高比能锂-硫电池研究进展

随着全球经济快速发展对高效绿色能源需求的不断增长,锂-硫电池因具有较高的能量密度,成为了下一代高能量密度二次电池研发的重点.然而,锂-硫电池面临的循环寿命短、库仑效率低、安全性能差、较高自放电等问题,使其目前还很难实现商品化.锂-硫电池存在的这些问题主要与正极活性硫材料的高绝缘性、放电过程中产生的多硫化物溶解于电解液、硫正极在充放电过程中的体积膨胀与收缩、以及锂负极支晶化等有关.通过从锂-硫电池硫复合正极、电解液、黏结剂和负极等4个方面综述了高比能锂-硫电池的最新研究进展,其中重点介绍了硫正极复合材料的进展情况.     

锂钠合金的原位电化学制备及“锂+钠”共储特性

锂钠合金相较于单一锂或者单一钠具有更优异的性能,以钠金属为正极、锂金属为负极,以LiPF₆、NaClO₄以及锂钠混合离子电解液作为电解液,组装成纽扣电池,在梯度电流密度下进行充放电,成功实现了锂钠合金的原位电化学制备。得益于锂、钠双电化学活性离子的协同效应,不同钠含量的锂钠合金为负极的锂钠混合离子电容器均呈现良好的电化学性能。尤其是低钠量的锂钠合金负极,添加NaClO₄电解液时,活化的柠檬酸钾衍生碳（SCDC-活化）正极在1 A/g电流密度下循环300圈时仍能保持238 mA·h/g的比容量和99%的容量保持率。高钠量的锂钠合金负极,添加锂钠混合离子电解液时,SCDC-活化呈现了319 mA·h/g的比容量,并在循环1040圈时仍能保持93 mA·h/g的高比容量和98%的容量保持率。     

快速测定钒电池电解液中总酸浓度

钒电池电解液是钒电池能量储存与转换的核心,电解液活性物质是溶解在强酸溶液中的钒的氧化物或化合物,电解液中钒离子的浓度大小和电解液的体积决定了电池的容量。钒电池中一般采用硫酸作为支持电解液,电解液性能与支持电解液硫酸的浓度有直接关系。酸度过高,V（Ⅳ）和V（Ⅴ）容易形成VO³⁺、V₂O₃³⁺等物质,这些物质空间位阻大,易造成钒电池电解液在电堆运行中有较大的电化学极化,影响电解液循环;酸度过低,溶液电导率降低,V（Ⅳ）与SO₄^2-、HSO₄^-易形成离子对,而V（Ⅴ）自发缔合,导致正极电解液析出沉淀。为使钒电池电解液控制在合适的总酸浓度,尤其是监     

石墨/LiCoO_2电池充放电过程电极活性材料结构演变研究

利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)详细地研究了石墨/LiCoO2体系18650型锂离子电池充放电过程中正负极活性材料的晶体结构和微结构的变化.结果发现,在电池充电过程中,锂嵌入石墨层中,优先进入碳原子六方网格面间的间隙位置,导致石墨的点阵参数a和c,以及微应变ε增加和堆垛无序度P的变化,电池充电至20%后负极中形成Li-C化合物;电池充电时,正极LiCoO2中处于(000)位的Li原子优先脱离晶体点阵,随着正极材料脱锂量的增大,其晶格参数a减小,c增大,微应变ε也随之增加.LiCoO2在整个充电和放电过程中均未发生相变.最后,讨论了锂离子电池的导电机制.发现,充电时,锂离子的迁移从负极-电解液界面开始;放电时,其迁移从正极-电解液界面开始;在充放电过程中,正负极活性材料的嵌脱锂都有一个从活性材料颗粒表面到内层的过程.电池的充放电过程不完全可逆.     

硝酸锂作添加剂对锂硫电池电化学性能的影响

采用充放电测试和交流阻抗测试研究了硝酸锂作电解液添加剂对锂硫电池电化学性能的影响. 采用电子扫描显微镜观察分析了添加剂对锂负极的影响, 探讨了硝酸锂的作用机理.  结果表明, 采用硝酸锂作为锂硫电池电解液的添加剂, 可以在锂负极表面形成具有钝化负极活性表面及保护锂负极的界面膜.  该膜可以抑制电解液中高价态聚硫离子与锂负极的副反应, 避免在锂负极表面形成不可逆的硫化锂, 从而提高锂硫电池的循环性能和放电容量. 采用硝酸锂作添加剂的锂硫电池首次放电比容量达1172 mA?h/g, 循环100次比容量保持为629 mA?h/g.     

客体预嵌策略提升水系锌离子电池正极材料电化学性能

随着人们对电子通讯器件、新能源汽车以及电网级储能技术的需求日益增长,开发安全、高效且兼具环保、低成本等优点的二次电池显得至关重要。近年来,水系锌离子电池因其高安全性、高容量、低成本以及环境友好等优点受到了广泛关注。在与锌负极相匹配的众多正极材料中,具有多电子转移特性的钒基和锰基材料表现出了广阔的应用前景。然而这些正极材料在电池循环过程通常面临着结构坍塌、组分溶解、衍生副反应、反应动力学缓慢等问题,严重制约了其商业化进程。近年来,大量研究表明,客体离子或分子预嵌正极宿主结构可以有效缓解上述问题,提升水系锌离子电池正极材料的电化学性能。本文综述了客体预嵌策略应用于水系锌离子电池钒、锰基正极材料的研究进展,对该策略所解决的问题以及其局限性进行了讨论和总结,并对未来水系锌离子电池钒基和锰基正极材料的研究发展方向进行了展望。     

用于镁硫电池的原位生长NiS的泡沫镍正极集流体

采用原位生长NiS的泡沫镍NiS@Ni(NNF)和铜箔分别作为硫@微孔碳(S@MC)正极材料的集流体, 0.4 mol/L(PhMgCl)₂-AlCl₃+1.0 mol/L LiCl “二代镁锂混合”作为电解液, 测试了镁硫电池恒电流和不同倍率下的充放电性能, 分析了2种不同的集流体在涂覆相同正极材料下对镁硫电池性能影响的原因. 研究发现, 采用铜箔集流体的镁硫电池循环后正极极片上观察到明显的裂缝, 镁负极表面有分布不均匀的附着物, 硫含量略高. 采用NNF为集流体时, 由于泡沫镍具有缓冲硫正极体积变化的孔道结构, 正极极片能基本保持原本的形貌; 特别是在NNF上原位生长的NiS可电催化加速多硫化物中间体的转化, 减少多硫化物的生成并减缓其穿梭, 不干扰镁负极上发生的电化学反应, 使镁负极极片表面更为均匀, 明显改善了镁硫电池的循环稳定性和倍率性能.     

石墨烯复合材料在锂离子电池中的研究进展

石墨烯复合材料因其独特的结构和优异的性质被认为是最有潜力的锂离子电池负极材料之一.石墨烯基复合材料是解决充放电过程中的电极体积变化导致电池的循环性能变差这一问题的有效途径.本文作者综述了多种石墨烯基复合材料作为锂离子电池负极时的电化学性能,并展望了未来的研究方向.     

电解液对全铅单液流电池电极性能的影响

研究Pb(II)和H+离子浓度对全铅单液流电池正、负电极在复合石墨基体上电化学行为的影响.结果表明,PbO2正极和Pb负极的电极过程受电化学和扩散混合控制.Pb(II)氧化沉积成PbO2时出现成核环,铅负极成核过电位小,充放电电压差远小于PbO2正极,电池极化主要来自PbO2正极.增加H+浓度有利于降低PbO2正极和Pb负极的极化,但析氧、析氢副反应和腐蚀加重.增大Pb(II)浓度有利于抑制析氧,但PbO2正极充电电压升高,充放电电压差增大.Pb(II)浓度较低时,充放电过程中PbO2沉积层少许脱落,充电电压进一步降低且更趋平稳.为此,电解液中HBF4浓度以2 mol L-1为宜,Pb(II)浓度应在0.9 mol L-1以上.     

锂离子电池硅基负极粘结剂发展现状

在锂离子电池负极材料的研究中，硅材料以其高达4200 mAh·g^-1的理论比容量，成为近年来新能源电池领域的研究热点.但是在锂化/去锂化过程中，硅负极体积变化高达300%，导致快速的容量衰减和较短的循环寿命.目前硅负极改性最有效的方法之一，是通过粘结剂来保持活性物质、导电添加剂和集流体间的接触完整性，减少硅材料在充放电循环过程中体积变化引起的裂化和粉碎，保持硅负极的高容量，提升电池循环性能.基于硅材料作为锂离子电池负极的优异特性，以及目前锂离子电池粘结剂的发展，将针对锂离子电池硅基负极粘结剂做出系统讨论，描述不同粘结剂对电池性能的主要影响，为锂离子电池硅基负极粘结剂的开发和应用提供研究方向.     

Water transport study across commercial ion exchange membranes in the vanadium redox flow battery

The water transfer behaviour of Selemion CMV, AMV and DMV membranes (Asahi Glass, Japan) has been studied in the vanadium redox cell, as was the water transfer across Nafion 117 membrane (E.I. Du Pont, USA). The earlier water transport studies of a variety of commercial ion exchange membranes and non-ionic separators in the vanadium redox cell have shown that the net water transport through anion exchange membranes and non-ionic separators in the vanadium redox cell is from the positive half cell (+ve) to the negative half cell (−ve), while for cation exchange membranes the net water transport is in the opposite direction. In the present study, it was found that a significant amount of water is transferred across cation exchange membranes from the −ve vanadium half cell electrolyte to the +ve vanadium half cell electrolyte by the hydration shells of V²⁺ and V³⁺ ions which carry a large amount of water and can easily permeate through cation exchange membranes due to their relatively high charge numbers. The net amount of water of hydration which is transferred across anion exchange membranes from the −ve half cell electrolyte, however, is almost equal to the net amount of water of hydration which is transferred from the +ve half cell electrolyte. Thus, the net amount of water which is transferred across anion exchange membranes is in the same direction as the osmotic water transfer.     

Mn2+浓度对钒液流电池正极液的电化学性能影响

电解液中金属离子会影响钒液流电池的电化学性能。本文采用循环伏安法和电化学阻抗谱研究了正极液中Mn2+浓度对V髨/V(Ⅳ)电对的氧化还原过程影响规律,发现Mn2+在正极液中没有发生副反应,但严重影响V髨/V(Ⅳ)的反应活性、电极反应可逆性、离子扩散与电荷转移反应等电化学性能。循环伏安测试结果表明Mn2+浓度为0.04-0.13 g.L-1时,V髨/V(Ⅳ)电对电极反应可逆性和反应活性较高,钒离子扩散系数由参照溶液中的8.89×10-7-1.098×10-6增大至1.302×10-6-1.800×10-6 cm2.s-1,提高了-60%;电化学阻抗测试结果表明Mn2+浓度为0-0.04 g.L-1时,V髨/V(Ⅳ)电对电极反应阻抗和界面阻抗均较参照溶液中的增加不明显,但当Mn2+浓度增至0.07 g.L-1时,上述阻抗值较参照溶液增大了25%-28%。基于二者结果,Mn2+对电极反应有不同程度的负面影响,但是适当的Mn2+浓度有利于钒离子的扩散。     

From synthetic montroseite VOOH to topochemical paramontroseite VO2 and their applications in aqueous lithium ion batteries

Synthetic montroseite VOOH has been successfully prepared via a simple template-free hydrothermal route on a large scale for the first time-after sixty years of delay. The as-obtained sample shows a hierarchical morphology of urchin-like nanoarchitecture with hollow interiors consisting of well-crystalline nanorods standing vertically on the shell surface. Time-dependent experiments illustrated that these hierarchical hollow nanourchins were formed through the hydrolysis-driven Kirkendall effect coupled with a new-phased vanadium oxyhydroxide V(10)O(14)(OH)(2) precursor templated approach. Meanwhile, the as-obtained VOOH hollow nanourchins could convert topochemically to paramontroseite VO(2) without altering the size and original appearance during the annealing process due to the extreme structural similarity revealed by crystal structure analysis. Furthermore, the improved electrochemical performance of both montroseite VOOH and paramontroseite VO(2) hierarchical hollow structures toward Li uptake and release verifies their potential applications as anode materials in aqueous lithium ion batteries. These improved electrochemical properties could be ascribed to the synergetic effect of the microscopic tunneled crystal structure and macroscopic hollow morphological features, which provide the easy infiltration of electrolyte, short diffusion lengths for lithium ions and electron transport as well as sufficient void space to buffer the volume change.     

A review of electrolyte additives and impurities in vanadium redox flow batteries

As one of the most important components of the vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB), the electrolyte can impose a significant impact on cell properties, performance and capital cost. In particular, the electrolyte composition will influence energy density, operating temperature range and the practical applications of the VRFB. Various approaches to increase the energy density and operating temperature range have been proposed. The presence of electrolyte impurities, or the addition of a small amount of other chemical species into the vanadium solution can alter the stability of the electrolyte and influence cell performance, operating temperature range, energy density, electrochemical kinetics and cost effectiveness. This review provides a detailed overview of research on electrolyte additives including stabilizing agents, immobilizing agents, kinetic enhancers, as well as electrolyte impurities and chemical reductants that can be used for different purposes in the VRFBs.     

Simultaneous determination of bromide and iodide ions by capillary isotachophoresis using quaternary ammonium salts

Bromide and iodide ions were determined simultaneously by capillary isotachophoresis using an aqueous electrolyte system; the separation principle was based on the ion-pairing equilibria between tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium ion and these anions in the leading electrolyte. The interaction between iodide ion and tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium ion was stronger than that for bromide ion. Thus complete separation of bromide and iodide ions could be obtained by using a leading electrolyte containing 1.5 mM tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium ion. The pH of the leading electrolyte was adjusted to 5.0. The relative standard deviations of the zone length for bromide and iodide ions were 1.1 and 1.2%, respectively, when mixture of 3.0 mM of these ions was analysed. A 150-μl volume could be injected for the simultaneous determination of low concentrations of bromide and iodide ions.     

Improved properties of positive electrolyte for a vanadium redox flow battery by adding taurine

Taurine was employed as an additive to improve the thermal stability and electrochemical performance of positive electrolyte for a vanadium redox flow battery. The addition of taurine could significantly improve the thermal stability of positive electrolyte, and 2 M V(V) electrolyte with 4 mol% taurine could keep it stable at 40 °C for 120 h, which was 54 h longer than the pristine one. Electrochemical measurements showed that the electrolyte with taurine exhibited superior electrochemical activity and reaction kinetics with a larger diffusion coefficient, exchange current density and reaction rate constant compared with the pristine one. Moreover, the cell using taurine as additive achieved higher average energy efficiency (81.75%) than the pristine cell (79.15%). The Raman and XPS spectroscopy illustrated that taurine could combine with VO²⁺ to form a small molecule complex and the –NH₂ in taurine could be adsorbed on the surface of the electrode to provide more active sites for the electrode reaction, which led to the improvement of mass transfer and the charge transfer process for the V(IV)/V(V) redox reaction.     

莫来石的低温合成与结构研究

通过在高岭土中引入质量分数为1%～5%的钒以后,在700℃左右的较低温度下观察到莫来石相的生成,并结合酸、碱抽提反应过程制得较纯的莫来石.进一步研究了低温莫来石点阵参数的测定方法,发现低温钒-莫来石的晶胞体积比常规的高温莫来石大,表明钒进入了莫来石的骨架结构.另外,低温莫来石的形成动力学可表述为钒-高岭石低温共熔体迁移过程.     

Voltage-tunable volume transitions in nanoscale films of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) surfaces grafted onto gold

Surface grafting of a polymerizable monomer onto Au was used to produce nanometer-scale planar hydrogel films with controllable volume. A self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid on a planar Au surface was activated through water-soluble carbodiimide and N-hyroxysuccinimide followed by reaction with 2-aminomethacrylate to produce a methacrylate-terminated surface layer, which readily polymerized under UV radiation in the presence of hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate cross-linker, and a photoinitiator. The reaction steps were characterized by external reflection mode Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Under controlled UV exposure, thin (3 nm < d < 10 nm) hydrogel films were obtained from 1:1 ethanol/H(2)O. Surface plasmon resonance measurements were used to characterize both the synthesis of the hydrogel and the potential-induced volume changes. The nanometer-scale hydrogels thus produced undergo reproducible changes in thickness, when a potential is applied across the film. Thickness changes increasing with applied potential were obtained for both voltages in the range |V(appl)| 相似文献   

Formation of an Electric Charge in a Dielectric Fluid Above a Rotating Disk

A plane metal disk rotating at a constant angular velocity is considered. Above the disk, there is a dielectric fluid containing a small amount of a foreign electrolyte. The electrolyte contains positive and negative ions and is assumed to be strong. The charging of the fluid is determined by the electrochemical reactions that take place at the disk surface. The effect of an electric field on the charging process is taken into account.     

Separation and determination of vanadium in fertiliser by capillary electrophoresis with a light-emitting diode detector

A method has been developed for determination of vanadium, as an anionic ternary complex of vanadium(V) with 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR) and hydrogen peroxide, after separation by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The optimum conditions for the formation of the ternary complex were acetate buffer (3 mmol L(-1)) at pH 6 containing 0.15 mmol L(-1) PAR and 7.1 mmol L(-1) H(2)O(2). The CE separation was conducted using 15 mmol L(-1) acetate buffer at pH 6 as the background electrolyte; the separation potential was -30 kV and the injection time 100 s. The vanadium complex was detected photometrically at 568 nm, by use of a light-emitting diode (LED); the detection limit was 19 ppb. The method was applied to the analysis of vanadium in fertilisers. Clean-up of the digested fertiliser sample, with Sep-Pak C(18) coated with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, before analysis was used to remove matrix ions which otherwise caused electrophoretic de-stacking. Vanadium levels found in the fertiliser samples by use of the CE method were found to be comparable with results obtained by HPLC and ICP-MS.