Kinetics of the polymerization of potassium p-styrenesulphonate in various media

The free radical polymerization of potassium p-styrenesulphonate has been investigated at 70° for solutions in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)-water mixtures (1:3 and 3:1) and in DMSO using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The kinetic orders with respect to monomer and initiator increase but the rate of polymerization, the value of $\text{k}{}_{\mathrm{p}}\text{/k}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}{}_{\mathrm{t}}$ and the average molecular weight of the resulting polymer decrease with increasing DMSO concentration in the DMSO-water mixture. These effects have been attributed to changing of parameters of the electrostatic interactions in the system “macroradical-counterions-anions of monomer” with change of composition of the medium.     

Peculiarities in the kinetics of the polymerization of sodium p-styrenesulphonate in various media

The homogeneous free radical polymerization of sodium p-styrenesulphonate has been investigated at 70° for solutions in water—dioxane mixtures and in aqueous solutions of lithium chloride. The polarographic method of analysis was applied. The experimental data reveal a strong influence of the reaction medium on the reactivity of sodium p-styrenesulphonate as well as on the properties of the resulting polymers.     

Propagation Mechanism of Radical Copolymerization of Sulfur Dioxide and Vinyl Chloride

Radical copolymerization of sulfur dioxide and vinyl chloride (VC) has been studied by the comparison of the composition of copolymers obtaining from different reaction conditions, i.e., reaction temperatures, feed compositions, and total monomer concentrations. The composition of VC in copolymer is independent of comonomer composition except at high concentration of VC in feed; it increases with increasing reaction temperature or decreasing total monomer concentration. At lower temperature, the composition of copolymer becomes independent of total monomer concentration. The overall rate of polymerization is proportional to [VC]^1,7 and [SO₂]^0.5. These results were compared with those obtained in our previous study on the SO₂-styrene copolymerization. A propagation mechanism for radical copolymerization of SO₂ and VC is also proposed.     

Features of styrene copolymerization with sodium p-styrenesulfonate in solvents of different polarities

The copolymerization of sodium p-styrenesulfonate with styrene is studied in solvents that form homogeneous solutions with mixtures of these monomers and differ in polarity: DMFA, a mixture of 1,4-dioxane with DMF, DMSO, and a DMSO-water mixture. It is shown that the diagrams of the copolymer composition depend on the type of solvent and that their shapes do not obey the Mayo-Lewis model. The copolymers become substantially enriched with styrene units during an increase in the solvent polarity. The main cause of deviation from the classical scheme of binary copolymerization is the selective solvation of growing macroradicals with styrene. This effect becomes more pronounced during an increase in the solvent polarity and a decrease in its dissolving ability with respect to polystyrene and during polymer separation into a heterophase. This conclusion is confirmed by the dependence of the copolymer composition on the initiator concentration.     

Donor-Acceptor Complexes in Copolymerization. XXVI. Effect of Solvent,Temperature, and Complexing Agent on the Polymerization of Comonomer Charge Transfer Complexes

The copolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate (S/MMA = 4/1) or acrylonitrile (S/AN = 1/1) in the presence of ethylaluminum sesquichloride (EASC) yields 1/1 copolymer in toluene or chlorobenzene. In chloroform the S-MMA-EASC polymerization yields 60/40 copolymer while the S-AN-EASC polymerization yields 1/1 copolymer. In the presence of EASC, styrene-α-chloroacrylonitrile yields 1/1 copolymer (DMF or DMSO), S-AN yields 1/1 copolymer (DMSO) or radical copolymer (DMF), S-MMA yields radical copolymer (DMF or DMSO), α-methylstyrene-AN yields radical copolymer (DMSO) or traces of copolymer (DMF), and α-MS-methacrylo-nitrile yields traces of copolymer (DMSO) or no copolymer (DMF). When zinc chloride is used as complexing agent in DMF or DMSO, none of the monomer pairs undergoes polymerization. However, radical catalyzed polymerization of isoprene-AN-ZnCl₂ in DMF yields 1/1 alternating copolymer. The copolymerization of S/MMA in the presence of EASC yields 1/1 alternating copolymer up to 100°C, while the copolymerization of S/AN deviates from 1/1 alternating copolymer above 50°C. The copolymerization of S/MMA deviates from 1/1 copolymer at MMA/EASC mole ratios above 20 while the copolymerization of S/AN deviates from 1/1 copolymer at MMA/EASC ratios above 50.     

基于Maple软件辅助绘制自由基二元共聚曲线的研究

运用数据处理软件(maple)对经典的自由基二元聚合公式进行图形绘制,得到了二元单体之间共聚关系的三组图。一是二元单体的自由基共聚曲线图F1-f1,二是聚合物中单体平均组成(Fp)与投料单体浓度(f1)的关系曲线图,三是聚合物转化率(C)与投料单体(f1)的关系曲线图。通过二组具有代表性的共聚实例,分别是有恒比点的非理想共聚(苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物)和非理想非恒比共聚(苯乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物)展现了绘图步骤和分析了不同竞聚率情况下的聚合物转化过程。     

Free radical polymerization of acrylonitrile in dimethylsulphoxide solutions

The gamma-ray initiated polymerization of acrylonitrile in DMSO solutions was investigated at various monomer concentrations and temperatures. In a narrow range of monomer concentrations (70–80%), the “auto-acceleration index” of the reaction is higher than in the bulk polymerization. Some auto-acceleration persists at high DMSO contents when the reaction proceeds in a homogeneous medium. The results are interpreted by a “matrix effect” which is enhanced in those mixtures in which the precipitated polymer particles are swollen to a larger extent by the reacting mixture.     

对苯乙烯磺酸钠聚合动力学及与丙烯酰胺共聚合的研究

采用膨胀计法研究了对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)在水溶液中聚合动力学,确定了聚合速率方程,测定了聚合表观活化能,并研究了对苯乙烯磺酸钠与丙烯酰胺(AM )在水溶液中共聚合的动力学行为,利用聚电解质———共聚物P(SSS -co -AM)与阳离子表面活性剂N ,N ,N- 三甲基十六烷基溴化铵(CTAB)的复合作用,采用电导滴定法测定了共聚物的组成,从而测得了对苯乙烯磺酸钠与丙烯酰胺的竞聚率.研究结果表明,对苯乙烯磺酸钠聚合速率方程为RP =K[M]1 .0 [I]0 .53,说明链终止为双基终止方式,引发过程与单体浓度无关;聚合表观活化能为84 . 96kJ·mol- 1 ;采用Kelen Tudos方法,求得对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)和丙烯酰胺(AM)两单体的竞聚率分别为rSSS =0 . 2 7,rAM =2 . 2 1;采用Alfrey Price经验规则估算了单体苯乙烯磺酸钠的Q、e值为QSSS=0 .2 2 ,eSSS=0 .4 6 .     

丙烯腈与衣康酸在DMSO/H_2O中的聚合及聚合物性能表征

采用丙烯腈 (AN)与衣康酸 (IA)为共聚单体 ,以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂在混合介质二甲基亚砜 水(DMSO H2 O)中自由基沉淀共聚合 ,合成了高分子量的聚丙烯腈 .通过正交设计方法研究了聚合反应条件 ,如反应温度、单体浓度、混合介质DMSO H2 O配比等对聚合反应的转化率的影响 ,还重点探讨了混合介质DMSO H2 O配比对转化率和粘均分子量的影响 .采用DSC ,TG ,IR等手段研究了PAN均聚物及 (PAN co IA)的结构与性能 .研究结果表明 ,增加反应温度 ,降低单体浓度 ,降低喂料AN IA配比中IA的含量 ,均有利于提高聚合反应的转化率 .AN与IA共聚反应的转化率随着反应介质中DMSO含量的增加而降低 ,同时聚合物的粘均分子量也降低 .对于喂料AN IA配比中IA含量相同的P(AN co IA)共聚物 ,高分子量P(AN co IA)共聚物比常规低分子量的放热峰起始温度低 ,放热峰宽     

Fe-Al络合催化苯乙烯-马来酸酐交替共聚

应用Ｆｅ（ａｃａｃ）３ Ａｌ（ｉ Ｂｕ）３（ａｃａｃ＝乙酰丙酮）催化苯乙烯 马来酸酐共聚,制得富于交替的白色粉末共聚物．共聚反应动力学研究表明,共聚反应与单体浓度呈一级关系,表观活化能为４８６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ．     

Kinetic Study of Radical Polymerization VI. Copolymer Composition and Kinetic Parameters for Coplymerization of Styrene‐Itaconic Acid by On‐Line 1H‐NMR

Free radical solution copolymerization of styrene (St) and itaconic acid (IA) in dimethylsulfoxide‐d₆ (DMSO‐d₆) as the solvent and the use of 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator at 78°C was investigated by an on‐line ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy technique. Individual monomer conversion vs. reaction time, which was calculated from the ¹H‐NMR spectra data, was used to study the drift in monomer mixture composition vs. conversion. It was found that in general, both monomers were incorporated almost equally into the copolymer. However, when the mole fraction of IA was low, the tendency of IA toward incorporation into the copolymer chain was somewhat higher than St and by increasing the mole fraction of IA in the reaction mixture, the inverse tendency was observed. Overall monomer conversion as a function of time was calculated from individual monomer conversion data and used for the estimation of k_p /k_t ^0.5 for various monomer mixture compositions. This ratio was decreased with increasing the amount of IA in the initial feed, indicating a decrease in the rate of copolymerization. Changes in the copolymer composition vs. overall monomer conversion were investigated experimentally from the NMR spectra. This was in good agreement with the changes in monomer mixture composition vs. reaction progress. Plotting the copolymer composition vs. initial monomer feed showed tendency of the system toward alternating copolymerization.     

MCM-41分子筛负载氯化铝催化丙烯酸甲酯与1-辛烯共聚

以MCM-41分子筛负载氯化铝为催化剂, 催化丙烯酸甲酯与1-辛烯共聚合反应, 利用称重法测定聚合物产率, 利用核磁共振氢谱分析共聚物组成, 利用凝胶渗透色谱分析共聚物相对数均分子质量, 研究了聚合物产率和共聚物组成随聚合反应时间的变化规律, 考察了溶剂、 催化剂组成和催化剂用量对共聚合结果的影响及催化剂的循环使用性能. 结果表明, 聚合物产率随时间呈S形增长, 而共聚物组成随时间保持恒定, 与氯化铝催化体系规律一致; 溶剂由二氯甲烷改变为乙醇或二甲苯主要影响聚合物组成, 对聚合物相对数均分子质量及其分布影响不大; 催化剂中活性组分的增加有利于增加共聚物中1-辛烯单元的含量, 但对聚合物分子量及分子量分布影响不大; 催化剂中活性组分含量一定时, 随催化剂与单体摩尔比从0.125增加到0.5, 共聚物中1-辛烯单元含量增加, 继续增大催化剂用量不利于提高共聚物中1-辛烯单元含量. 催化剂重复使用3次后仍具有良好的催化活性, 将烯烃单元引入共聚物中, 获得1-辛烯单元摩尔分数达30.1%的聚(丙烯酸甲酯-co-1-辛烯)共聚物.     

Semicontinuous heterophase copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile

The synthesis of styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymers by semicontinuous heterophase polymerization is reported here. The effect of feed composition at a fixed addition rate of monomer mixture on kinetics, particle size, polymer content, and molar masses, was studied. This process permits the synthesis of nanolatexes containing narrow size‐distribution particles with number‐average diameter (D_n) of about 18 nm, polymer content as high as 23 wt %, and copolymer‐to‐surfactant weight ratios between 23 and 25, depending on monomer feeding rate, which are larger than those reported for microemulsion copolymerization of several comonomers. Copolymers with homogeneous composition similar to the feeding monomers composition were obtained thorough the reaction, which is difficult to achieve by batch polymerization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Controlled synthesis of poly(acetone oxime acrylate) as a new reactive polymer: Stimuli-responsive reactive copolymers

Acetone oxime acrylate has been synthesized as a new active ester monomer. Free radical polymerization yielded a reactive polymer soluble in various organic solvents, such as chloroform, dioxane, DMSO, acetone, methanol, dichloromethane, DMF, and ethanol. Controlled radical polymerization of acetone oxime acrylate was successfully conducted using the RAFT, NMP and Iniferter method. Partly polymer analogous reaction with N-isopropylamine resulted in the reactive copolymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acetone oxime acrylate), which featured a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 61 °C in water. Further, the reactivity of the copolymer was exemplary proven by complete reaction with ammonia yielding poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide), which does not possess a LCST.     

Hybrid Copolymerization via the Combination of Proton Transfer and Ring-opening Polymerization

Phosphazene base,t-BuP2,was employed to catalyze the proton transfer polymerization(PTP)of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate(HEA),and PTP was further combined with ring-opening polymerization(ROP)to exploit a new type of hybrid copolymerization.The studies on homopolymerization showed that t-BuP2 was a particularly efficient catalyst for the polymerization of HEA at room temperature,giving an excellent monomer conversion.Throughout the polymerization,transesterification reactions were unavoidable,which increased the randomness in the structures of the resulting polymers.The studies on copolymerization showed that t-BuP2 could simultaneously catalyze the hybrid copolymerization via the combination of PTP and ROP at 25°C.During copolymerization,HEA not only provided hydroxyl groups to initiate the ROP ofε-caprolactone(CL)but also participated in the polymerization as a monomer for PTP.The copolymer composition was approximately equal to the feed ratio,demonstrating the possibility to adjust the polymeric structure by simply changing the monomer feed ratio.This copolymerization reaction provides a simple method for synthesizing degradable functional copolymers from commercially available materials.Hence,it is important not only in polymer chemistry but also in environmental and biomedical engineering.     

On the reaction mechanism of gamma-ray solid-state copolymerization

The gamma-ray induced solid-state polymerization of binary mixtures consisting of a maleimide derivative as the first component and acenaphthylene or trans-stilbene as the second component was investigated regarding the occurrence of copolymerization. The binary solid mixture of these compounds exhibited a phase-equilibrium diagram including a simple eutectic mixture, and the irradiation caused the formation of a random copolymer together with that of homopolymers of component comonomers. The reaction rates and the composition of products suggested that the mobility of monomer molecules in the crystals affected the solid-state polymerization significantly. The solid-state copolymerization was supposed to take place by the diffusion of comonomer molecules via a vapor phase to the nuclei where the copolymerization proceeded.     

Cationic Copolymerization with Depropagation. The Copolymerization of α-Methylstyrene and Styrene

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the existence of the depropagation reaction in the copolymerization of vinyl monomers, the cationic copolymerization of α-methylstyrene with styrene was studied. The copolymer composition exhibited an extensive dependency on the temperature of polymerization and the monomer concentration, this fact not being explained by the Mayo-Lewis equation. Treatment of the copolymerization in terms of the depropagation reaction led to an estimate of the monomer reactivity ratio and the equilibrium constant between the polymer and the monomer of α-methylstyrene. A comparison of the equilibrium constants thus obtained with those reported in the literature indicates that the magnitude of the equilibrium constants depends on the sequence length of α-methylstyrene units. By extrapolation to long sequence length, the equilibrium constants approach the values which are reported for high molecular weight poly(α-methylstyrene).     

Copolymerization in N-vinylcaprolactam-N-vinylpyrrolidone and N,N-diethylacrylamide-N,N-dimethylacrylamide systems: The effect of composition and spatial structure of copolymers on their thermal sensitivity

Factors that affect the temperature-responsive properties of water-soluble polymers were revealed by studying the copolymerization of two pairs of monomers: N-vinylcaprolactam-N-vinylpyrrolidone and N,N-diethylacrylamide-N,N-dimethylacrylamide. In each pair, the first monomer forms a temperature-responsive polymer and the second gives a polymer soluble in water up to the boiling point. It was found that in all cases, the addition of the second (more hydrophilic) monomer resulted in a monotonous increase in the phase separation temperature in an aqueous copolymer solution, with the temperature rise being comparatively slow in the initial stage and sharply accelerating after the addition of more than 40–50 mol % second monomer. The phase-separation temperature versus copolymer composition curves for N,N-diethylacrylamide-N,N-dimethylacrylamide copolymers of iso-and heterotactic structure synthesized via anionic polymerization are rather similar. At the same time, the copolymers of both types prepared via radical polymerization are characterized by steeper curves, a pattern that may be due to a high content of the syndiotactic structure, however, changes in the copolymer spatial structure have a lesser effect on the phase separation temperature than the presence of units of a more hydrophilic monomer. The addition of a relatively low amount (20–25 mol %) of a less hydrophilic monomer imparts temperature sensitivity to polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone or polydimethylacrylamide, which do not possess this property in the pure form.     

Radiation-induced emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with propylene. III. Polymerization mechanism

In the radiation-induced emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with propylene, the dose rate dependence, the effect of emulsifier concentration, and the effect of monomer composition were studied. The rate of polymerization was proportional to the 0.90 power of the dose rate and the 0.26 power of the emulsifier concentration. The degree of polymerization was independent of the dose rate and the emulsifier concentration. Both the rate of polymerization and the degree of polymerization increased with tetrafluoroethylene content in the monomer mixture. The resulting copolymer was an alternating polymer over a wide range of monomer composition. It was concluded from the dose rate dependence of the rate of polymerization that the emulsion copolymerization is mainly terminated by degradative chain transfer of the propagating radical to propylene.     

Alternating copolymerization of ethylene with maleic anhydride

The copolymerization of ethylene with maleic anhydride was carried out with γ-radiation and a radical initiator, i.e., 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile and diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate under pressure at various reaction conditions. The homopolymerization of neither monomer was observed in this system. In the γ-ray-initiated copolymerization the G value (polymerized monomer molecules per 100 e.v.) was shown to be between 10³ and 10⁴. It was found that the dose rate exponent of the rate is approximately unity, and the rate is proportional to the amount of ethylene monomer. Apparent activation energies of 1.8 and 27.5 kcal./mole were obtained for γ-ray-initiated and AIBN-initiated copolymerization, respectively. Since the composition of copolymer is independent of monomer molar ratio and the molar ratio of ethylene to maleic anhydride in the polymer is approximately unity, the monomer reactivity ratios were obtained as r_E ? 0 and r_M ? 0 for γ-ray-initiated polymerization at 40°C. Alternating copolymerization was, therefore, concluded to occur. Infrared analysis of the copolymer is almost consistent with this. The copolymer in the solid state is amorphous. It is soluble in water, cyclohexane, and dimethylformamide and insoluble in lower alcohols, ether, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The aqueous solution of polymer gave a strong acid.