大液体量空分流程分析

针对有大液体量要求的冶金型空分装置,介绍了四种流程组织形式。通过模拟计算和分析比较,从设备投资、运行能耗、变负荷调节性、操作稳定性等方面,总结了不同流程型式的特点及适应性。针对不同的液体产品比例要求,推荐选择不同的流程形式,达到流程优化、节能降耗的目的。     

LNG冷能利用的液体空分流程形式比较

通过对利用LNG将空气液化或氮气液化,两种不同的冷量传递方式的模拟计算,比较了利用LNG冷能的液体空分装置的两种流程组织形式的特点,并对装置的安全性进行分析。     

一种利用天然气压力能结合氮膨胀制冷的新型小型液化流程

高压天然气进入城市管网前必须在门站减压,一般是通过节流阀完成,造成能量的极大浪费。考虑利用天然气压力,提出一套结合氮膨胀的新型液化流程。使用HYSYS软件对流程进行设计和模拟,通过氮膨胀制冷工艺调节,获得较低的制冷温度,避免了BOG气体的产生。选取流程中的关键参数,并以比功耗为目标函数对流程进行优化。同时展示了文献中其它三种流程(NEC-Propane,SMR,C3MR)的优化结果,为更客观比较四种流程,以比功耗和效率为指标,将其它三种流程对应的参数应用到本文提出的新型氮膨胀流程中并进行对比。针对天然气组分、天然气制冷负荷这两种工况的变化,提出不同的控制策略,在策略指导下流程较高的效率表明对工况的变化有较好的适应性。     

三效吸收制冷循环的性能分析和优化

本文建立了使用溴化锂溶液作为工质的三种流程的三级三效吸收制冷循环模型,进行了性能比较计算,结果表明并联流程循环的性能系数ＣＯＰ最高;同时本文进一步对并联流程和串联流程的三效吸收制冷循环分别进行了关于溶液分配率和总体热交换面积分配率的优化计算,得到了不同设计工况时面积分配率与ＣＯＰ的关系,为三效吸收循环的最优设计提供了理论依据。     

合成驰放气制取液化天然气工艺选择

合成氨厂排放的驰放气中含有CH4、H2和N2,利用低温冷冻技术,可以回收其中的CH4,并进一步回收H2和N2,对企业节能降耗、提高经济效益有着至关重要的作用。文中利用Unisim化工流程模拟计算软件,对两种不同的合成驰放气制取LNG工艺(混合制冷剂工艺和氮气循环膨胀制冷工艺)进行模拟,并对两种工艺路线从操作和投资回报方面进行了分析。结果表明:从能耗、操作以及投资回报比方面,采用混合制冷剂工艺制取LNG具有明显的优势;并且其结果对用户对工艺的选择具有一定指导意义。     

重力再循环蒸发器与直接膨胀蒸发器的实验性能研究

在不同工况下采用R404A作为制冷剂对重力再循环蒸发器和直接膨胀蒸发器进行了实验性能研究。搭建了兼具重力供液和直接膨胀供液制冷系统的试验台,在冷库温度为0℃、-5℃、-10℃、-15℃、-20℃五种工况下,利用热平衡法测得了不同供液形式制冷系统的制冷量以及蒸发管路上若干测点的温度。对实验数据进行了整理和理论分析,得到2种蒸发器在不同工况下制冷量的变化规律以及2种蒸发器在不同工况下传热温差和传热系数沿管长的变化规律。     

混合制冷剂循环液化天然气流程(火用)分析

带丙烷预冷的混合制冷剂循环液化天然气流程具有高效及流程相对简单的优点.本文在对流程进行热力学分析的基础上,对流程进行(火用)分析.计算了流程中各设备的(火用)损失,计算结果表明,压缩机的(火用)损失约占整个流程(火用)损失的50%,换热器的(火用)损失约占总(火用)损失的26%.本文还分析了产生(火用)损失的原因,提出降低(火用)损失的措施.     

无回热混合制冷剂循环(MRC)液化天然气流程的系统模拟

针对混合制冷循环液化天然气流程的热力学研究进行流程的系统模拟。系统介绍了第一个多股换热器前高低压制冷剂之间不进行回热的典型混合制冷循环液化天然气流程的计算方法;指出了进行此类流程计算时应注意的事项:针对特定的参数进行了全流程的模拟,得到了流程各节点压力、温度、焓、熵、汽液两相流量、总流量、汽液两相摩尔分率;同时得到了流程中压缩机耗功、丙烷预冷量、制冷剂流量、各换热器的换热量等表示流程性能的参数     

煤制天然气液化流程初步研究

鉴于煤炭清洁利用的必要性以及国内天然气供不应求的格局,煤制天然气(SNG)具有了一定的发展空间。以液化的方式储运煤制天然气是应对我国特殊的天然气市场结构的较好选择。而由于煤制天然气与常规天然气不同的组成,特别是氢气的存在,需要为其设计专门的液化流程。为了给流程的设计提供参考,在HYSYS软件上模拟分析了常规天然气液化流程(氮气膨胀流程和混合制冷剂流程)用于液化煤制天然气的可行性及其特点,发现常规天然气液化流程可以用于液化煤制天然气,只是流程的单位能耗稍有增加。另外,还通过模拟分析了精馏分离氢气对液化流程所产生的影响。     

小型可移动式天然气液化流程的设计

小型可移动式天然气液化装置是解决常规天然气田中小型气田和非常规天然气田开采问题的有效途径。该文利用HYSYS软件建立了空气膨胀式天然气液化流程,并对流程中各点参数进行了设计,其中针对初压较低的天然气,从天然气高压下小温差换热节能和天然气增压耗功耦合的角度探讨了液化压力大小的设定。结果发现:存在最佳液化压力使流程的比功耗最小,利用冷热复合曲线可以很直观地判定流程的合理性。     

Repeatedly using the decomposition product of struvite by ultrasound stripping to remove ammonia nitrogen from landfill leachate

In this study, the decomposition of struvite by ultrasound stripping and the recycle use of the decomposition product for the treatment of landfill leachate were investigated. The results indicated that when the decomposition of struvite by ultrasound stripping was performed at 55 °C for 40 min, the ammonium in the struvite could be almost completely eliminated from the solution system. The characterization analysis showed that magnesium phosphate and the dissolved phosphate ions were the main active derivatives. Approximately 90% of the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in landfill leachate can be removed by reusing the decomposition product at pH 9 for 60 min. Repeated use of the struvite decomposition product revealed that the TAN removal efficiency decreased with an increase in the number of recycles. However, in the process of multiple recycling, about 90% of TAN removal could be maintained by supplementing a certain amount of the preformed struvite to the solution for every recycle. An economic analysis demonstrated that 79.3% of the treatment cost could be saved by the proposed process compared to the non-recycling process.     

Research and Development of ITER Bellows Assemblies

In ITER facilities, there are some special expansion joints connected with the openings of cryostat. Expect for the assemblies connected with NB openings, others are rectangular section with big dimensions and severe working conditions and they are important for ITER safe runing.     

Innovative reconsolidation of carbon steel machining swarf by laser metal deposition

The concept of widespread recycling of metals in order to save cost, energy and ecological damage is gaining importance and this necessitates not simply disposing of machining waste. In this work a new way of reconstituting chips/swarf into a usable solid structure is explored by using them in place of metal powder in laser direct metal deposition. Samples of carbon steel machining swarf in three size ranges are reconstituted and the final structural characteristics like clad dimension, microstructure and physical properties are analysed. The results show that it is possible to reproduce a material that has full density, fine microstructure and no significant contamination from an unprecedented size and shape of particles. As general trends, individual deposition tracks become lower, wider and less hard as particle size increases. This work shows that the laser deposition process can be used with a larger range of particle geometries than previously considered and this could be the point leading to a new ‘local’ recycling method.     

基于扩张室消声器的座便器噪声控制研究

本文以虹吸式座便器为研究对象,将扩张室消声器应用于座便器管道结构设计中,采用CFD (computational Fluid Dynamics)软件对加装不同长度扩张室消声器的座便器模型进行了冲水过程数值模拟。在研究座便器噪声产生机理及扩张室消声器声学性能的基础上,进行座便器冲洗性能试验及噪声测量试验,分别研究了冲水量与冲洗噪声、冲水量与冲洗性能之间的关系。研究表明,安装扩张室消声器,不仅可以提高座便器的冲洗性能,还可以降低冲洗噪声,达到降噪节水的目的。     

Recycling process for 123-type bulk superconductors

Bulk (RE)-Ba-Cu-O (RE is a rare earth element or yttrium) high temperature superconductors have contained a lot of precious substances such as Ag and Pt, which led to a significant increase in production cost. However, the bulk superconductors have been thrown away once they were fractured during characterization or failed to grow in the form of single grain. The material recycling of these samples is, therefore, a great important and leads to a cost-effective production. Hence we have attempted a recycling process for Ag-doped Gd-Ba-Cu-O (GdBCO/Ag) bulk samples. The single grain GdBCO/Ag bulk sample, however, could not be grown by the cold-seeded melt-process albeit the recycled precursor powder is chemically identical to a mixture of commercial powder (reference powder). On the other hand, the hot-seeding technique enables us to fabricate readily the single grain GdBCO/Ag bulk samples even with employing the recycled precursor powder. The recycle-processed GdBCO/Ag bulk sample showed a 10% decrease in the trapped magnetic field compared with the reference bulk sample. However, most importantly this study demonstrates clearly, and for the first time, that the recycling of GdBCO/Ag bulk samples is possible, nevertheless a small degradation of superconducting properties is recognized.     

大功率脉冲氙灯的放电研究

利用转镜式高速摄影机分幅摄影技术,对脉冲氙灯放电中的沟道扩展和熄灭过程进行了摄影和分析.放电时沟道扩展速度很快,呈树枝状,沟道熄灭过程长于扩展过程,且呈斑状.同时研究了预电离放电对沟道扩展和熄灭过程的影响,当预电离存在时,脉冲氙灯放电的沟道扩展的时间要长.结果表明,预电离有利于放电沟道的形成,提高氙灯的发光效率,且有助于减小主放电能量对管壁材料的冲击.     

Evolution of density perturbations in a realistic universe

Prompted by the recent more precise determination of the basic cosmological parameters and growing evidence that the matter-energy content of the universe is now dominated by dark energy and dark matter we present the general solution of the equation that describes the evolution of density perturbations in the linear approximation. It turns out that as in the standard CDM model the density perturbations grow very slowly during the radiation dominated epoch and their amplitude increases by a factor of about 4000 in the matter and later dark energy dominated epoch of expansion of the universe.     

ICP－AES法中一种循环雾化系统及其性能的研究

本文介绍了一种外部型，旋流雾化室，带清洗器的循环雾化系统，并对其连续稳定的雾化时间、雾化效率、稳定性、记忆效应等性能进行了研究。     

一种低温气体分离回收方法研究

介绍了一种适合于分离氦气中微量Kr、Xe、H2及其同位素的方法。对比了不同分离方法的特点,并最终采用低温分凝法来分离混合气体。设计了分离的流程及温度、压力等物理参数,通过分析和计算,确定了在合适温度下,可以分离提取出混合气体中的杂质气体,实现最终尾气中杂质气体所要求的浓度指标。并得出最终混合气体杂质浓度只与进气压力和冷冻温度有关的结论。     

再循环对密度极限破裂的影响

用简化的再循环模型和破裂模型,研究了边缘发生的电离与电荷交换的能量损失与密度极限破裂的关系,得到HL 1M装置的临界破裂密度nc≤1.6×1020m-3。