二维喷动床颗粒流动的脉动特性实验研究

二维喷动床横截面为152 mm×15 mm,锥角为60°,喷口宽度为9 mm,实验物料为平均粒径2.0 mm的玻璃珠.床体的颗粒流动表现出整体的喷动周期性,属于不连贯喷动流型.本文基于PIV处理颗粒流动图像获得了颗粒流动的瞬时速度;基于功率谱密度分布对瞬时速度的分析结果表明,喷射区轴线的中下部颗粒存在较强的速度脉动,环隙区颗粒速度脉动较弱;研究发现喷动周期与床体压力脉动周期基本一致.     

喷动床内纳米颗粒气固两相流动的数值模拟

采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,颗粒动理学理论模拟颗粒相流动,采用周涛和李洪钟(1999)的力平衡模型预测纳米颗粒聚团尺寸,对喷动床内纳米颗粒聚团流化过程进行了数值模拟,得到了喷动床内纳米颗粒聚团的流化过程,获得喷射区和环隙区内颗粒相速度和浓度分布。分析了喷动床结构和进口气体速度等对纳米颗粒聚团流化特性的影响。由于纳米颗粒的特殊性质,不易形成喷泉区。适当的喷动床结构和进口气体速度有助于形成稳定喷动。     

基于摩擦-动力应力模型模拟喷动床气固流动

建立同时考虑颗粒和颗粒之间瞬间碰撞作用(瞬间接触)和非流化下颗粒滑动和滚动运动产生的颗粒半接触作用的颗粒碰撞-摩擦应力模型。推导具有普适性的固相动量守恒方程,建立高颗粒浓度气固两相流动模型,对喷动床内气体颗粒流动过程进行了数值模拟。模拟计算预测喷动床内喷射区、环隙区和喷泉区颗粒流动特性。预测喷动床内颗粒浓度和速度分布与他人实验结果相吻合。     

喷动床气固流动特性的三维CFD-DEM数值模拟

开展了柱锥形气固流动特性的CFD-DEM耦合三维数值模拟研究。气相场采用基于欧拉坐标体系的k-ε双方程湍流模型,固相场采用基于拉格朗日坐标体系的DEM直接数值模拟方法,跟踪离散颗粒场的每一个颗粒,考虑颗粒与颗粒(壁面)之间的碰撞力、曳力、重力、Magnus升力、saffman升力。颗粒之间的碰撞采用Hertz-Mindlin无滑移模型计算。模拟对象为柱锥形喷动床,其直径为0.152 m,喷口直径为0.019 m,模拟颗粒数22万,探讨了喷动床中射流随时间的发展,不同气速下床内气固流动结构,以及颗粒速度与颗粒浓度的分布,并与实验数据进行了对比。     

变倾角柱锥体喷动床颗粒流速与浓度分布特性

在一喷动床实验装置上,通过CCD拍摄了锥体倾角为60°、45°、30°时,颗粒在喷动床内的流型。采用图像法测速技术,研究了在三种流型条件下,床内颗粒的垂直速度变化趋势、水平速度变化趋势。采用浓度谱成像技术,研究了喷动床锥体倾角在60°、45°、30°条件下,喷动床内颗粒的浓度分布特性。通过以上研究发现,对于本装置,当锥体倾角为60°时,颗粒的速度分布和浓度分布特性最佳。     

导流管喷动床环隙区颗粒流动分析

本文使用光纤测量了导流管喷动床环隙区的速度分布,通过计算颗粒流中的Savage数,Bagnold数和Friction数等准则数,表明该区流动为重力控制,以摩擦应力为主的慢速颗粒流。颗粒速度沿径向近似线性变化,而且其切变率随高度有很大不同。最后研究了表观气速,导流管内径,夹带区高度等对颗粒速度分布的影响。     

喷动流化床的数值模拟研究

本文借鉴 Ｃｕｎｄａｌｌ＆ Ｓｔｒａｃｋ提出的碰撞模型,将欧拉方法和拉格朗日法结合起来,建立了喷动流化床气固两相流动的数学模型,在计算机上对试验台进行了模拟,探讨了床内颗粒的运动特征。按１：１的比例建立了喷动流化床的模型试验台并进行了试验,对模拟结果和试验结果进行了比较与分析。颗粒在喷动床内的运动特征,模拟结果都能够再现出来,模拟结果与试验结果取得了很好的一致性。     

湿颗粒喷动床颗粒聚团特征的实验研究

建立了内径140 mm、锥角60的可视化锥柱喷动整床和半床实验系统,研究了液含量、颗粒粒径、形状等对床内湿颗粒聚团的影响规律。实验表明:湿颗粒喷动床内有块喷动、死床和非均匀结块三种聚团类型,聚团的出现类型与粒径dp有很大的关系;当dp1 mm,液体饱和度S0.2时,容易出现块喷动;当dp1 mm,S0.05时,容易出现死床、非均匀结块。在此基础上,从微观颗粒受力分析出发,提出了一种预测湿喷动床内聚团倾向的方法。     

加压喷动流化床煤部分气化数值模型

本文建立了一个加压喷动流化床煤部分气化的数学模型,根据流场对喷动流化床进行了分区,在喷动区采用类似气力输送流动模型,在周边环行区采用流化床模型。模型中考虑了设备几何特性、运行工况和煤质对煤气化的影响,特别是研究了在喷动流化床中蒸汽、空气与煤之间的比例关系以及系统压力对煤气化的影响。模型计算结果表明,系统压力提高可显著提高煤气化速率,空煤比和汽煤比增加也可提高煤气化速率,但煤气热值降低。     

喷动床内颗粒浓度的实验测量和理论模拟

颗粒浓度对于稠相流动体系中颗粒应力本构方程建立具有决定性的作用。本文采用双流体模型,并结合颗粒流动力学理论来描述固相应力的基础上实现了对喷动床的数值模拟,探讨了从喷射区到环隙区颗粒浓度的理沦变化趋势。同时采用自主开发的电容探针技术,不仅颗粒浓度测量值和理论值吻合较好,而且也准确地验证了颗粒非均匀夹带这一现象。电容探针还可灵敏地分辨出环隙区内不同床高处以及接近壁面处的颗粒浓度的细微变化。     

Self-diffusion in a gas-fluidized bed of fine powder

We have investigated the self-diffusion in a stable gas-fluidized bed of fine powder. Two regimes have been observed: for gas velocities v(g) above the minimum fluidization velocity v(m) and below a critical gas velocity v(c) smaller than the minimum bubbling velocity v(b) the powder does not mix. Experimental measurements show the existence of yield stresses in this regime which are responsible for the static behavior of the bed. For v(g)>v(c) the yield stress vanishes; the bed behaves like a fluid and displays a diffusive dynamics. In this region we have found that the diffusion coefficient D increases with gas velocity until the bed expansion approaches its maximum value.     

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR TUBES SUBMERGED IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

Convective heat transfer coefficients were measured experimentally for a tube immersed vertically in a circulating fluidized bed. Circulating fluidized beds operate in the dilute transport regime of two-phase (solid/gas) flow. The dominant mechanism for heat transfer to surfaces is particle-induced convection. In this study, experiments were carried out in a circulating fluidized bed of15 cm diameter and 11 m height. An instrumented tube of 9.5 mm diameter and 1.3 m length was placed vertically at the centeriine of the fluidized bed to measure convective heat transfer coefficients at several different elevations in the bed. Three types of particles, with mean diameters ranging from 68 to 2S1 urn, were used in the experiments at superficial gas velocities in the range of 1.3 to 8.2 m/s. Results showed that the convective heat transfer coefficients with solid/gas two-phase circulation were two to three times greater than those for single-phase gas convection at the same velocity. For a given gas velocity, the coefficients increased with increasing solid mass flux, but decreased with elevation. It was demonstrated that the heat transfer coefficients for the immersed tube and for the bed wall could be correlated with different functional dependence on the two-phase suspension density.     

Experimental analysis and visualization of spatiotemporal patterns in spouted fluidized beds

A numerical characterization based on experimental data of the spouting regime in a two-dimensional fluidized bed is presented. The aspect ratio of the bed allowed for good visualization of the spouting and solids circulation as the spouting jet gas velocity was varied to highlight the visited bifurcation sequence. Digital video sequences were recorded and then preprocessed for numerical analysis. In this paper, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was applied to these data sets in order to identify and separate the dominant spatial features from the temporal evolution of the spouting dynamics. The results indicate that the overall spatiotemporal dynamics can be captured by a few POD eigenfunctions, and that the POD amplitudes can be used to distinguish between varying degrees of spouting.     

A simple and efficient levitation technique for noncontact coating of inertial confinement fusion targets

A simple and very efficient gas jet levitation technique for levitating inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets has been developed. A low velocity gas jet through diverging nozzle generates precisely controlled low Reynolds number flow pattern, capable of levitating polymer microballoons up to 2500 μm diameter. Different shaped diverging nozzle are investigated, satisfactory levitation is achieved with simple conical shapes. With this setup microballoon can be levitated for hours with excellent stability, continuous rotation and at the desired height (reproducible with in less than 100 μm). The height of stabilization depends upon cone angle of diverging nozzle and velocity of levitating gas. This technique is very robust and highly insensitive to external disturbances like nonuniform temperature fields and vibrations. This setup is very economical to fabricate, easy to operate and can be used efficiently in various spray coating application involving plastic and metallic layers on microballoons.     

流化床燃烧超低浓度煤层气的轴向气体分布

超低浓度煤层气由于甲烷含量低、浓度变化大而较难加以利用。采用实验和数值模拟的方法,研究了超低浓度煤层气在流化床中燃烧特性,得到燃烧产物的轴向分布规律,分析了进气浓度、床层温度、流化风速等因素对甲烷浓度轴向分布的影响。研究结果表明:随着床层高度的增加,无量纲甲烷浓度逐渐减小,在床层表面达到最小值,然后突然增加,随后达到稳定。实验范围内,CO浓度均小于20mL/m~3减小进气浓度、增加床层温度、降低流化风速部会使相同床层高度处的无量纲甲烷浓度减小。燃烧反应主要发生在密相区,随着进气浓度的减小、床层温度的增加、流化风速的降低,反应区域逐渐向床层下部移动。     

Basic features of boron isotope separation by SILARC method in the two-step iterative static model

In this paper we develop a new static model for boron isotope separation by the laser assisted retardation of condensation method (SILARC) on the basis of model proposed by Jeff Eerkens. Our model is thought to be adequate to so-called two-step iterative scheme for isotope separation. This rather simple model helps to understand combined action on boron separation by SILARC method of all important parameters and relations between them. These parameters include carrier gas, molar fraction of BCl₃ molecules in carrier gas, laser pulse intensity, gas pulse duration, gas pressure and temperature in reservoir and irradiation cells, optimal irradiation cell and skimmer chamber volumes, and optimal nozzle throughput. A method for finding optimal values of these parameters based on some objective function global minimum search was suggested. It turns out that minimum of this objective function is directly related to the minimum of total energy consumed, and total setup volume. Relations between nozzle throat area, IC volume, laser intensity, number of nozzles, number of vacuum pumps, and required isotope production rate were derived. Two types of industrial scale irradiation cells are compared. The first one has one large throughput slit nozzle, while the second one has numerous small nozzles arranged in parallel arrays for better overlap with laser beam. It is shown that the last one outperforms the former one significantly. It is argued that NO₂ is the best carrier gas for boron isotope separation from the point of view of energy efficiency and Ar from the point of view of setup compactness.     

高背压超声气体团簇喷流中团簇平均尺寸沿喷流方向演化研究

本文通过对高背压(50 bar, 1 bar = 1.0×10⁵ Pa)氩气经长锥型喷嘴(长度L=30 mm)向真空绝热膨胀所形成的超声气体团簇喷流的数值模拟, 分析比较了由喷嘴喉口起沿喷流方向在喷流中心轴线上团簇平均尺寸的演化情况. 结果表明: 沿喷流方向团簇平均尺寸显示先增长后趋于饱和的变化趋势, 具有较大尺寸团簇的区域出现在距离喷嘴喉口大约20 mm. 据此本文再结合关于喷流中原子密度沿喷流方向变化的模拟结果开展了锥形喷嘴长度的优化研究. 针对由常见构型的锥形喷嘴(喉径～ 0.5 mm, 半张角～ 8.5°)在高背压下形成的团簇喷流, 20 mm左右的长度为锥形喷嘴的适宜长度.