国外炸药燃烧转爆轰的实验研究

报导了国外炸药燃烧转爆轰（ＤＤＴ）的实验研究情况，主要涉及国外ＤＤＴ研究中采用的实验装置测试方法、铸状炸药的ＤＤＴ机理，多孔装药的ＤＤＴ机理和各种因素对ＤＤＴ过程的影响。     

推进剂的撞击损伤状态对其燃烧转爆轰的影响

设计加工了燃烧转爆轰的实验装置,并建立了相应的测试系统,旨在研究NEPP推进剂颗粒装药的燃烧转爆轰形成机理。并以大型落锤为加载手段,撞击NEPP推进剂试样,经实验发现,损伤明显地促进了颗粒装药燃烧向爆轰的转变,增加了该推进剂使用的危险性。     

炸药装药密度对慢速烤燃响应特性的影响

为研究炸药装药密度对烤燃响应剧烈程度的影响,采用以RDX为主的高能炸药压制7种密度水 平的试样,采用长径比为1.26的烤燃弹,以(10.2)℃/min的升温速率作了慢速燃实验。实验结果表明, 当装药密度为理论最大密度的94%时出现压力胀裂,装药密度为理论最大密度的70%时产生爆燃,而在理论 最大密度的80%左右时出现燃烧转爆轰现象,响应最剧烈。     

乳化炸药铁板凹槽弯曲装药的实验研究

用铁板凹槽装填乳化炸药,通过离子探针法测得不同装药截面积和不同装药曲率条件下乳化炸药 爆炸传播速度,分析弯曲装药条件下装药直径和装药曲率对爆轰波在乳化炸药中传播速度的影响。结果表 明,爆轰波传播速度随着装药直径的二次方和曲率半径的减小而线性衰减,当装药直径或曲率半径小到某一 临界值时其爆轰反应中止。通过大量实验数据计算得到乳化炸药特定曲率半径和装药直径条件下的爆轰波 传播速度计算的经验公式。     

爆轰快速点火实验研究及机理分析

为了验证采用爆轰可迅速引燃点火药进而引燃主装药的可行性及掌握此种点火方式下的点火情况,建立了火药装药系统下直列式起爆器爆轰点火实验系统.在特定装药条件下,对点火后实验装置内压力变化情况进行了测量,得出采用爆轰点火方式可以实现点火延迟时间为0.3 ms的目标,以及得出此种点火方式下,火药燃烧特点及实际应用时的注意事项,如...     

爆轰和爆炸冲击复合合成金刚石微粉得率的影响因素研究

为了进一步提高炸药爆轰和爆炸冲击复合合成金刚石的得率,对影响爆轰和爆炸冲击复合合成金刚石得率的催化剂、装药结构和起爆方式分别进行了研究。实验结果表明,MnCl2、Ni(CHOO)2、CoCl2作为催化剂,金刚石的得率较高;球形装药结构的金刚石得率高于柱形装药结构;起爆方式中的起爆点的增加有利于金刚石得率的提高。     

装药及外界保护介质对炸药爆轰合成超微金刚石的影响

研究了不同保护介质对超微金刚石（ＵＦＤ）生成的影响，认为爆轰产物与外部介质间的传热速度对ＵＦＤ得率影响很大；外部保护介质在爆轰产物膨胀阶段的保压作用在ＵＦＤ合成过程中有重要作用。实验结果指出，要提高ＵＦＤ得率，装药应存在一个最佳直径。用水和冰作为保护介质可使ＵＦＤ得率超过１０％，比利用马赫效应装药更适用于实际生产。     

微声聚能穿孔装置优化设计及IED安全销毁实验

根据Held引爆理论,利用聚能射流使炸药只燃烧或发生不完全爆轰的特点,设计了微声聚能穿孔装置,并对装药结构进行了正交优化.实验结果表明,装置的消声能力良好,用于销毁模拟爆炸药盒时,装药仅发生低速爆轰,达到了安全销毁简易爆炸装置的目的.     

复合装药空气中爆炸冲击波传播特性

为了研究复合装药超压爆轰时的径向能量输出特性,选择典型的TNT、JO-8、海萨尔等理想、非理想高能炸药,进行了单一装药、内外层复合装药冲击波超压测试实验。采用自由场压电传感器测量了距爆心2、3、4 m处的冲击波压力,通过Origin软件对实验数据进行去除“零漂”和积分处理,获得了冲击波超压、冲量随距离的变化规律,分析了装药结构、装药类型对实验结果的影响。研究结果表明:与同体积单一装药相比,内外层复合装药对提高径向冲击波超压无优势,但对径向冲击波冲量增益显著,且冲量随传播距离的增加而增大;装药类型对内外层复合装药径向冲击波冲量增益影响较大,非理想/理想复合装药在4 m处的冲量增益大于20%,比理想/理想复合装药更有利于提高战斗部的径向输出威力。     

高能炸药散心爆轰波绕射传播的数值模拟

从曲面爆轰波的Hugoniot 关系式出发,应用燃烧模型模拟散心爆轰波的传播,分析了空间步长不是足够小时,不能同时准确给出爆轰波走时及波阵面物理量的原因。对球壳装药散心爆轰波的长程绕射作了二维计算,应用燃烧模型并细分空间网格。除起爆点附近,计算的爆轰波走时与实验相差均在0 .2s 以内;稳定传播的爆轰波波阵面压力计算值接近pJ。可见,应用燃烧模型模拟散心爆轰波的传播,化学反应区内的空间步长需足够小。最后对Program 燃烧模型不能很好地模拟多维效应作了分析。     

模型复合推进剂燃烧转爆轰研究

本文较详细地研究了模型推进剂(AP/wax,AP/A1/wax,AP/RDX/A1/wax)由燃烧转爆轰(DDT)的过程。分析了装药密度和铝粉含量对装药DDT的影响。结果表明:模型推进剂当其配比接近零氧平衡时较易产生DDT;含与不含铝粉的AP/粘合剂系复合推进剂药柱以及硝胺含量为20％的AP/硝胺炸药/A1粘合剂系复合推进剂药柱都不可能产生DDT。     

多孔颗粒火药床燃烧转爆轰的敏感性研究

本文以不同粒度硝胺火药RDU-4,硝胺火药RPB,3/1-S为研究对象,探讨了多孔颗粒火药床燃烧转爆轰的敏感性。研究结果表明,火药颗粒尺寸越小,硝胺火药燃烧转爆轰越易实现:硝基胍组分具有抑制燃烧转冲击的作用,就同一装填条件下燃烧转冲击的难易而言,以RPB最易,3/1-S次之,RDU-4最难     

多孔火药填充床中燃烧转爆轰(DDT)的模拟与分析

随着火炮装药装填密度的提高和火箭推进剂中硝胺组份的增加,它们的总体性能虽有改善,但同时使燃烧转爆轰的感度也加大。在一定条件下,粒状高能固体火药填充床中,将出现DDT现象。本文着重研究燃烧转爆轰前的过程。描述DDT过程的两相反应流体动力学模型用MacCormack有限差分格式求解,得到的转爆距离和爆轰速度与试验观察结果符合得很好。计算表明,粒状药床中的两种转变机制似乎是可以相互转化的。     

一种整装式液体发射药燃烧控制技术

介绍了整装式条件下液体发射药（ＢＬＰ）的一种燃烧控制技术。采用多孔介质及其附着剂，改善并控制填充于其中的液体发射药燃烧性能。在不采用喷射雾化装置条件下，实现液体发射药稳定燃烧，控制燃烧速度，强化化学反应过程。     

A modified saddle point method for predicting sound fields above a non-locally reacting porous medium

This paper examines an asymptotic analysis for predicting sound fields above a rigid-frame porous medium, the so-called non-locally reacting porous medium. Their solutions can be represented by a direct wave term, a reflected wave term and a diffraction wave term. Exact and analytical solutions are available for the direct wave and the reflected wave from a perfectly hard ground. In the contrary, the diffraction wave term can only be cast in an integral form that is amenable to approximate analysis. A modified saddle-point method is explored to evaluate the diffraction integral asymptotically. Three different types of non-locally reacting surfaces, which are an extended reaction, a hard-backed layer, and an impedance-backed layer, were considered. The sound fields above these porous surfaces have the same form but they are different by an augmented diffraction term in the solutions. The analytical formula for the total sound fields, which can be stated in a closed form, offer a physically interpretable solution comprising of a direct wave and ground reflected wave terms. This latter term can further be split into a specularly reflected plane wave and ground wave components. A series of numerical comparisons have been conducted to validate the asymptotic analyses presented in this study. It has been demonstrated that the overall sound fields can be predicted well by the formula for all incidence angles and for a wide range of non-locally reacting porous surfaces.     

Conjugate free convection over a vertical slender hollow cylinder embedded in a porous medium

A numerical study of the steady conjugate free convection over a vertical slender, hollow circular cylinder with the inner surface at a constant temperature and embedded in a porous medium is reported. The governing boundary layer equations for the fluid-saturated porous medium over the cylinder along with the one-dimensional heat conduction equation for the cylinder are cast into dimensionless form, by using a non-similarity transformation. The resulting non-similarity equations with their corresponding boundary conditions are solved by using the Keller box method. Emphasis is placed on the effects caused by the wall conduction parameter, p, and calculations have covered a wide range of this parameter. Heat transfer results including the temperature profiles, the interface temperature profiles and the local Nusselt number are presented. Received on 17 November 1997     

A theory of finite elastic consolidation

Presented in this paper is a general theory describing the consolidation of a porous elastic soil. The formulation allows for the occurrence of finite geometry changes and finite elastic strains during the consolidation process. The governing equations have been cast in a rate form and the laws which determine deformation and pore fluid flow, i.e. Hooke's law and Darcy's law, are presented in a frame indifferent manner. A numerical technique is described that provides an approximate solution to the governing equations. The theory and the solution technique are illustrated by several examples of practical interest.     

Natural convection of non-Newtonian power-law fluid over axisymmetric and two-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape in fluid-saturated porous media

Numerical analysis of the free convection coupled heat and mass transfer is presented for non-Newtonian power-law fluids with the yield stress flowing over a two-dimensional or axisymmetric body of an arbitrary shape in a fluid-saturated porous medium. The governing boundary layer equations and boundary conditions are cast into a dimensionless form by the similarity transformation. The resulting system of equations is solved by a finite difference method. The parameters studied are the rheological constants, the buoyancy ratio, and the Lewis number. Representative velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are presented and discussed. It is found that the results depend strongly on the values of the yield stress parameter and the power-law index of the non-Newtonian fluid.     

Natural convection of non-Newtonian power-law fluid over axisymmetric and two-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape in fluid-saturated porous media

Numerical analysis of the free convection coupled heat and mass transfer is presented for non-Newtonian power-law fluids with the yield stress flowing over a two-dimensional or axisymmetric body of an arbitrary shape in a fluid-saturated porous medium. The governing boundary layer equations and boundary conditions are cast into a dimensionless form by the similarity transformation. The resulting system of equations is solved by a finite difference method. The parameters studied are the rheological constants, the buoyancy ratio, and the Lewis number. Representative velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are presented and discussed. It is found that the results depend strongly on the values of the yield stress parameter and the power-law index of the non-Newtonian fluid.