甲酸苯酯氨解反应的机理和溶剂效应的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)研究了甲酸苯酯与氨在气相中的反应机理. 考虑了两条可能的反应途径: 中性协同的和中性分步的机理. 采用自洽反应场极化连续模型(CPCM模型)研究了反应体系在水、乙醇和乙腈溶液中反应的溶剂化效应. 计算结果表明气相和溶液中协同机理均是最优途径. 水、乙醇和乙腈溶剂可降低协同途径的活化能, 溶剂化效应的大小对溶剂的极性不敏感.     

亚硝基化合物与甲醛的反应机理和溶剂效应的理论研究

采用密度泛函方法B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)研究了亚硝基苯C₆H₅-NO和2-甲基-2-亚硝基丙烷(CH₃)₃C-NO与甲醛分别在气相和溶剂中的反应机理. 在气相中均找到两条反应通道, 即协同机理和分步机理, 均生成实验产物氧肟酸, 而且分步机理均为优势通道; 除2-甲基-2-亚硝基丙烷的反应没有协同途径外, 在溶剂中反应机理与气相中的类似. 采用导电极化连续介质模型分别研究了在乙腈与水溶液中反应的溶剂化效应, 发现这些溶剂可降低反应的活化能, 但降低的程度比较小, 反应速率变化不大.     

亚硝基苯与甲醛的反应机理和溶剂效应的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法RB3LYP/6-311＋＋G(d,p)研究了亚硝基苯与甲醛在单重态势能面上分别在气相和溶剂中的反应机理. 找到两条反应通道: 协同机理和分步机理, 均生成实验产物N-苯基氧肟酸C6H5NOHCHO. 计算结果表明: 亚硝基苯与甲醛在气相中分步机理为主要通道. 采用导电极化连续介质模型研究了反应体系在水、乙醇、乙腈、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、环己烷溶液中反应的溶剂化效应, 这些溶剂可降低反应的活化能, 但反应对溶剂的极性不敏感. 无论在气相还是溶剂中, 亚硝基苯与甲醛的分步机理为优势通道.     

二苯甲酰甲烷互变异构反应机理溶剂效应的理论研究

采用密度泛函B3LYP方法,在6-31+G(d,p)基组水平上对二苯甲酰甲烷质子转移引起的酮式-烯醇式互变异构反应机理进行了计算研究,获得了零点能、总能量、吉布斯自由能及质子转移过程的反应焓、活化能、活化吉布斯自由能和速率常数等参数.3种非质子溶剂中的优化和频率计算采用Onsager模型进行计算.计算结果表明,不论在气相还是3种溶剂中,二苯甲酰甲烷的烯醇式较酮式稳定,烯醇式向酮式气相转变需要较高的活化能垒,在不同极性的溶剂中,随着溶剂介电常数的增大,异构化反应活化能垒减小,反应速率常数增大.     

氢甲酰化反应溶剂效应的量子化学研究

在B3LYP/6-31G(d, p)(Rh和P采用LANL2DZ + Polar)水平下,利用自洽反应场（SCRF）的Onsager模型,系统研究了C6H12、C6H6、THF、CH2Cl2、CH3OH和H2O（相对介电常数ε分别为2.02、2.25、7.58、8.93、32.63和78.39）六种溶剂对乙烯氢甲酰化反应中各驻点的结构和反应机理的影响.分别在上述溶剂中优化了反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构,并计算了自由能和活化自由能.计算结果表明,不同溶剂对反应势能面上各驻点的结构和能量均有一定的影响,而且随着相对介电常数ε的增加,反应的活化自由能下降.水是以上六种溶剂中最佳的溶剂,这与大量的实验研究结果一致.     

5-氟胞嘧啶互变异构的密度泛函理论计算

采用BH-HLYP/6-311＋G**方法对10种气相和水相中可能存在的5-氟胞嘧啶互变异构体进行了几何全优化, 并计算出它们的总能量和吉布斯自由能. Onsager反应场溶剂模型用于水相的计算. 计算结果表明, 5-氟胞嘧啶在气相中主要以烯醇式-氨基式形式存在, 在水相中主要以酮式-氨基式形式存在. 溶剂化自由能与异构体的气相偶极矩存在相关性．进一步求得互变异构化以及构象异构化和顺反异构化的过渡态, 探讨异构化过程中的几何结构和能量的变化.     

2,6-二巯基嘌呤互变异构体热力学稳定性的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函(DFT)B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)方法,水相计算采用自洽反应场(SCRF)中的Onsager模型,对气相和水相中可能存在的13种2,6-二巯基嘌呤互变异构体进行了全优化,并计算了各异构体的热力学参数、偶极矩及原子净电荷。计算结果表明,不论是气相还是水相,二硫酮DTP(1,3,7)是最稳定的异构体。溶剂化效应使各异构体的稳定性均增强,偶极矩大者其稳定性显著增大。溶剂化吉布斯自由能与异构体在两相中偶极矩之差存在相关性。二硫酮DTP(1,3,7)在水相中与致癌物BPDE进行亲核取代反应时,二硫酮DTP(1,3,7)中的S10原子优先进攻亲电试剂BPDE.     

2,6-硫代黄嘌呤质子互变异构反应机理的理论研究

在密度泛函B3LYP/6-311G~(**)理论水平上,对气相和水相中2,6-硫代黄嘌呤各烯醇式与酮式水助质子互变异构体及其过渡态进行几何构型全自由度优化,获得它们在气相和水相中的几何结构和电子结构,PCM反应场溶剂模型用于水相计算.结果显示在气相和水相中,水参与反应降低了互变异构质子迁移的反应活化能,对互变异构质子迁移的反应起到催化作用,但是没有改变各异构体的稳定性顺序,其顺序为W1＞W3＞W2.进一步研究了2,6-硫代黄嘌呤各烯醇式与酮式水助质子互变异构的反应机理,提出了2,6-硫代黄嘌呤各烯醇式与酮式互变异构质子迁移的反应为平面六元环的过渡态结构.探讨了溶剂化效应对互变异构体的几何结构、能量、电荷分布以及互变异构反应活化能的影响等.     

烯丙基类不对称醚异构化反应机理的理论研究

采用MP2和密度泛函M06-2X方法,在6-31++G(d,p)基组水平上对烯丙基类不对称醚异构化反应机理进行了计算研究. 揭示了其可能的反应途径,预测了互变异构吉布斯自由能,活化能等性质. 计算结果表明,在没有金催化剂的条件下,尽管有醇溶剂时异构化活化能垒有所降低,异构化反应依然不容易进行. 相反,存在金催化剂并且有醇溶剂情况下,烯丙基类不对称醚异构化反应活化自由能大大降低,仅为7.5 kcal/mol. 通过比较有无醇溶剂和金催化剂对异构化的影响,揭示了金烯烃络合和醇分子参与反应以质子转移的异构化反应机理,很好解释了实验中观察的现象. 计算结果还表明：醇分子不仅参与反应提供质子转移,它还能与醚竞争金催化剂络合,因此在高浓度醇条件下会抑制异构化反应进行.     

3-甲基环状乙撑磷酸二酯醇解的反应途径的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论和MP2方法研究了3-甲基环状乙撑磷酸二酯(MEP)与甲醇的反应途径:(Ⅰ)CH3O-+MEP;(Ⅱ)CH3OH+MEP;(Ⅲ)CH3O-+HMEP(MEP的质子化形式);(Ⅳ)CH3OH+HMEP.在B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)水平上优化了四条反应途径的反应物、中间体、过渡态及产物的几何构型,并在同水平上进行了自然电荷分析,然后在MP2/6-311++G(3df,2p)水平上计算了各驻点的单点能.采用极化连续介质模型(PCM)研究了各途径在苯、甲醇和水溶液中的溶剂化效应.计算结果表明,溶剂效应使途径(Ⅰ)的自由能垒降低,而使途径(Ⅱ)和(Ⅳ)的决速步骤的自由能垒升高.在气相和苯溶剂中途径(Ⅳ)是反应的优势途径,在甲醇和水溶剂中途径(Ⅰ)则成为最优.研究结果进一步表明实验条件下途径(Ⅱ)与(Ⅳ)对总醇解反应的贡献相当.     

Unified interpretation of exciplex formation and marcus electron transfer on the basis of two-dimensional free energy surfaces

The mechanism of exciplex formation proposed in a previous paper has been refined to show how exciplex formation and Marcus electron transfer (ET) in fluorescence quenching are related to each other. This was done by making simple calculations of the free energies of the initial (DA*) and final (D+A-) states of ET. First it was shown that the decrease in D-A distance can induce intermolecular ET even in nonpolar solvents where solvent orientational polarization is absent, and that it leads to exciplex formation. This is consistent with experimental results that exciplex is most often observed in nonpolar solvents. The calculation was then extended to ET in polar solvents where the free energies are functions of both D-A distance and solvent orientational polarization. This enabled us to discuss both exciplex formation and Marcus ET in the same D-A pair and solvent on the basis of 2-dimensional free energy surfaces. The surfaces contain more information about the rates of these reactions, the mechanism of fluorescence quenching by ET, etc., than simple reaction schemes. By changing the parameters such as the free energy change of reaction, solvent dielectric constants, etc., one can construct the free energy surfaces for various systems. The effects of free energy change of reaction and of solvent polarity on the mechanism and relative importance of exciplex formation and Marcus ET in fluorescence quenching can be well explained. The free energy surface will also be useful for discussion of other phenomena related to ET reactions.     

α-羟基化吡咯烷亚硝胺代谢及形成DNA加合物反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论, 在B3LYP/6-31G**水平上, 研究了气相和水溶剂中, α-羟基化吡咯烷亚硝胺(α-hydroxylation-NPYR, A)代谢为终致癌物重氮氢氧化物(B)、重氮烷阳离子(C)和氧离子(D), 以及C与鸟嘌呤碱基相互作用的反应机理. 化合物A代谢为终致癌物, 涉及异构化和质子化过程, 是相对容易进行的放热反应. 终致癌物C与鸟嘌呤在N7位形成DNA加合物F和G的反应, 遵循S_N2机理. 加合物G由F异构形成, 且有相对高的异构化能(气相: 244.77 kJ/mol; 水溶剂中: 234.83 kJ/mol), 这与实验上得到加合物G是主要癌变物的结果一致.     

A computational study on the chemical fixation of carbon dioxide with epoxide catalyzed by LiBr salt

The chemical fixation of carbon dioxide with 2,3-epoxypropyl phenyl ether catalyzed by LiBr salt to produce a five-membered cyclic carbonate, 4-(phenoxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, has been extensively investigated at the B3LYP density functional level of theory. The solvent effects have been studied by means of a PCM model. All possible pathways are examined, and their corresponding energetics are demonstrated. Our results reveal that the overall reaction comprises three main steps: epoxide ring-opening, carbon dioxide insertion, and ring-closure of cyclic carbonate, none of which contains significantly large barriers. On the basis of the computed free energies of activation, the rate-determining step can be the ring-opening of epoxide or the ring-closure of cyclic carbonate with variation in the reaction conditions in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent. Our calculations indicate that path 2 is more favorable than path 1 in the gas phase, while both of them exist possibly in NMP solvent. The overall reaction is exothermic. Furthermore, the free energy profiles of all reaction pathways along the minima energy path in the gas phase and in NMP solvent were obtained and compared. It is shown that NMP solvent does not change the general trends for the reaction potential energy surfaces.     

手性噁唑磷烷-硼烷催化还原苯乙酮对映选择性的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论BHandH/6-31G**计算方法研究新型手性非金属催化剂1,3,2-噁唑磷烷-硼烷催化还原苯乙酮的对映选择性反应机理, 确定了在反应途径上的反应物、络合物、过渡态, 中间体和对映体中间产物. 计算结果表明, 该对映选择性还原反应是两个平行的分步反应, 对映体产物主要是(R)构型. 采用同样的方法研究了对映选择性还原反应在甲苯中的溶剂化效应. SCRF计算显示, 甲苯溶剂不改变反应的机理, 但能降低各驻点的能量和(R)反应的位垒, 有利于催化还原反应朝生成(R)构型中间产物的方向进行.     

Theoretical studies on the deacylation step of serine protease catalysis in the gas phase, in solution, and in elastase

The deacylation step of serine protease catalysis is studied using DFT and ab initio QM/MM calculations combined with MD/umbrella sampling calculations. Free energies of the entire reaction are calculated in the gas phase, in a continuum solvent, and in the enzyme elastase. The calculations show that a concerted mechanism in the gas phase is replaced by a stepwise mechanism when solvent effects or an acetate ion are added to the reference system, with the tetrahedral intermediate being a shallow minimum on the free energy surface. In the enzyme, the tetrahedral intermediate is a relatively stable species ( approximately 7 kcal/mol lower in energy than the transition state), mainly due to the electrostatic effects of the oxyanion hole and Asp102. It is formed in the first step of the reaction, as a result of a proton transfer from the nucleophilic water to His57 and of an attack of the remaining hydroxyl on the ester carbonyl. This is the rate-determining step of the reaction, which requires approximately 22 kcal/mol for activation, approximately 5 kcal/mol less than the reference reaction in water. In the second stage of the reaction, only small energy barriers are detected to facilitate the proton transfer from His57 to Ser195 and the breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate. Those are attributed mainly to a movement of Ser195 and to a rotation of the His57 side chain. During the rotation, the imidazolium ion is stabilized by a strong H-bond with Asp102, and the C(epsilon)(1)-H...O H-bond with Ser214 is replaced by one with Thr213, suggesting that a "ring-flip mechanism" is not necessary as a driving force for the reaction. The movements of His57 and Ser195 are highly correlated with rearrangements of the binding site, suggesting that product release may be implicated in the deacylation process.     

Peroxy acid epoxidation of acyclic allylic alcohols. Competition between s-trans and s-cis peroxy acid conformers

[Reaction: see text]. RB3LYP calculations, reported here, indicate that peroxy acid s-cis conformer is more stable than its s-trans counterpart, in agreement with experimental data. Difference in stability is the highest in the gas phase, but it falls considerably on going from the gas phase to moderately polar solvent. In the case of peroxy formic acid, the enthalpy (free energy) difference is about 3.4 (2.5) kcal/mol, respectively, in the gas phase but decreases to 1.2 (0.6) kcal/mol in dichloromethane solution. Introduction of an alkyl or aryl substituent on the peroxy acid, that is, on passing to peroxy acetic, peroxy benzoic (PBA), and m-chloroperoxy benzoic acid (MCPBA), adds a further significant (1.0-1.5 kcal/mol) favor to the s-cis isomer. RB3LYP/6-31+G(2d,p) calculations on the epoxidation of 2-propenol with peroxy formic and peroxy benzoic acids, respectively, suggest that the less stable peroxy acid s-trans conformer can compete with the more stable s-cis form in epoxidation reaction of these substrates. Transition structures arising from s-trans peroxy acids ("trans" TSs) retain both the well-established, for "cis" TS, perpendicular orientation of the O-H peroxy acid bond relative to the C=C bond and the one-step oxirane ring formation. These TSs collapse to the final epoxide via a 1,2-H shift at variance with the 1,4-H transfer of the classical Bartlett's "cis" mechanism. The "trans" reaction pathways have a higher barrier in the gas phase than the "cis" reaction channels, but in moderately polar solvents they become competitive. In fact, the "trans" TSs are always significantly more stabilized than their "cis" counterparts by solvation effects. Calculations also suggest that going from peroxy formic to peroxy benzoic acid should slightly disfavor the "trans" route relative to the "cis" one, reflecting, in an attenuated way, the decrease in the peroxy acid s-trans/s-cis conformer ratio. The predicted behavior for MCPBA parallels that of PBA acid.