Rare gas dimers in a nozzle beam

Supersonic expansion from a nozzle produces noble gas clusters under various source conditions. The characteristics of atoms and dimers in a nozzle beam are examined. A study of the dimer collision cross-section suggests the existence of a temperature-dependent limiting oven pressure (P _L ) for the observation of pure dimers. This is further supported by the dependence of the beam intensity on stagnation pressure. The reduced pressure-temperature coordinates for noble gas dimers behave in accordance with the model of corresponding jets. The velocity distribution of atoms and dimers in a beam corresponding to stagnation pressure on either side ofP _L is measured to determine the effect of condensation on the distribution pattern.     

Interfacial friction and mass transfer at gas flow into vacuum through a nozzle with a near-wall liquid film

The cycle of experiments on interaction between the co-current gas flow and the near-wall liquid film were carried out at high gas flow velocities, including the supersonic ones. The local parameters of the near-wall film were measured by the capacitance probes. It is shown that the co-current gas flow affects the near-wall film significantly, causing intensive wave formation, droplet detachment from the film surface, and their entrainment by the gas flow. It is determined that a relative amount of liquid entrained by the co-current flow is generalized by the Weber number of this gas flow.     

Acoustic waves in a Cattaneo-Christov gas

A model is presented for an inviscid fluid using the recently proposed model for heat waves due to C. Christov. Christov's model generalizes the classical model of Cattaneo to the important case of a moving body. We here couple this to the equations of motion for a fluid. It is then shown that an acoustic wave will propagate together with a thermal wave. The theory allows for the possibility of a transverse wave in the heat flux. The wavespeeds are calculated exactly and one may fully determine the wave amplitudes.     

Acoustic waves in a rotating ideal gas

The acoustic wave propagation in a rotating ideal gas with density stratification due to the rotation is considered. To describe the waves propagating normally to the rotation axis, an equation for a scalar quantity that is a function of density is proposed. The frequency dependences of the phase and group velocities of an acoustic-gyroscopic wave are presented. It is shown that the stratification of gas leads to an exponential amplitude decay for an acoustic wave generated near the rotation axis and has no effect on the inertial-gyroscopic wave.     

测量喷气Z箍缩负载的气流马赫数

利用双压力传感器的方法测量了喷气Z箍缩负载的气流马赫数。测量得到的气流马赫数最高可达到4.25,它和定常计算的结果4.8很接近,这表明可以用定常计算来估算喷气Z箍缩中超声速喷嘴产生的气流马赫数。     

Acoustic Phonon Thermal Transport through a Nanostructure

Using the scattering matrix method, we investigate the thermal transport m a nanostructure at low temperarures. It is found that phonon transport exhibits some novel and interesting features： resonant transmission, resonant reflection, and small thermal conductance. A comparison between thermal conductances is performed when stress-free and hard-wall boundary conditions are applied for acoustic modes, respectively. The result indicates that the characteristics of the thermal conductance versus temperature for different types of boundary conditions are qualitatively different.     

Nonlinear stability and instability of transonic flows through a nozzle

We study transonic flows along a nozzle based on a one-dimensional model. It is shown that flows along the expanding portion of the nozzle are stable. On the other hand, flows with standing shock waves along a contracting duct are dynamically unstable. This was conjectured by the author based on the study of noninteracting wave patterns. The author had shown earlier that supersonic and subsonic flows along a duct with various cross sections are stable. Basic to our analysis are estimates showing that shock waves tend to decelerate along an expanding duct and accelerate along a contracting duct.Sponsored by the United States Army under Contract No. DAAG29-80-C-0041. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. MCS 7802202 and by the Sloan Foundation     

拉瓦尔喷嘴的气流线质量及密度分析

喷气负载是高功率Z箍缩的主要负载之一。应用一维等熵压缩气体动力学,分析了“强光一号”加速器拉瓦尔喷嘴的基本物理过程,获得了拉瓦尔喷嘴出口处气流的马赫数,Ma=4.6,并对其进行了修正,修正值为3.5。利用由雪耙模型导出的Z箍缩聚爆时间表达式,并结合“强光一号”Z箍缩实验结果,修正了由一维等熵气体动力学得到的喷嘴气流线质量表达式。最后根据已知气流的线质量40 μg/cm ,利用B-T模型初步估算了喷嘴的气流密度分布。估算结果为：在轴向2.5~40 mm,径向0~15 mm的区域内,气体分子密度基本在1016～1017/cm3,且在轴向2 cm内基本形成空心的气体壳层结构。     

Supercritical steam outflow through a thin nozzle: forming a hollow jet

The process of hollow jet formation during steam outflow through a thin nozzle was studied; the water steam was initially at high pressure and in the supercritical state. The numerical solution for this problem was obtained with the sonicFoam solver library from the open-source CFD software package OpenFOAM in 2D axisymmetric formula-tion. The reliability of results is estimated by comparing two approaches for simulation of the dynamics of unloading wave propagating in the high-pressure nozzle using the OpenFOAM package with Peng?Robinson equation of state and numerical solution of a similar problem by method of through computation in the case of 1D planar approximation for perfect gas equation of state.     

Analysis of the relaxation of a nonequilibrium gas or plasma in a nozzle

An economical and consistent, in mathematical respects, method of analyzing the flow of a relaxing gas or plasma in a supersonic nozzle is developed. The method is used in analyzing the vibrational relaxation of a two-phase mixture in the nozzle of a combustion gasdynamic laser. It is shown that the use of the Gear method in the numerical integration stage permits passage of the near-equilibrium sections with a large spacing, which substantially cuts down the computing time.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 99–104, July, 1979.     

Coolant film flow over the edge of a nozzle in a rarefied gas

The flow of a thin liquid film over the nozzle wall under the action of tangential friction and pressure gradient is considered. For the slow flow of the film with constant thermal physical properties, analytical dependences of the film thickness and temperature at the interface on the coordinate along the nozzle edge are derived. The flow of the film over the variable-curvature nozzle edge when the gas expands into vacuum is considered. At the initial section of the curvilinear edge, the film thickness increases in inverse proportion to the root of the friction stress at the interface. Near the end point of the nozzle, the film thickens drastically because of a decrease in the friction and, consequently, the curvature of the interface diminishes. As a result, the deceleration of the liquid by the Laplace pressure gradient drops, which causes an additional sharp growth of the thickness of the film with the possibility of its dynamic and thermal disintegration and, eventually, contamination of the spacecraft surface.     

Brownian deposition of nanoparticles from a laminar gas flow through a channel

Investigation of nanoparticle deposition by Brownian diffusion is conducted by mathematical simulation. The mobility of nanoparticles is calculated in the free-molecular approximation. The influence of the nanoparticle radius, flow parameters, and channel length on the process is studied. Variation of the distribution function and broadening of the nanoparticle beam as the particles move along the channel are calculated.     

Laval喷管内天然气低温脱除硫化氢机理

为了揭示低温条件下天然气中硫化氢气体超声速凝结特性,为实现天然气超声速旋流分离技术在天然气脱硫化氢领域的应用提供理论依据,建立了甲烷-硫化氢双组分气体超声速凝结流动数学模型,对Laval喷管内不同组分比例条件下甲烷-硫化氢双组分气体凝结流动进行了数值模拟,得出了Laval喷管内温度、压力、速度、成核率、液滴数目、液滴半径、液相质量分数的分布情况。结果表明,随着入口硫化氢含量的增加,入口过冷度增加,更容易达到凝结所需要的极限过冷度,成核发生位置越靠近喉部,且成核区间变窄,极限成核率增大;硫化氢气体凝结释放的潜热对流场产生影响,使得马赫数和过冷度略有降低,之后几乎保持稳定至出口;入口硫化氢含量较高时,硫化氢液滴半径较大,Laval喷管出口液相所占比重较大;而当入口硫化氢含量较低时,液滴半径明显减小,Laval喷管出口液相硫化氢所占比重几乎为0,硫化氢的脱除效率较低。     

测量喷气Z箍缩负载的气流马赫数

 利用双压力传感器的方法测量了喷气Z箍缩负载的气流马赫数。测量得到的气流马赫数最高可达到4.25，它和定常计算的结果4.8很接近，这表明可以用定常计算来估算喷气Z箍缩中超声速喷嘴产生的气流马赫数。     

Acoustic streaming with resonance gas oscillations in a cylindrical tube

Acoustic streaming accompanying acoustic resonance oscillations of gas in a tube is considered. The effect of both the Prandtl number and the wall loss on the velocity of acoustic streaming in a viscous heat-conducting medium is investigated. Expressions for the longitudinal and transverse components of the flow velocity are obtained.     

Sound generated by a vortex convected past an elastic sheet

We study the motion and sound generated when a line vortex is convected in a uniform low-Mach flow parallel to a thin elastic sheet. The linearized sheet motion is analyzed under conditions where the unforced sheet (in the absence of the line vortex) is stationary. The vortex passage above the sheet excites a resonance mode of motion, where the sheet oscillates at its least stable eigenmode. The sources of sound in the acoustic problem include the sheet velocity and fluid vorticity. It is shown that the release of trailing-edge vortices, resulting from the satisfaction of the Kutta condition, has two opposite effects on sound radiation: while trailing-edge vortices act to reduce the pressure fluctuations occurring owing to the direct interaction of the line vortex with the unperturbed sheet, they extend and amplify the acoustic signal produced by the motion of the sheet. The sheet motion radiates higher sound levels as the system approaches its critical conditions for instability, where the effect of resonance becomes more pronounced. It is argued that the present theory describes the essential mechanism by which sound is generated as a turbulent eddy is convected in a mean flow past a thin elastic airfoil.     

多孔介质球对声波的散射

本文利用Biot多孔介质理论,研究了多孔介质球对平面声波的散射。首先,从多孔介质球的形式函数(formfunction)出发,考虑了开孔(open-pore)和闭孔(sealed-pore)两种边界条件下的多孔介质球的散射;其次,对多孔介质球的散射功率进行了理论推导,并数值计算了散射功率与ka的关系。结果表明:形式函数曲线是非常复杂的,开孔和闭孔两种边界条件下的多孔介质球形式函数存在着重要的差异,在闭孔条件下出现了许多尖峰(peak)和尖谷(dip),而且散射功率也高于开孔条件下的散射功率。