Scatter correction for cone-beam computed tomography using self-adaptive scatter kernel superposition

The authors propose a combined scatter reduction and correction method to improve image quality in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The scatter kernel superposition (SKS) method has been used occasionally in previous studies. However, this method differs in that a scatter detecting blocker (SDB) was used between the X-ray source and the tested object to model the self-adaptive scatter kernel. This study first evaluates the scatter kernel parameters using the SDB, and then isolates the scatter distribution based on the SKS. The quality of image can be improved by removing the scatter distribution. The results show that the method can effectively reduce the scatter artifacts, and increase the image quality. Our approach increases the image contrast and reduces the magnitude of cupping. The accuracy of the SKS technique can be significantly improved in our method by using a self-adaptive scatter kernel. This method is computationally efficient, easy to implement, and provides scatter correction using a single scan acquisition.     

Robust scatter correction method for cone-beam CT using an interlacing-slit plate

Cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT) has been widely used in medical imaging and industrial nondestructive testing,but the presence of scattered radiation will cause significant reduction of image quality.In this article,a robust scatter correction method for CBCT using an interlacing-slit plate(ISP) is carried out for convenient practice.Firstly,a Gaussian filtering method is proposed to compensate the missing data of the inner scatter image,and simultaneously avoid too-large values of calculated inner scatter and smooth the inner scatter field.Secondly,an interlacing-slit scan without detector gain correction is carried out to enhance the practicality and convenience of the scatter correction method.Finally,a denoising step for scatter-corrected projection images is added in the process flow to control the noise amplification The experimental results show that the improved method can not only make the scatter correction more robust and convenient,but also achieve a good quality of scatter-corrected slice images.     

Scatter correction method for cone-beam CT based on interlacing-slit scan

Cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT) has the notable features of high efficiency and high precision, and is widely used in areas such as medical imaging and industrial non-destructive testing. However, the presence of the ray scatter reduces the quality of CT images. By referencing the slit collimation approach, a scatter correction method for CBCT based on the interlacing-slit scan is proposed. Firstly, according to the characteristics of CBCT imaging, a scatter suppression plate with interlacing slits is designed and fabricated. Then the imaging of the scatter suppression plate is analyzed, and a scatter correction calculation method for CBCT based on the image fusion is proposed, which can splice out a complete set of scatter suppression projection images according to the interlacing-slit projection images of the left and the right imaging regions in the scatter suppression plate, and simultaneously complete the scatter correction within the flat panel detector(FPD). Finally, the overall process of scatter suppression and correction is provided. The experimental results show that this method can significantly improve the clarity of the slice images and achieve a good scatter correction.     

Modeling Scatter in Multiple Energy Windows to Incorporate Scattered Radiation Information in Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging

Using scattered radiation as useful information to improve radioisotope image quality is a topic attracting many researchers. Some reports showed that incorporating scattered components offers a possibility to improve image quality. The general method is modeling scatter in multiple energy windows and incorporating that information into the reconstruction process. However, what the performance will be and how noise will behave when using scattered radiation in reconstruction are not yet well answered. In this paper, we investigate a method of modeling scatter in multiple energy windows in cases of a few projection views. The system performance is analyzed using singular value decomposition and resolution kernels. For noise behavior investigation, reconstructions are accomplished by estimating the variance of reconstructed voxel values and the effectiveness of using scatter is evaluated by resolution kernel analysis. The results show there are improvements in normalized mean-square error of the images and the resolution kernels. When photon counts fall below about one million, it is still effective to use scatter for some cases of a few projections     

闪光照相底片成像非线性校正技术研究

介绍了利用黑密度~穿透光程关系曲线对底片接收方式下的闪光照相图像进行非线性校正的方法. 根据闪光照相成像原理, 在光场均匀、散射均匀的条件下, 图像的黑密度是照相客体的穿透光程的单调函数. 当有一定的散射分布时, 相当于校正图像中叠加了一本底成分, 利用先验知识可以扣除. 因此可以用黑密度~穿透光程关系曲线进行闪光照相图像的非线性校正. 利用本方法对一三棱柱照相客体的图像进行了非线性校正, 处理结果证实了该方法的有效性.     

图像平场校正方法的扩展应用研究

对于图像阵列探测器而言,由于各像元响应的不一致使得所获图像中各像元灰度存在差异（响应的非均性现象）,而图像的平场校正可以非常有效地消除图像中各像元响应的不一致性.如果将图像背景或光路中影响成像的一些因素在一定程度上看作是图像探测器的响应,认为它是响应非均匀的组成部分,根据平场校正的原理对其进行处理,则可以获得较好的效果.     

Estimation of mutual information objective function based on Fourier shift theorem: an application to eddy current distortion correction in diffusion tensor imaging

Diffusion tensor imaging requires correction of eddy current distortion in diffusion-weighted images. An effective retrospective correction approach is to transform a diffusion-weighted image to maximize the mutual information (MI) between the transformed diffusion-weighted image and the corresponding T2-weighted image. In the literature, either linear interpolation or partial volume interpolation is applied to estimate the MI objective function. However, these interpolation methods induce artifacts to the MI objective function, thus compromising correction results. In this work, the MI objective function is estimated based on interpolation using Fourier shift theorem. This method eliminates the artifacts incurred with the aforementioned interpolation methods. The algorithm is further improved by approximating pixel values using their nearest neighbors in the up-sampled spatial domain, resulting in dramatically increased computational efficiency without compromising the correction results. The effects of varying the number of quantization levels and using Parzen window filtering to smooth the MI objective function are also investigated to obtain optimized algorithm parameters. The diffusion tensor image quality after applying the proposed distortion correction method is significantly improved visually.     

闪光照相散射定量技术初步研究北大核心CSCD

高能MeV闪光照相所针对的客体通常具有极高的面密度。当X射线穿过客体时,直穿X射线的强度将被极大衰减,到达成像面的直穿信号可能被散射“噪声”所淹没,若直接对图像进行反演将严重影响照相重建精度。从散射抑制角度出发,目前主要采用网柵相机即阵列型准直孔阻挡散射,但网栅相机的应用效果受光源位置稳定性影响较大,且网栅不易加工。提出了一种可实时定量散射强度的照相方案,该方案利用狭缝准直器对散射的抑制能力不随散射强度变化而改变这一特点,对现有照相布局进行小改进,利用已知客体实验结果标定狭缝准直器对散射的抑制能力,进一步自洽确定待测客体的散射量大小。基于蒙卡方法的仿真照相实验结果表明,当采用低面密度客体标定散射抑制系数时,高面密度客体散射强度的估计值与模拟真实值偏差可小于2%。     

锥束CT平板探测器成像的余晖建模与校正方法

锥束CT具有高效率和高精度的显著特点, 在医学成像与工业无损检测等领域已得到广泛应用, 但余晖的存在降低了CT图像的质量. 本文借鉴余晖多指数衰减模型的思想, 结合平板探测器输出信号的实际衰减规律, 提出了一种新的基于多指数拟合的余晖衰减建模及校正方法. 首先进行了基于平板探测器的锥束CT成像实验, 结果表明平板探测器各像素的余晖衰减规律具有良好的一致性, 且余晖衰减规律与初始灰度的大小无关; 其后根据建立的余晖衰减模型实现了余晖的快速校正, 并分析比较了余晖校正前后投影图像和切片图像质量, 表明余晖校正后的零件轮廓清晰度得到了显著提升. 该方法无需获取探测器闪烁体成分及其衰减时间常数, 便于实际锥束CT成像系统的余晖检测与校正. 关键词： 余晖 平板探测器 锥束CT 多指数衰减     

一种面向土壤重金属含量检测的X射线荧光光谱预处理方法研究

土壤重金属的污染影响着农作物的产量和质量。传统的土壤重金属检测方法步骤繁琐、检测费用高且速度慢。利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析技术检测土壤中重金属含量，具有处理简单、现场、快速、无损等优点。由于土壤背景复杂，包含大量噪声和无关信息，建立XRF校正模型前，对光谱的预处理能有效的去除不相干信息，保留有用信息，对XRF预测模型的精度有重要影响。主要研究光谱预处理方法对重金属含量预测模型精度的影响。首先，采用向前间隔偏最小二乘(FiPLS)作为校正模型，对比了无预处理、去趋势处理(DT)、标准正态变量变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、小波去噪(WT)、SNV+DT、卷积平滑(SG)+一阶导数、卷积平滑(SG)+二阶导数等7种不同预处理条件下的土壤重金属模型的检测精度。初步结果表明，多元散射校正预处理方法效果较好，与原始光谱相比，相关系数r从原始的0.988提高到0.990，预测均方根误差RMSEP、相对误差平均从原来的20.809和0.166分别降低到19.051和0.121。其次，在多元散射校正预处理方法的基础上，针对多元散射校正方法以线性表达式描述非线性关系的局限性，提出了局部加权线性回归多元散射校正(LWLRMSC)和偏最小二乘多元散射校正(PLSMSC)，并比较了它们的建模效果。LWLRMSC是基于加权思想，在预测一个点的值时，选择适当的核函数和权重分配策略进行预测点的线性回归，来解决简单线性回归的欠拟合状况；PLSMSC是基于PLS建模思想，考虑了自变量和因变量的最大相关性，来减少拟合误差及失真问题。结果表明，PLSMSC具有最佳的预处理效果，五种重金属Cu，Zn，As，Pb，Cr预测值和实际值的R分别为0.989，0.973，0.991，0.989和0.986，RMSEP分别为8.805，58.360，7.671，12.549和20.851，相比于传统的MSC方法不仅在精度方面有大幅度的提升，且具有更好的泛化性能，能消除光谱噪声，提升有效信息贡献度，为土壤重金属含量预测模型选取合适的预处理方法提供了理论支撑。     

一种结合图像复原技术的自适应光学系统控制方法

在天文高分辨成像领域,自适应光学校正和事后图像复原都必不可少,但传统的自适应光学系统控制方法以提升光学成像质量为目的,并未考虑图像复原环节,因此,研究一种结合两者以获得高质量复原图像为目标的控制方法具有重要意义.本文对传统自适应光学技术结合事后图像解卷积的方法进行了分析,阐述了其存在的缺陷.首次提出了将自适应光学技术和图像复原技术相结合进行系统分析的思想,并提出了变形镜校正度(变形镜控制电压相对于传统方法控制电压的缩放比例)的概念,通过改变校正度可实现变形镜校正残差和波前传感器探测误差的调整,同时证明了复原图像质量在校正度下降的方向存在一个最优值,用最优校正度来修正变形镜控制电压,就得到了一种新的控制方法.针对点源目标成像,仿真表明该方法相比于传统方法,能够得到质量更好的复原图像.     

核密度估计时-空域滤波红外背景抑制方法

提出一种基于核密度估计的时-空域滤波算法,用于红外搜索跟踪系统图像的背景抑制。算法分为空域滤波和时域滤波两部分。在空域滤波中,采用核密度估计算法对背景进行平滑;在时域滤波中,采用核密度估计算法对经过空域滤波后的图像灰度值进行概率计算,判别属于背景残差的灰度值,然后做进一步的滤除。核方法对背景有很好的光滑性且易于计算机实现,实验表明,这种非参方法设计的时-空域滤波算法对背景杂波有非常良好的抑制效果,信噪比也得到明显提高。     

Improved optimization strategies for autofocusing motion compensation in MRI via the analysis of image metric maps

Autofocusing is a postprocessing technique for motion correction, which optimizes an image quality metric against various trial motions. In this work, image metric maps, which are measures of image quality plotted as a function of in-plane 2-D trial translations, are systematically studied to develop improved autofocusing motion correction algorithms. It is shown that determining object motion with autofocusing is equivalent to an image metric map optimization problem. These maps provide insights into the motion compensation process and help improve several aspects of the correction algorithm, including the selection of the image metric and motion search strategy. A highly efficient and robust 2-D global optimization method is devised, exploiting the properties of the metric map pattern. The improved algorithm is used to correct phantom and clinical MR images with in-plane 2-D translational motion and is shown to be more effective than existing methods.     

An interpolating reproducing kernel particle method for two-dimensional scatter points

An interpolating reproducing kernel particle method for two-dimensional(2D) scatter points is introduced. It eliminates the dependency of gridding in numerical calculations. The interpolating shape function in the interpolating reproducing kernel particle method satisfies the property of the Kronecker delta function. This method offers a mathematics basis for recognition technology and simulation analysis, which can be expressed as simultaneous differential equations in science or project problems. Mathematical examples are given to show the validity of the interpolating reproducing kernel particle method.     

Color correction for high dynamic range images using a chromatic adaptation method

In the image capturing process using a camera, poor illumination has an influence on the image quality, especially in regards to the contrast and details in the dark regions. Generally, high dynamic range (HDR) imaging techniques are used to match the quality between the real scene and the displayed image. However, in images using the multi-exposure technique or regular photography, the images are limited by the veiling glare, which is scene-, exposure-, lens-, aperture-, and camera-dependent. This study mainly addressed images using the multi-exposure technique and developed a color correction scheme that uses a chromatic adaptation method. In the tone mapping using a Gaussian pyramid, the adaptation level is obtained based on a linear Gaussian filter. The resulting image is then processed through the developed tone-mapping function. This allows the chromatic adaptation method to address the mismatches between the real world and the displayed image. The experiment results show that the proposed method yields a better color correction performance compared to conventional methods.     

显微数字全息数值再现中的自动聚焦

自动聚焦是显微数字全息数值再现中的一项关键技术。基于菲涅耳变换重建算法, 采用实验验证的方法, 对显微数字全息成像中六种典型聚焦评价函数的性能进行了对比研究。提出了利用再现像部分区域进行调焦判断的方法。结果表明, 这些函数都具有较好的单峰性、一致的调焦范围和准确性, 但与梯度运算相关的调焦函数运算时间太长; 傅里叶频谱函数调焦速度最快, 是首选的聚焦评价函数。选取再现像部分区域作为调焦计算区域, 可大大缩短调焦时间。对于低信噪比全息图, 利用维纳自适应滤波进行预处理及对再现像进行后处理, 有利于提高自动调焦的准确性及再现像的质量。     

Fast Estimation of Scatter Components Using the Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization Algorithm for Scatter Compensation

In this work we propose a method for scatter compensation in single photon emission computed tomography imaging, by which we can estimate the scatter components in projections in high speed with good accuracy. The method is that we first estimate the scatter components in projections based on scatter response kernels by one time of ordered subsets expectation maximization iterative reconstruction, and then subtract the estimated scatter components from the projections and complete reconstruction by filtered back-projection method. The principle is that the image corresponding to the scatter components in projections consists largely of low-frequency components of an activity distribution; these low-frequency components will converge faster than the high ones in iterative reconstruction. Therefore, we can estimate the low-frequency component image before the image converges with the high-frequency ones, and obtain the scatter components by re-projecting the low-frequency component image with scatter response kernels. The effects of the proposed method were compared with the dual- and triple-energy window methods using experimental measurements. The results show that good accuracy in estimated scatter components, good uniformity of scatter compensation at the center and the side of an object, and good noise property can be acquired by this method.     

TG-2/MAI CCD像元响应特性不一致性的在轨分析及校正

CCD像元响应特性的差异是制约MAI成像质量及其数据定量化应用的主要因素之一。为了提高MAI数据质量,本文基于全量程多段分析与校正法,利用2016年9月至2018年3月期间共104403帧观测数据,分别对MAI偏振通道和非偏振通道的像元响应特性的不一致性开展了在轨分析与校正,并利用GOME-2和MODIS数据产品对校正结果进行了验证。首先,假定观测样本足够多,即每个CCD像元观测的样本具有相同的遍历性,则各CCD像元对应的所有样本的平均DN值可以代表CCD各像元的响应特性;其次,利用104 403帧观测数据构建各个通道的参考图像,并利用MAI中心5×5像元给出各参考图像对应的标准DN值;在此基础上分别对MAI偏振通道和非偏振通道开展了像元响应特性的分析,结果表明,MAI各通道均存在CCD像元响应特性不一致的问题,各通道的不一致性大约在4%～10%之间,对偏振通道而言,同一偏振波段的三个偏振通道之间像元响应特性的不一致性有一定的相似性,像元响应特性不一致性的差异基本在1%以内。然后,将MAI近两年的观测数据分为前后两个时间段进行对比分析。结果表明：前后两个时间段偏振通道和非偏振通道的图像均具有很好的一致性,即CCD像元响应特性未随时间发生显著变化,这也进一步验证了前面MAI数据量充足的假定。因此,可以利用全量程多段校正法逐通道逐像元开展CCD像元响应特性不一致性的校正。基于该方法校正后,MAI图像质量得到显著改善,图像四周响应偏低的区域明显改善,基本和周围像元的响应达到了同一水平;图像更加平滑,颗粒感基本消除;部分区域的场景发生了变化,特别是碎云等反射率介于中低反射率之间的目标。基于GOME-2的交叉对比结果表明,MAI 565,670和763 nm波段反射率与GOME-2的参考反射率之间的平均绝对偏差分别由校正前的1.6%,4.2%和2.2%减小至校正后的0.5%,2.6%和0.4%;此外,基于多通道云识别方法开展的云检测表明,校正后的MAI云检测结果与MODIS云检测产品一致性更好。因此,全量程多段校正方法可以有效解决MAI CCD像元响应特性的不一致性,显著提高MAI在轨观测的质量,且该方法也可以应用于其他CCD仪器的在轨校正。     

Object image correction using an X‐ray dynamical diffraction Fraunhofer hologram

Taking into account background correction and using Fourier analysis, a numerical method of an object image correction using an X‐ray dynamical diffraction Fraunhofer hologram is presented. An example of the image correction of a cylindrical beryllium wire is considered. A background correction of second‐order iteration leads to an almost precise reconstruction of the real part of the amplitude transmission coefficient and improves the imaginary part compared with that without a background correction. Using Fourier analysis of the reconstructed transmission coefficient, non‐physical oscillations can be avoided. This method can be applied for the determination of the complex amplitude transmission coefficient of amplitude as well as phase objects, and can be used in X‐ray microscopy.     

闪光照相系统的散射分布与降散射的数值模拟

 对法国试验客体（FTO）的3 m照相系统建模,利用Monte-Carlo方法模拟X光子输运过程,得到了系统的散射分布和系统器件对散射的贡献。结果表明：后保护锥是系统散射的主要来源,对于任意一点,后保护锥的散射占总散射的75%以上。FTO的散射主要是FTO外层材料和边缘的散射,这部分散射占客体总散射的90%以上。利用坡度准直器对系统散射严重的区域进行的降散射,表明坡度准直器是一个很好的降散射器件,能有效提高图像质量。