多组分体系单级萃取平衡的Newton-Raphson算法

提出了一种多组分体系串级萃取动态仿真中的单级萃取平衡和物料计算的新同了有机相萃取量,水相洗涤量和混合萃取比等限制条件下两相组成关系的２λ元非线性方程组,构造以水相中某一组分的平衡含量为变量的目标函数,采用Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ－Ｒａｐｈｓｏｎ迭代求解,并以萃取平衡和物料平衡得到该级其它所有组分在两相的含量。     

分馏萃取分离稀土的数学模拟—HEH(EHP)-煤油-HNO_3-(Sm-Gd)(NO_3)_3体系

进行了HEH(EHP)-煤油-HNO_3-(Sm-Gd)(NO_3)_3体系的萃取平衡实验与分馏萃取实验。串级实验得到了水相出口Sm的纯度为96.7％,有机相出口Gd的纯度>99％的结果。应用萃取平衡实验数据建立了计算简便、精度较高的半经验两相分配模型:?Hi_3~aXj_(i4)~aYj_(i5)~a(i,j=1,2)。给出了由各级平衡分配模型和物料衡算式组成的非线性方程组—一串级模型。介绍了模拟计算所用的矩阵解法及其FORTRAN程序,计算所得各级金属离子浓度、水相酸度、以及自由萃取剂浓度的分布与实验值符合程度较高。     

串级萃取理论之联动萃取分离工艺设计:Ⅱ、出口联动分离单元基本关系式

与传统流程中彼此独立的分离单元不同,联动萃取分离流程要求每一分离单元均通过横向或纵向衔接方式与其他分离单元联动运行。当两个分离单元横向衔接时,联动位置位于水相或有机相出口,彼此提供含有待分离组分的有机相或水相作为萃取有机相或洗涤液使用。以前文结论为基础,分别推导得到了无联动和出口联动(A_tA_(t-1)…A_2)/(A_(t-1)A_(t-2)…A_1)分离单元优化的基本关系式,包括水相进料、有机相进料和双相进料方式下中间组分Ai(2≤i≤t-1)最优切割方程、最小萃取量公式、最小洗涤量公式和混合萃取比方程等。     

分馏萃取分离稀土的数学模拟—HEH(EHP)-煤油-HNO3-(Sm-Gd)(NO3)3体系

进行了HEH(EHP)-煤油-HNO₃-(Sm-Gd)(NO₃)₃体系的萃取平衡实验与分馏萃取实验。串级实验得到了水相出口Sm的纯度为96.7%,有机相出口Gd的纯度>99%的结果。应用萃取平衡实验数据建立了计算简便、精度较高的半经验两相分配模型: H_i3^aXj_i4^aYj_i5^a(i,j=1,2)。给出了由各级平衡分配模型和物料衡算式组成的非线性方程组—串级模型。介绍了模拟计算所用的矩阵解法及其FORTRAN程序,计算所得各级金属离子浓度、水相酸度、以及自由萃取剂浓度的分布与实验值符合程度较高。     

数学模拟法研究氨化 P507分离 Nd-Sm 工艺

用数学模拟法研究了 NdCl_3-SmCl_3-HCl-H_2O-1.5M 氨化 P507-煤油体系的萃取平衡。提出了采用不氨化和氨化萃取剂的萃取平衡模型。利用这些模型初步进行了分馏萃取模拟,并研究了各种平衡数据之间的相互关系,利用其内在联系提出了较简单的模拟方法,以方便模拟工艺要求的任何氨化率的萃取体系。模拟结果与 Nd-Sm 分离试验结果符合得很好,Nd 和 Sm 产品纯度误差分别为0.13%和1.3%。文中还提出了保证不乳化、进料级位置合理、符合萃取要求的不同 Nd、Sm 组分的优化分离工艺。只用6～7级就可使 Nd、Sm 两种产品纯度达到99%以上。     

白云鄂博稀土矿联动萃取分离流程的经济技术指标比较

稀土联动萃取工艺以两出口工艺为设计基础。第一模块对原料进行了预分离,第二模块充分利用了稀土元素间的交换功能,省去了第一分离段的反萃及最后分离段的皂化工序。由于其具有酸碱消耗量低、操作方便、废水产生量小等特点,近年来被越来越多稀土分离企业所青睐。针对以氟碳铈和独居石混合矿为代表的白云鄂博稀土矿,根据生产实践经验和目前市场所需要的产品结构,提出了几种可行的P507-HCl体系联动萃取工艺流程。通过比较各联动工艺流程及传统两出口工艺流程的槽体级数、混合室容积大小、有机相和稀土存槽量、盐酸及液碱单耗、废水产生量,找出最优切割方式或联动模式,从而为白云鄂博稀土矿的联动萃取分离提供更优化工艺流程。     

三出口萃取工艺静态平衡研究

三出口萃取工艺是在普通分馏萃取工艺中间级增开一个出口使之同时分离三个组份。采用这一工艺可大大简化多元体系分离流程,提高经济效益。本文根据恒定总萃取比体系的本出口萃取工艺中各组份的静态物料平衡,推导出四种三出口萃取工艺的极值公式。通过计算机静态模拟计算确定了Gd/Tb/Dy三出口萃取工艺参数,并通过试验验证了计算结果。     

环烷酸-N235体系萃取分离钇的研究

环烷酸-N235体系用于Y的萃取分离,可避免氨氮废水的产生。采用组成为20%环烷酸-35%混合醇-40%N235-5%煤油的体系萃取Y时,Y萃取率随相比的增大而增加,相比达到7∶1时,Y的单级萃取率可达95%以上;相比高于3∶1时,分相时间较长。环烷酸-N235体系从含15种稀土元素的料液中分离Y可以通过两步完成,第一步是将Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd与中重稀土分离,第二步是将Y与La, Ce, Pr, Nd分离。串级萃取模拟计算结果表明,经过5级萃取和5级洗涤,可以实现第一步分离;再经过12级萃取和21级洗涤,可以实现第二步分离,在有机相出口获得高纯度Y(99.99%)。负载Y的环烷酸-N235萃取体系有机相可用2.5 mol·L-1 HCl进行反萃。     

任意组分两出口体系串级萃取静态优化设计研究

提出了任意组分体系溶剂萃取串级分离工艺的精确算法。并推导了溶剂萃取串级分离萃取平衡和物料平衡关系,给出了两端出口组分组成的最简通用计算公式,解决了静态算法设计的关键问题。利用萃取平衡和物料平衡关系进行静态递推,实现了任意组分体系静态精确设计。这一方法可以解决目前任意组分体系两出口串级分离的理论优化设计问题。     

洗涤段优化萃取比的精度计算

分离系数增大,洗涤段优化萃取比方程中对数引起的误差也有较大的增加,因而计算的优化萃取比有较大的误差.本文提出了减少对数引起误差的方法,推导出精确计算洗涤段优化萃取比的通式.利用这个通式可以对任意大的分离系数,进行精确计算洗涤段优化萃取比.并且可以达到需要的计算精度.这个方法较好地消除了对数引起的误差.     

Extraction behaviour of uranium,zirconium and ruthenium with gamma-irradiated sulfoxides and tri-n-butyl phosphate

The extraction, scrubbing and stripping behaviour of uranium, zirconium and ruthenium with di-n-hexyl and di-n-octyl sulfoxides in Solvesso-100 and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in shell Sol-T irradiated by various gamma doses (0–169 Mrads) have been investigated. 2M HNO₃ was used for extraction and scrubbing and 0.01M HNO₃ for stripping purposes. Results indicate that the extraction of uranium with TBP increases and that with sulfoxide decreases with dose. This is reflected in their corresponding scrubbing percentages too. The stripping percentage of uranium with TBP decreases with dose while the reverse is the case with sulfoxide. The extraction of zirconium with TBP increases sharply with dose as compared to sulfoxides. The extraction scrubbing and stripping of ruthenium remain almost unaffected by dose both in the case of TBP and sulfoxides. These results lead to much higher overall decontamination factors for uranium with respect to zirconium as well as ruthenium with irradiated sulfoxides as compared to those with irradiated TBP.     

Ion-pair extraction of pentacaine from biological materials

Simple and rapid extraction method for quantitative and selective isolation of the new local anesthetic pentacaine from biological materials is proposed. The technique of ion-pair formation was found to be more effective than usual access using the extraction of the nonionized species. The extraction yield of the unchanged molecule³H-pentacaine after double extraction and single scrubbing was found to be more than 90%. The radiochemical purity was over 90%. The method appears suitable for pharmacokinetic studies in the animal body.     

Separation of Rare-Earth Elements from Nitrate Solutions by Solvent Extraction Using Mixtures of Methyltri-n-octylammonium Nitrate and Tri-n-butyl Phosphate

The article presents data on the solvent extraction separation of rare-earth elements (REEs), such as La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), and Nd(III), using synergic mixtures of methyltrioctylammonium nitrate (TOMANO₃) with tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) from weakly acidic nitrate solutions. Specifically, experimental results on separation of REEs, for the pair Ce(III)/Pr(III) for quaternary mixtures of REEs (La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III)) and for the pair La(III)/Pr(III) for solutions containing La(III), Pr(III), and Nd(III), are presented. It was shown that effective separation for the pair Ce(III)/Pr(III) from a solution containing 219 g Ce(III)/L, 106 g La(III)/L, 20 g Pr(III)/L, 55 g Nd(III)/L, and 0.1 mol/L HNO₃, was achieved using 56 steps of a multistage, counter-current solvent extraction cascade with scrubbing, at an organic-to-aqueous phase volume ratio (O/A) equal to 2/1 on the extraction section and O/A equal to 4/1 on the scrubbing section, using 3.3 mol/L solutions of the mixture TOMANO₃-TBP with molar ratio 0.15:0.85 in dodecane. Separation for the pair La(III)/Pr(III) could be achieved using a solvent extraction cascade with scrubbing in 32 steps at O/A equal to 2/1 on the extraction section and O/A equal to 2.8/1 on the scrubbing section of the solvent extraction cascade from a solution containing 258 g La(III)/L, 58 g Pr(III)/L, 141 g Nd(III)/L, and 0.1 mol/L HNO₃ with 3.0 mol/L solution of the mixture TOMANO₃-TBP with molar ratio 0.2:0.8 in dodecane.     

离子色谱-紫外检测法测定饲料中的胍基乙酸

通过对色谱柱、流动相洗脱、样品前处理等条件进行优化,建立了一种检测饲料中胍基乙酸含量的离子色谱法。在甲磺酸线性梯度洗脱条件下,样品经Dionex IonPacTMCS16阳离子交换柱分离,用紫外检测器于200 nm波长处进行检测。在0.5~200 mg/L范围内,中胍基乙酸色谱峰面积与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系(相关系数r2=0.999 9)。配合饲料和浓缩饲料中胍基乙酸的检出限为4.5 mg/kg、定量限为15 mg/kg,复合预混合饲料中胍基乙酸的检出限为9.0 mg/kg、定量限为30 mg/kg。该方法对添加量在15 mg/kg~60 g/kg范围内的禽用配合饲料、猪用配合饲料、浓缩饲料、复合预混合饲料中胍基乙酸的回收率均大于94%。该方法性能指标可满足饲料中胍基乙酸含量的检测需求。     

串级萃取量优化理论和精确计算优化萃取比新方程

稀土;串级萃取量优化理论和精确计算优化萃取比新方程     

界面张力对高分子共混物梯度相形态形成的影响研究

研究了界面张力对ＰＰ／ＥＶＡ共混体系梯度相形态形成的影响。首先将ＥＶＡｃ进行皂化反应得到一系列－ＯＨ基含量不同即极性不同的ＥＶＡ，然后将这些ＥＶＡ分别与ＰＰ共混从而得到一系列相界面张力不同的共混物。说明通过对共混物相界面张力的调整，可以达到随意控制梯度相形态形成速度的目的。     

Model-based design of a pilot-scale simulated moving bed for purification of citric acid from fermentation broth

One of the conventional processes used for the recovery of citric acid from its fermentation broth is environmentally harmful and cost intensive. In this work an innovative benign process, which comprises simulated moving bed (SMB) technology and use of a tailor-made tertiary poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) resin as a stationary phase is proposed. This paper focuses on a model-based design of the operation conditions for an existing pilot-scale SMB plant. The SMB unit is modeled on the basis of experimentally determined hydrodynamics, thermodynamics and mass transfer characteristics in a single chromatographic column. Three mathematical models are applied and validated for the prediction of the experimentally attained breakthrough and elution profiles of citric acid and the main impurity component (glucose). The transport dispersive model was selected for the SMB simulation and design studies, since it gives a satisfactory prediction of the elution profiles within acceptable computational time. The equivalent true moving bed (TMB) and SMB models give a good prediction of the experimentally attained SMB separation performances, obtained with a real clarified and concentrated fermentation broth as a feed mixture. The SMB separation requirements are set to at least 99.8% citric acid purity and 90% citric acid recovery in the extract stream. The complete regeneration in sections 1 and 4 is unnecessary. Therefore the net flow rates in all four SMB sections have been considered in the unit design. The influences of the operating conditions (the flow rate in each section, switching time and unit configuration) on the SMB performances were investigated systematically. The resulting SMB design provides 99.8% citric acid purity and 97.2% citric acid recovery in the extract. In addition the citric acid concentration in the extract is a half of its concentration in the pretreated fermentation broth (feed).     

Explicit equations for the height and position of the first component shock for binary mixtures with competitive Langmuir isotherms under ideal conditions

Explicit equations for the height c(1)(S) and retention time t(R,1) of the pure first component shock in the case of a narrow rectangular injection pulse of a binary mixture with competitive Langmuir isotherms were derived within the frame of the equilibrium theory. The height of the first shock is obtained as an only positive root of a quartic equation. Hence, it was shown that, for binary Langmuir systems, the individual concentration profiles at the column outlet can be expressed entirely in closed-form. In addition, a novel, simple parametric representation that gives the trajectory of the first shock in the distance-time diagram as a function of c(1)(S) was derived. The practical relevance of the new equations was demonstrated by utilizing them for optimization of batch chromatography. It was shown that c(1)(S) increases and t(R,1) decreases with increasing duration of injection for given feed concentrations when the pure first component plateau is eroded during elution. The derivative of the cycle time with respect to the duration of injection is always more than unity. For this reason, the maximum productivity of more retained component is obtained when the duration of injection is selected so that the purity constraint can be fulfilled by having 100% yield. For the less retained component, an implicit expression for the maximum productivity was derived. When the injected loadings are constant, t(R,1) decreases with increasing feed concentrations while c(1)(S) and the cycle time are independent of them. In addition, the productivities of both components always increase with increasing feed concentrations.     

Study of the protein distribution in the pig lens cross section by Raman spectroscopy

The distribution of proteins in the cross section of a normal pig lens was studied by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra were measured in the visual and equatorial axes of this cross section and the protein peak intensities were determined. It was found that along each axis the protein intensities fluctuate. They have a considerable increment along the visual axis with the exception of the C-N bond peak intensities at 1087.2 cm(-1), which decrease, and along the equatorial axis the increment is slight. This increment in protein distribution along the visual axis is related with the refractive gradient of the lens. The classification of pig lens spectra in these axes was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Cross-validation shows an excellent group separation.     

Separation of high purity gadolinium for reactor application by solvent extraction process

A solvent extraction process for the production of nuclear grade Gd₂O₃ for its applications in pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) from a crude concentrate of rare earths containing ~70 % Gd₂O₃ has been developed and tested on bench-scale and continuous counter-current operations. The separation of gadolinium from other rare earths with similar chemical properties has been successfully accomplished by adopting a dual cycle solvent extraction employing 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid, mono-2 ethylhexyl ester (EHEHPA) as an extractant. Taking advantage of the extraction order of rare earths with EHEHPA, in the first cycle, heavy rare earths including Tb, Dy and Y were separated in the product strip solution, while gadolinium was separated in the raffinate solution along with samarium and neodymium. In the second cycle, gadolinium was purified to the extent of >99.5 % with respect to other rare earths. Effects of process variables such as aqueous acidity, phase ratio, metal concentration in the aqueous feed, scrubbing and stripping acidity etc. on separation of terbium and other heavy rare earths in the first cycle and upgrading the purity of Gd₂O₃ in the second cycle have been investigated. The experimental conditions were optimized using computer simulation and validated by bench scale counter-current operations. Under optimized conditions of process parameters, continuous operations of mixer settler yielded kilogram quantity of nuclear pure Gd₂O₃ which was subsequently converted to gadolinium nitrate for PHWR application. The overall recovery was found to be >98 %.