mach number values and over a wide frequency range. The results which agree with the compact analysis for low frequency, deviate considerably as the frequency rises, achieving pressure fluctuation levels of several times the compact values. It is shown that this result originates in a phase shift between the two waves emitted downstream and that the pressure fluctuations for moderate frequencies may be approximated from the compact analysis with an appropriate phase shift.In all cases, the pressure fluctuations caused by a 2% fluctuation in absolute inlet temperature are large enough to require consideration in acoustic analysis of nozzles or turbine blade channels.     

Investigations of Nozzle Materials in SF6 Circuit Breakers

With a puffer and a self-blast type SF6 circuit breaker (CB), various nozzle materials have been investigated. In addition, a small-scaled model SF6 breaker has been attached to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) in order to study the exhausted gas contaminated with ablated material. The experimental results clearly show an influence of the nozzle material on the interrupting capability of the SF6 CB. The observed nozzle ablation is mainly determined by the geometry of the arcing device. The erosion of the nozzle and the chemical composition of arced SF6 gas depend slightly on the quality of the PTFE nozzles only.     

实际气体喷管喉部尺寸的设计计算

由于天然气输送中的压力通常较高,因此,天然气不能按理想气体处理。本文详细介绍了采用BWRS方程计算天然气在喷管内流动时喷管喉部临界参数的计算方法、过程以及计算程序编制步骤,计算了不同喷管入口压力下喷管喉部面积,并将之与理想气体状态方程的结果进行了比较。结果表明,在喷管入口压力比较低,设计精度要求不高时,可以采用基于理想气体状态方程的喷管喉部计算公式。但如果天然气压力大,设计精度要求较高时,就必须采用实际气体方程进行喷管设计计算。     

A simple and efficient levitation technique for noncontact coating of inertial confinement fusion targets

A simple and very efficient gas jet levitation technique for levitating inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets has been developed. A low velocity gas jet through diverging nozzle generates precisely controlled low Reynolds number flow pattern, capable of levitating polymer microballoons up to 2500 μm diameter. Different shaped diverging nozzle are investigated, satisfactory levitation is achieved with simple conical shapes. With this setup microballoon can be levitated for hours with excellent stability, continuous rotation and at the desired height (reproducible with in less than 100 μm). The height of stabilization depends upon cone angle of diverging nozzle and velocity of levitating gas. This technique is very robust and highly insensitive to external disturbances like nonuniform temperature fields and vibrations. This setup is very economical to fabricate, easy to operate and can be used efficiently in various spray coating application involving plastic and metallic layers on microballoons.     

Temperature analysis of the powder streams in coaxial laser cladding

The powder stream temperature of a newly developed coaxial laser cladding technique have been calculated and measured in this study. A simplified one-dimensional model of the particle heating problem under laser irradiation was solved with various conditions of laser intensity, particle size and flow velocity. The experimental results have been successfully detected by a pin-hole infrared sensor with the temperature calibration for hot particles. The thermal profiles of the coaxial nozzle give an optimum operation range of the stand-off distance for coaxial laser cladding.