用于超声悬浮场可视化的光学全息相位倍增方法研究

基于二次曝光全息干涉测量原理,采用四倍相位倍增光路对声悬浮声压场分布进行了可视化研究.拍摄了给定模式的超声悬浮场在不同超声换能器激励电流时的光学全息图并进行光学再现,由再现光波的全息干涉条纹图样得到了反映声压场分布的光波波前相位变化,并进行了对比分析.结果表明,与无相位倍增光路相比,采用四倍相位倍增光路可使同一声压场的全息干涉条纹数目大大增加,测量灵敏度明显提高,为进一步研究声悬浮场声压分布提供了一种有效方法.     

基于涡流场有旋分量的磁声电导率重建方法*

感应式磁声成像(MAT-MI)是一种融合磁感应技术和超声断层扫描技术的新型生物电阻抗成像方法,兼具电阻抗功能成像和超声技术高空间分辨率的优点。重建涡流场有旋分量的模值可以避免洛伦兹力的散度在边界处的奇异性、能够获得分辨率更好的电导率图像。本文对涡流场有旋分量的方向进行了分析,对格林函数解的积分项进行化简,提出一种基于涡流场有旋分量模值的电导率重建方法。为了验证新方法的正确性,我们使用电导率具有空间分布的两种模型进行了数值模拟,并使用新方法快速地重建得到高精度的电导率分布。     

三维超声驻波场的数字全息测量与重建研究

利用数字全息干涉术研究了超声驻波场的三维分布特征,由所记录的不同角度的超声驻波场的数字全息图,经数值再现,得到了超声驻波场的强度和相位差分布图,进而由迭代重建算法重建出超声驻波场的三维分布曲线。结果表明,数字全息干涉术与迭代重建算法相结合是测量与重建三维超声驻波场的一种方便有效方法。     

一种红外光谱发射率测量装置的研制

研制了一种利用对称双光路比对法测量材料表面光谱发射率的装置,该装置采用多光谱辐射测温技术测量材料表面温度,解决了不规则材料表面温度难以精确测定的问题,实现了材料表面半球发射率和表面温度的同时测定。     

基于低温光声光谱技术的高Tc超导材料Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8

在光声光谱技术基础上,将不同仪器组装成一套系统,并成功测量出碳黑的光声光谱。利用低温检测系统测定高温超导材料Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8在室温和液氮温度下的光声光谱,发现室温时在598nm和695nm有峰值,液氮温度时在466nm出现峰值。以吸收系数近似为1的碳黑为参照,利用归一化方法得到了Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8相对吸收系数谱图,并进行了初步的探讨,得到了该超导材料的一些信息,为利用低温光声光谱技术,研究超导材料的超导特性提供了一种可行的途径。     

基于激光吸收光谱技术的非均匀流场气体参数测量研究

为了探索激光吸收光谱技术在非均匀流场中的应用,提出了一种新的实现非均匀流场中气体参数定量测量的方法。预知被测流场中的温度变化范围后,选择在该温度范围内具有近似线性变化特性的谱线,线性拟合该温度范围内的谱线强度,结合实验测量的吸收光谱便可以实现非均匀流场中H₂O组分权重的温度积分平均值和H₂O组分积分平均值的定量测量。两温度分布和高斯温度分布模型的仿真研究证明了该方法的有效性和可靠性。两温度分布模型中的测量结果与理论值的偏差分别小于0.82%和1.10%,而高斯温度分布模型中不同光线中的测量值与理论值的最大偏差分别小于0.9%和3.6%。     

铝合金板疲劳微裂纹超声红外成像检测的数值及实验研究*

超声红外成像检测技术是一种发展迅速的新型无损检测技术,可用于检测材料表面或近表面的缺陷,由于对缺陷具有选择性加热的特点,近年备受检测行业的关注。在铝合金板中制作疲劳微裂纹,在板中激励声波,裂纹表面因振动摩擦生热,用红外摄像仪记录板表面温度分布。拍摄的红外图像序列经傅立叶变换后得到的幅值和相位图能清晰显示裂纹的特征,测量到的裂纹长度误差达到4.3%。用有限元模拟超声在板中裂纹处的生热过程,研究板中超声在裂纹处的励热机制。超声的激励时间、裂纹表面间的摩擦系数和裂纹开口宽度直接影响裂纹处的励热效果,温度最高通常位于裂纹尖端附近。实验和模拟结果均表明超声红外成像检测技术能对板中疲劳微裂纹实现快速检测,提供有效、可信的检测结果。     

超声波声速测量实验的拓展

对传统的声速测量实验内容进行了拓展,利用发射换能器和接收换能器构成的超声谐振腔形成的稳定驻波,演示了声辐射力与物体自身重力平衡时的声悬浮现象;在此基础上,利用泡沫小球的动态声悬浮过程对超声驻波的波长进行了测量,计算得到的声速结果与参考值的百分误差为2.1%。上述实验内容的拓展,让学生对超声波驻波场的产生、分布、力学效应有了更直观的认识和理解,也让学生在传统实验的基础上了解了声悬浮这一技术,不仅增加了学生的实验兴趣,而且扩大了学生的知识面与实验技能。     

基于幅度调制的非线性超声相控阵成像方法*

超声相控阵是超声检测领域常用的材料缺陷定位和成像技术,可便捷快速地对裂纹、孔洞等缺陷进行成像。但是,传统超声相控阵方法对较小缺陷如闭合裂纹不太敏感。非线性超声信号因对材料性能退化以及微小缺陷敏感而广受关注。本文针对疲劳闭合裂纹检测,提出一种基于幅度调制的非线性超声相控阵成像方法,通过测量物理聚焦和虚拟聚焦两种聚焦模式下超声扩散场中的声能差,并将其作为非线性参量,实现疲劳裂纹闭合部分的定位成像和定量表征。将该法应用于7075铝合金试样疲劳裂纹的实验测量,并研究了扩散场信号延迟时间对非线性超声相控阵成像结果的影响。结果表明：相较于传统超声相控阵全聚焦法,基于幅度调制的非线性超声相控阵成像方法能够更准确地定位和成像疲劳裂纹闭合部分;延迟时间的选择对疲劳裂纹长度的表征精度影响较大,本文研究了该延迟时间的选择方法并实现了检测结果的优化。     

单脉冲BOXCARS技术在瞬态燃烧场测温中的应用

 用单脉冲交叉相干反斯托克斯喇曼散射技术测量了两种不同固体燃剂的瞬态燃烧场的温度。对燃烧场进行了优化，给出了在燃烧场中取得的部分典型单脉冲CARS光谱及其理论拟合结果，得到了燃烧场的温度及其随高度的分布；稳定燃烧时两种燃剂燃烧场的温度基本保持不变，平均值分别为2 260，2 090K；测量了实验的纵向空间分辨率。结果表明，BOXCARS技术能较好地完成复杂的瞬态燃烧场温度的测量工作。     

基于黑体辐射感温薄膜的瞬态高温传感器的设计

针对瞬态高温的测量难题,采用辐射式测温技术和接触式测温技术有机结合的方法,设计了由黑体辐射温度敏感体、圆柱状高强度金属外壳以及壳内信号调理电路构成的瞬态高温测量装置。通过对感温薄膜特殊材料的恰当选取以及整体结构的合理设计,并利用ANSYS软件对其黑体感温薄膜进行了瞬态高温热传导分析。分析表明,施加的温度载荷为2 000 ℃、2 500 ℃、3 000 ℃时,此温度传感器响应时间分别为487.001 s、545.001 s、590.001 s,能够克服传统瞬态温度传感器体积大、响应慢、安装不方便以及易受恶劣环境因素影响等不足,在测温技术领域具有良好的应用价值。     

Application of focusing arrays to the problems of acoustic brightness thermometry

Theoretical and experimental studies on the localization of heated objects by the methods of acoustic brightness thermometry are carried out. It is demonstrated that, in the case of using a single focusing array, the spatial localization of heated objects depends on the size of the source. One-and two-dimensional tomography of a real heated source is performed by an acoustic thermal tomograph with a focusing array. The results agree well with the data calculated according to the suggested model. The applicability of correlation focusing acoustic brightness thermometry to the localization of a heated source is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It is demonstrated that a considerable increase in the spatial resolution of the method leads to a significant loss in sensitivity.     

红外双色复合仿真系统测温技术研究

为了模拟红外制导时目标和干扰的等效辐射环境,并比较单色测温和比色测温两种方法在复杂环境下目标测温效果的差异,利用红外双色复合仿真系统对空间6 km处目标和干扰弹进行了实物模拟.通过准确标定的热像仪,采用单色和比色测温两种方法对不同温度的目标和干扰进行测试.利用经标定的中波热像仪和长波热像仪对黑体测温,黑体温度为(20~60)℃时,长波热像仪的绝对误差限为0.5 ℃;黑体温度为(50~120) ℃时,中波热像仪的绝对误差限为0.2 ℃.当目标温度为500 ℃、干扰温度为1 000 ℃时,用长波红外、中波红外、比色方法测得的目标温度分别为28.5 ℃、148.3 ℃、322.4 ℃,干扰温度分别为56.7 ℃、223.2 ℃、660.1 ℃.实验结果表明,在复杂环境下采用比色测温方法更能真实反映目标的温度特性.     

Experimental study of the potential of multichannel acoustic thermotomography

We describe the results of experimental studies of reconstruction of the temperature profiles from heated sources using the method of acoustic thermometry performed with the help of a multichannel scanning acoustic thermotomograph. The sensitivity of an actual system is estimated. The results of laboratory experiments on the localization of heated objects in the medium with absorption and the results of in vivo experiments on the recording of variation of the acoustic-brightness temperature of human extremities in response to an external thermal effect are presented. Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 479–484, May 1999.     

Full-field and real-time surface plasmon resonance imaging thermometry

The feasibility of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging thermometry is tested as a potential tool for full-field and real-time temperature field mapping for thermally transient liquid mediums. Using the well-known Kretschmann's analysis [Physik 241, 313 (1971)]. parametric examinations are performed to delineate the effects of important optical properties, including seven different prism materials with different refractive index values and seven different measured dielectric constants for thin gold (Au) films (approximately 47.5 nm in thickness), on the temperature dependence of SPR reflectance intensity variations. Furthermore, a laboratory-implemented real-time SPR thermometry system demonstrates the full-field mapping capabilities for transient temperature field developments in the near-wall region when a hot water droplet (80 degrees C) contacts the Au metal surface (20 degrees C) and spreads either in an air- or in a water-surrounded environment.     

Numerical simulation of laser-generated ultrasound in non-metallic material by the finite element method

The use of a pulsed laser for the generation of the elastic waves in non-metallic materials in the thermoelastic regime is investigated by using finite element method (FEM), taking into account not only thermal diffusion and the finite spatial and temporal shape of the laser pulse, but also optical penetration and the temperature dependence of material properties. The optimum finite element model is established based on analysis of two important parameters, meshing size and time step, and the stability of solution. Temperature distributions and temperature gradient fields in non-metallic material for different time steps are obtained, this temperature field is equivalent to a bulk force source to generate ultrasonic wave. The laser-generated ultrasound waveforms at the epicenter and surface acoustic waveforms (SAWs) are obtained and the influence of optical penetration into the material on the temperature field and the ultrasound waveforms are analyzed. The numerical results indicate that the heat penetration into non-metallic material is caused mainly by the optical penetration, and the ultrasound waveforms, especially the shape of the precursor, are strongly dependent on the optical penetration depth into non-metallic material.     

A real-time infrared radiation imaging simulation method of aircraft skin with aerodynamic heating effect

Real-time infrared radiation simulation technology can provide effective support for rapid design and evaluation of a system which integrates infrared imaging technology. Considering the aerodynamic heating effect, this paper presents a real-time infrared radiation characteristic simulation method of aircraft skin based on the panel element method, which can help to assess the infrared radiation impacts of different environment factors and materials. A 3-D model of an aircraft was established and its surface was divided into different parts and panel element meshes to attach material properties. For each mesh, its heat exchange equation is solved so as to obtain the whole skin’s temperature and infrared radiation distribution. The simulation results reveal the influence of different factors on the skin surface radiation, including environmental radiation, aerodynamic heating and material properties. And the credibility and efficiency of the proposed aerodynamic heating simulation method were confirmed by comparing to the CFD simulation results.     

Measurement of the bulk acoustic properties of fibrous materials at high temperatures

It is common for fibrous porous materials to be used in high temperature applications such as automotive and gas turbine exhaust silencers. Understanding the effect of temperature on the acoustic properties of these materials is crucial when attempting to predict silencer performance. This requires knowledge of the bulk acoustic properties of the porous materials and so this article aims to quantify the effect of temperature on the bulk acoustic properties of three fibrous materials: rock wool, basalt wool and an E-glass fibre. Measurements are undertaken here using a standard impedance tube that has been modified to accommodate temperatures of up to 500 °C. It is shown that measured data for the bulk acoustic properties may be collapsed using a standard Delany and Bazley curve fitting methodology provided one modifies the properties of the material flow resistivity and air to account for a change in temperature. Moreover, by using a previously proposed power law describing the dependence of the flow resistivity with temperature, one may successfully collapse data measured at every temperature and obtain the Delany and Bazley coefficients in the usual way. Accordingly, to predict the bulk acoustic properties of a fibrous material at elevated temperatures it is necessary only to measure these properties at room temperature, and then to apply the appropriate temperature corrections to the properties of the material flow resistivity and air when using the Delany and Bazley formulae.     

Instrument function of a broadband acoustic thermometric detector

The instrument function of a broadband (1.6–2.5 MHz) detector that is used in acoustic thermometry has been calculated. Experimental tests have proved that measured and computed results are in agreement. The effect of the pass band characteristics and the detector’s dimension on the instrument function has been studied as well as the effect that the instrument function has on an acoustic thermometric signal that is measured by the detector. The ratio of the wavelength (for the mean reception frequency) to the detector’s radius has been shown to be the main parameter that determines the acoustic thermometric signal at distances that are typical of acoustic thermometry. For problems of localizing a heated domain, it is optimal to locate the receiver at a distance of 15–25 mm from the domain. For example, for a detector 8 mm in diameter, the width of the instrument function at a level of 0.5 of the maximum is 1.2 ± 0.1 mm in this zone.     

多光谱辐射测温的正交多项式回归方法

对于多光谱辐射测温问题,传统的数据处理方法多为最小二乘法、多元线性回归拟合和逐步回归拟合。这些处理方法自身都存在一定的缺陷,使得拟合结果与物体表面真温之间存在一定的误差。文章在可变发射率模型的基础上,提出了对多光谱辐射测温数据处理的另一种新方法——正交多项式回归方法。文章阐述了正交多项式回归的数学基础,并根据钨表面在不同温度下的光谱发射率数据,分别采用逐步回归方法和正交多项式回归方法,对钨表面的真温进行了模拟。通过拟合结果的对比发现用正交多项式回归方法来处理数据,其原理简单、运算量小,拟合结果与表面真温之间的相对误差也较小。得出的结论是用正交多项式回归方法对多光谱辐射测温的数据进行处理,拟合结果比传统方法误差小、速度快、精度高。