鹿茸寡肽的制备及其促成骨细胞的增殖作用

从梅花鹿鹿茸中提取了天然鹿茸总多肽(VATP). 在进一步分离纯化的过程中, 筛选出具有促进成骨细胞增殖的高活性肽组分(VAP-B), 并通过制备型HPLC对其纯化, 得到了分子量分布约为200~600的小肽活性组分(VAP-B2). 细胞周期分析结果表明, 鹿茸肽VAP-B2组分促进了人成骨肉瘤细胞OS-732的周期转化, 使其细胞周期S期细胞指数明显增加, 即表现为S期DNA含量明显提高. 碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性检测结果表明, 随着鹿茸肽VAP-B2剂量的增加, ALP的活性明显增加. 这与成骨细胞增殖分化及成熟过程中, 细胞的周期性变化和骨形成标志物碱性磷酸酶水平的明显增高相符.     

水解珍珠体外抗氧化活性的研究

本文以L-抗坏血酸(VC)为对照组,测定水解珍珠对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和ABTS自由基的清除能力,研究水解珍珠的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:水解珍珠对DPPH和ABTS自由基具有较强的清除能力,IC_(50)分别为0.07%和0.14%;而对羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力相对较弱,IC_(50)分别为12.60%和7.65%;其IC_(50)均低于VC,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05)。另外,水解珍珠对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和ABTS自由基的清除率都随着体积分数的增大而显著增加(p0.05)。水解珍珠具备较高的抗氧化能力,可为珍珠资源的开发利用提供理论依据。     

不同工艺的荔枝核提取物抗氧化活性的比较

分别采用回流提取、热浸提取、微波辅助提取法分离荔枝核活性成分,测定了不同工艺制备的荔枝核提取物抑制油脂氧化以及清除羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的抗氧化活性.结果表明,荔枝核提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性,能够有效地抑制油脂氧化;不同工艺的提取物对油脂抗氧化作用的排序为微波提取物热浸提取物回流提取物.与此同时,荔枝核提取物能够有效地清除羟基自由基,其中微波提取物的半清除率质量浓度(EC50)约为0.76 g/L,热浸提取物的EC50约为0.94 g/L,回流提取物的EC50约为2.0 g/L.此外,荔枝核提取物对超氧阴离子自由基也有一定的清除效果.     

猫须草多酚的提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

研究猫须草多酚的提取工艺及其抗氧化活性。通过单因素试验探讨提取剂、乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数等因素对猫须草多酚提取率的影响,在单因素试验的基础上进行正交试验,结果表明,猫须草多酚的最佳提取工艺条件如下:10%乙醇,料液比1∶30,提取温度90℃,提取时间40min,在该条件下猫须草多酚的提取率为11.99mg·g-1。通过测定猫须草多酚清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、亚硝酸根离子的能力及其还原力,对猫须草多酚的抗氧化活性进行评价,结果表明,在一定质量浓度范围内,猫须草多酚清除DPPH自由基的能力及还原力优于Vc,清除超氧阴离子自由基的能力与Vc接近,但清除亚硝酸根离子的能力低于Vc。     

芜菁籽不同溶剂提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

通过体外试验初步研究芜菁籽提取物的抗氧化活性。用95%乙醇为溶剂提取芜菁籽,采用有机溶剂萃取法将提取物分为石油醚相,乙酸乙酯相,正丁醇相和水相等4个不同极性部位、同时测定了各相提取物对羟自由基,超氧阴离子自由基,DPPH自由基的清除能力,并与合成抗氧化剂BHT进行对照。结果表明,芜菁籽提取物的不同极性部位均有抗氧化活性,其抗氧化效果随着浓度的增加而增强,乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相的还原能力及清除O-2.,DPPH和.OH的能力均强于水相和石油醚相,乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相的抗氧化作用强,是天然抗氧化剂的良好来源,应对其进一步分离纯化。     

Enterobacter Cloacae Z0206细菌胞外富硒多糖的抗氧化活性

利用产多糖菌Enterobacter cloacae Z0206(E.cloacaeZ0206)的深层发酵法制备了E.cloacae Z0206细菌富硒多糖;测定了其还原能力和清除1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)自由基、超氧阴离子及羟自由基的能力.结果表明,通过深层富硒发酵、醇沉离心等制备富硒多糖SEPS的产量为9.28g/L,富硒量为2.314mg/g;E.cloacae Z0206富硒多糖对DPPH自由基和羟自由基具有较好的清除作用,在浓度为5g/L时对DPPH自由基和羟自由基的清除率分别为80.35%和84.26%,并具有较强的还原能力,但其对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力较差.     

纳米化对维生素E抗氧化作用的影响

为探讨纳米化对vitamin E抗氧化作用的影响,检测了纳米化vitamin E对抑制超氧阴离子自由基产生的能力、总抗氧化能力以及对4℃贮存红细胞SOD活性的影响。结果表明,与乳化vitamin E相比,纳米化vitamin E能显著提高vitamin E总抗氧化能力和保护4℃贮存红细胞SOD活性的能力(P<0.001);在抑制超氧阴离子自由基的产生方面,乳化vitamin E在低质量浓度(<640μg/L)时,能抑制超氧阴离子自由基的产生,而在高质量浓度(>1 280μg/L)时,则助超氧阴离子自由基的产生;而纳米vitamin E表现为其抗超氧阴离子自由基的能力随其剂量的增加而增强,提示纳米vitamin E在生物学效应方面已发生了某种变化,对纳米化vitamin E的生物学效应还需进一步研究。     

马鲛鱼抗氧化肽的纳流液相色谱法分离与筛选

在海洋天然产物中,马鲛鱼是一种重要的高活性抗氧化肽生物源,具有极高的加工附加值。由于鱼体组织的复杂性,活性抗氧化肽成分的提取和筛选对样品制备和分离技术提出了挑战。使用不同蛋白酶对鱼体组织进行酶解时,所获得的活性肽结构及功能活性会有显著的差别。为了获得高活性的抗氧化肽,该研究分别考察了风味蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶5种蛋白酶的酶解效果。以二苯代苦味肼基自由基(DPPH·)、羟自由基(·OH)清除率和水解度(DH)为指标,筛选最优水解酶。结果表明,胰蛋白酶酶解液清除DPPH·和·OH能力最强,清除率分别达到88.93%±0.82%和53.09%±0.73%。在单因素试验的基础上,以DPPH·清除率为响应值,以加酶量、酶解温度和时间为函数,进行了三因素三水平响应面试验,获得水解度23.66%、DPPH·清除率93.78%以及·OH清除率62.59%的最优制备条件。纳流液相色谱具有低样品量、低溶剂消耗和高效等优势。为筛选出适合于马鲛鱼内脏抗氧化肽分离分析的固定相,该研究使用1∶1000分流比的纳流液相平台,分别使用反相C18柱(15 cm×100 μm, 5 μm, 30 nm)和强阳离子交换柱(15 cm×100 μm, 5 μm, 100 nm)进行分离,收集、冻干并评测了各组分的抗氧化能力。结果表明,强阳离子交换固定相更适合于马鲛鱼内脏抗氧化肽的分离纯化,并筛选出1个强活性抗氧化肽组分。该组分DPPH·清除力的半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)为0.672±0.051 mg/mL,与纯化前相比提高了13.6倍。该研究报道了纳流液相色谱在海洋天然产物源抗氧化肽分离分析中的应用,并证明了其在活性抗氧化肽成分筛选中的有效性和良好的应用前景。     

复合酶酶解假酸浆黄酮苷抗氧化性研究

本文研究了复合酶酶解前后假酸浆提取物的抗氧化活性能力,并采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对酶解产物中总黄酮进行了分离,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术对其鉴定分析。通过对DPPH自由基、羟自由基及超氧阴离子自由基清除能力实验,酶解液抗氧化性能显著高于假酸浆提取液;酶解液的薄层及HPLC-MS法初步鉴定出假酸浆中含有桑色素、二氢槲皮素和儿茶素三种黄酮。     

C70-β-丙氨酸衍生物抗氧化性的研究

在非均相碱性体系中,合成了C70-β-丙氨酸衍生物.采用FT-IR和1H NMR手段对其结构进行了表征,并考察了它对超氧阴离子清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力、还原能力及金属螯合能力.结果表明:C70-β-丙氨酸衍生物具有良好的抗氧化活性,并且β-丙氨酸在四个体系中并未表现出抗氧化活性,说明C70-β-丙氨酸衍生物的抗氧化能力可能主要来自于C70上的双键.     

Statistical Optimization of Recycled-Paper Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Via Central Composite Design

A central composite design of the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the effects of temperature, enzyme concentration, and stirring rate on recycled-paper enzymatic hydrolysis. Among the three variables, temperature and enzyme concentration significantly affected the conversion efficiency of substrate, whereas stirring rate was not effective. A quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for enzymatic hydrolysis by multiple regression analysis using RSM. The results of validation experiments were coincident with the predicted model. The optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were temperature, enzyme concentration, and stirring rate of 43.1 °C, 20 FPU g⁻¹ substrate, and 145 rpm, respectively. In the subsequent simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) experiment under the optimum conditions, the highest 28.7 g ethanol l⁻¹ was reached in the fed-batch SSF when 5% (w/v) substrate concentration was used initially, and another 5% added after 12 h fermentation. This ethanol output corresponded to 77.7% of the theoretical yield based on the glucose content in the raw material.     

Quantitative assessment of the enzymatic degradation of amorphous cellulose by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring

The systematic evaluation of the degradation of an amorphous cellulose film by a monocomponent endoglucanase (EG I) by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) identified several important aspects relevant to the study the kinetics of cellulose degradation by enzymes. It was demonstrated that, to properly evaluate the mechanism of action, steady state conditions in the experimental set up need to be reached. Rinsing or diluting the enzyme, as well as concentration of the enzyme, can have a pronounced effect on the hydrolysis. Quantification of the actual hydrolysis was carried out by measuring the film thickness reduction by atomic force microscopy after the enzymatic treatment. The values correlated well with the frequency data obtained by QCM-D measurement for corresponding films. This demonstrated that the evaluation of hydrolysis by QCM-D can be done quantitatively. Tuning of the initial thickness of films enabled variation of the volume of substrate available for hydrolysis which was then utilized in establishing a correlation between substrate volume and hydrolytic activity of EG I as measured by QCM-D. It was shown that, although the amount of substrate affects the absolute rate of hydrolysis, the relative rate of hydrolysis does not depend on the initial amount of substrate in steady state system. With this experimental setup it was also possible to demonstrate the impact of concentration on crowding of enzyme and subsequent hydrolysis efficiency. This effort also shows the action of EG I on a fully amorphous substrate as observed by QCM-D. The enzyme was shown to work uniformly within the whole volume of swollen film, however being unable to fully degrade the amorphous film.     

Enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic materials using simultaneous ball milling

One of the limiting factors restricting the effective and efficient bioconversion of softwood-derived lignocellulosic residues is the recalcitrance of the substrate following pretreatment. Consequently, the ensuing enzymatic process requires relatively high enzyme loadings to produce monomeric carbohydrates that are readily fermentable by ethanologenic microorganisms. In an attempt to circumvent the need for larger enzyme loadings, a simultaneous physical and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment was evaluated. A ball-mill reactor was used as the digestion vessel, and the extent and rate of hydrolysis were monitored. Concurrently, enzyme adsorption profiles and the rate of conversion during the course of hydrolysis were monitored. α-Cellulose, employed as a model substrate, and SO₂-impregnated steam-exploded Douglas-fir wood chips were assessed as the cellulosic substrates. The softwood-derived substrate was further posttreated with water and hot alkaline hydrogen peroxide to remove >90% of the original lignin. Experiments at different reaction conditions were evaluated, including substrate concentration, enzyme loading, reaction volumes, and number of ball beads employed during mechanical milling. It was apparent that the best conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of α-cellulose were attained using a higher number of beads, while the presence of air-liquid interface did not seem to affect the rate of saccharification. Similarly, when employing the lignocellulosic substrate, up to 100% hydrolysis could be achieved with a minimum enzyme loading (10 filter paper units/g of cellulose), at lower substrate concentrations and with a greater number of reaction beads during milling. It was apparent that the combined strategy of simultaneous ball milling and enzymatic hydrolysis could improve the rate of saccharification and/or reduce the enzyme loading required to attain total hydrolysis of the carbohydrate moieties.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of high-moisture corn fiber pretreated by afex and recovery and recycling of the enzyme complex

Corn fiber is a grain-processing residue containing significant amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch, which is collected in facilities where fuel ethanol is currently manufactured. Preliminary research has shown that corn fiber (30% moisture dry weight basis [dwb]) responds well to ammonia-fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatment. However, an important AFEX pretreatment variable that has not been adequately explored for corn fiber is sample moisture. In the present investigation, we determined the best AFEX operating conditions for pretreatment of corn fiber at high moisture content (150% moisture dwb). The optimized AFEX treatment conditions are defined in terms of the moisture content, particle size, ammonia to biomass ratio, temperature, and residence time using the response of the pretreated biomass to enzymatic hydrolysis as an indicator. Approximate optimal-pretreatment conditions for unground corn fiber containing 150% (dwb) moisture were found to be: temperature, 90?C; ammonia: dry corn fiber mass ratio, 1:1; and residence time 30 min (average reactor pressure under these conditions was 200 pounds per square inch [psig]). Enzymatic hydrolysis of the treated corn fiber was performed with three different enzyme combinations. More than 80% of the theoretical sugar yield was obtained during enzymatic hydrolysis using the best enzyme combination after pretreatment of corn fiber under the optimized conditions previously described. A simple process for enzyme recovery and reuse to hydrolyze multiple portions of AFEX-treated corn fiber by one portion of enzyme preparation is demonstrated. Using this process, five batches of fresh substrate (at a concentration of 5% w/v) were successfully hydrolyzed by repeated recovery and reuse of one portion of enzyme preparation, with the addition of a small portion of fresh enzyme in each subsequent recycling step.     

Optimization of a microwave-coupled enzymatic digestion process to prepare peanut peptides

The best enzyme to prepare peanut peptides, papain, coupled with microwave irradiation was selected from five common proteases according to the results of the yield of peanut peptides [nitrogen solution index (NSI) in trichloroacetic acid (TCA), TCA-NSI] and the degree of hydrolysis (DH). The main factors that influenced the microwave-coupled enzymatic digestion method were optimized by response surface analysis. The optimal conditions obtained were as follows: microwave extraction time, 9.5 min; power, 600 W; substrate concentration, 4%; enzymatic reaction temperature, 50 °C; enzyme quantity, 6,500 U/g; pH, 7.1 (phosphate buffer, 0.05 mol/L). Under these conditions, TCA-NSI was 62.00% and DH was 25.89%, which is higher than that obtained with either protease hydrolysis or microwave hydrolysis alone.     

A Dynamic Model for Cellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis: a Comprehensive Analysis and Validation of Hydrolysis and Product Inhibition Mechanisms

The objective of this study is to perform a comprehensive enzyme kinetics analysis in view of validating and consolidating a semimechanistic kinetic model consisting of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass proposed by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Kadam et al., Biotechnol Prog 20(3):698–705, 2004) and its variations proposed in this work. A number of dedicated experiments were carried out under a range of initial conditions (Avicel® versus pretreated barley straw as substrate, different enzyme loadings and different product inhibitors such as glucose, cellobiose and xylose) to test the hydrolysis and product inhibition mechanisms of the model. A nonlinear least squares method was used to identify the model and estimate kinetic parameters based on the experimental data. The suitable mathematical model for industrial application was selected among the proposed models based on statistical information (weighted sum of square errors). The analysis showed that transglycosylation plays a key role at high glucose levels. It also showed that the values of parameters depend on the selected experimental data used for parameter estimation. Therefore, the parameter values are not universal and should be used with caution. The model proposed by Kadam et al. (Biotechnol Prog 20(3):698–705, 2004) failed to predict the hydrolysis phenomena at high glucose levels, but when combined with transglycosylation reaction(s), the prediction of cellulose hydrolysis behaviour over a broad range of substrate concentrations (50–150 g/L) and enzyme loadings (15.8–31.6 and 1–5.9 mg protein/g cellulose for Celluclast and Novozyme 188, respectively) was possible. This is the first study introducing transglycosylation into the semimechanistic model. As long as these type of models are used within the boundary of their validity (substrate type, enzyme source and substrate concentration), they can support process design and technology improvement efforts at pilot and full-scale studies.     

Research on the Conditions of Enzymatic Saccharification for Sugarcane Bagasse

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Determination in plasma of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor by inhibitor-binding assay.

A method of determining a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (CS-622) and its active metabolite (RS-5139) in plasma by inhibitor-binding assay has been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The assay is based on the principle that the amount of inhibitor bound to the enzyme is inversely related to the amount of hippuric acid liberated on hydrolysis from the artificial substrate (hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine). Plasma was heated at 60 degrees C for 15 min, to inactivate endogenous enzyme, and preincubated with rabbit-lung angiotensin-converting enzyme at 37 degrees C for 3 min. The artificial substrate (5.75 mg/ml in pH 8.3 phosphate buffer containing sodium chloride) was added to the resulting solution, and the mixture was incubated for 30 min. The reaction was terminated by the addition of 2 M hydrochloric acid. The hippuric acid liberated on hydrolysis was extracted with ethyl acetate and determined by reversed-phase chromatography using methylparaben as an internal standard. The total concentration of the inhibitor and its metabolite were determined by this method after de-esterification by rat-plasma esterase. The standard curve was obtained by the regression analysis of log concentration against logit response. The within-day and day-to-day precision were satisfactory. The proposed method is simple, rapid and sensitive enough to determine angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in plasma.     

Kinetic characterization ofpenicillium citrinum lipase in AOT/lsooctane-reversed micelles

A lipase from a wild strain ofPenicillium citrinum was encapsulated in AOT/isooctane-reversed micelles, and the kinetic parameters were studied relative to triolein hydrolysis. Lipolytic activity was strongly dependent on the water amount in the system (W_o) and presented a bell-shaped curve for this parameter, with a maximum in the range of W_o 10–15. Optimum conditions for enzyme activity were pH 8.0 and 45?C. The influence of substrate concentration was also studied. The enzyme showed a Michaelis-Menten behavior and the apparent kinetics constants were calculated as beingV _max.app. - 120 U/mg and K_mapp = 49.2 mM.     

Discrimination among eight modified michaelis-menten kinetics models of cellulose hydrolysis with a large range of substrate/enzyme ratios

The kinetics of exoglucanase (Cel7A) from Trichoderma reesei was investigated in the presence of cellobiose and 24 different enzyme/Avicel ratios for 47 h, in order to establish which of the eight available kinetic models best explained the factors involved. The heterogeneous catalysis was studied and the kinetic parameters were estimated employing integrated forms of Michaelis-Menten equations through the use of nonlinear least squares. It was found that cellulose hydrolysis follows a model that takes into account competitive inhibition by cellobiose (final product) with the following parameters: Km = 3.8 mM, Kic = 0.041 mM, kcat = 2 h-1 (5.6 x 10-4 s-1). Other models, such as mixed type inhibition and those incorporating improvements concerning inhibition by substrate and parabolic inhibition, increased the modulation performance very slightly. The results support the hypothesis that nonproductive enzyme substrate complexes, parabolic inhibition, and enzyme inactivation (Selwyn test) are not the principal constraints in enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Under our conditions, the increment in hydrolysis was not significant for substrate/enzyme ratios <6.5.