炸药粒度对爆轰合成超细金刚石得率的影响

为了进一步提高炸药爆轰合成超细金刚石(UltrafineDiamond,简称UFD)的得率,对RDX/TNT混合装药中RDX粒度对爆轰合成超细金刚石的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明RDX粒径对超细金刚石的得率有明显的影响,随着RDX粒径的增大UFD的得率随之提高;当使用同一粒径RDX时,改变RDX/TNT混合装药的组分配比,在一定程度上也提高了UFD的得率。并对制备的UFD进行了特性表征。     

不锈钢-普碳钢的双面爆炸复合

为了解决现行爆炸复合装药方式落后及炸药爆炸的能量利用率极低的问题，使用了一种保证装药质量的蜂窝结构炸药，并将该蜂窝结构炸药应用于一次起爆可复合二块复合板的双面爆炸复合技术。进行了7 mm厚的蜂窝结构炸药用于3 mm厚的不锈钢板和16 mm厚的Q235钢板的双面爆炸复合实验；并计算得到了复板碰撞速度的上下限及2组实验中复板的碰撞速度。由于受到蜂窝材料和双面复板的多向约束，炸药的临界厚度显著降低，乳化炸药在5 mm厚度时仍可以稳定爆轰。研究结果表明:和现行的单面爆炸复合相比，在复合相同数量复合板的情况下，采用蜂窝结构炸药的双面爆炸复合技术中，炸药的使用量节省了77%，炸药的能量利用率得到显著提高；计算与实验结果一致性较好。     

单点起爆形成多模式EFP的可行性研究

针对同一成型装药形成多模毁伤元问题,利用LS-DYNA 程序,研究了单点起爆位置对爆炸成型 侵彻体(explosivelyformedpenetrator,EFP)成型的影响规律。当起爆点距离药型罩的轴向距离从0倍装药 口径增加到0.72倍装药口径,EFP速度提高了37.8%,长径比增加了1倍多;优化设计成型装药结构,分析 了主装药端面中心点起爆和药型罩顶点起爆爆轰波传播规律,实现了杆式EFP、EFP2种模态的转换。通过 X光成像实验进行了验证,实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好。     

一种水下爆炸冲击波压力调控方法

起爆位置和装药形状对水下爆炸冲击波压力有较为显著的影响,这使得利用小当量装药在局部方向形成与大当量装药一定程度等效的冲击波成为可能。为了能够在小当量装药条件下开展舰船结构及设备抗水下爆炸冲击实验,基于细长装药结构和参数优化设计,设计了一种冲击波压力幅值和持续时间可调的装药方法。首先,基于简单波理论给出了水下爆炸冲击波压力调控的原理,以及装药参数优化设计的目标函数和约束条件;然后,采用自主数值模拟软件研究了细长装药的水下爆炸能量输出规律,通过实验验证了数值模拟的置信度,研究发现起爆位置和装药形状对水下爆炸冲击波压力峰值和持续时间的影响是显著的,在炸药爆速一定的情况下,长药柱水下爆炸冲击波压力的持续时间可通过几何近似确定;最后,为了进一步考察该方法的有效性,以1000 kg TNT和100 m爆距的水下爆炸冲击波压力-时间曲线作为原型,设计了2种与该原型冲击波压力等效的装药方案,并通过数值模拟进行了验证。研究结果表明:设计的装药能够在预定的持续时间内,在装药起爆端一侧形成与原型等效的冲击波压力-时间曲线。由于没有考虑对气泡载荷的等效,因此该调控方法仅适用于中远场爆炸冲击问题。     

爆炸复合中起爆区不定常段的确定

对2岩石炸药的定常爆轰形成过程进行了实验研究;对起爆端稀疏波效应进行了计算。实验结果表明,距起爆端约10倍装药厚度以内为不定常爆轰区。距离起爆端小于5倍装药厚度时,飞板速度及碰撞角增幅较大,5～10倍装药厚度,两者增幅趋缓,10倍装药厚度以后,爆速、飞板速度及碰撞角逐步进入定常状态。飞板碰撞角的工程计算与实验结果的一致性较好。     

基于Starfield迭加法的条形药包爆炸应力场分析

在分析条形药包的现有理论研究方法与实验成果的基础上,认为爆轰波沿装药方向传播的时间效应是影响条形药包爆炸应力场特征的主要因素。综合Starfield迭加法与动力有限元法,提出了基于Starfield迭加原理的条形药包爆炸应力场数值分析模型,全面分析了不同起爆方式下条形药包爆炸应力场发展及形成规律,结论对实际工程具有一定指导意义。     

一种新型爆炸膨胀环实验装置

传统爆炸膨胀环实验装置采用两端点起爆,爆轰波对碰后加载驱动器的方式,出现试样环加载后侧向翻转、实验重复性差等问题.本文改进传统爆炸膨胀环实验装置中的起爆方式,研制了一种新型爆炸膨胀环实验装置.新起爆方式采用轴心爆炸丝同步线起爆,在驱动器内形成理想的柱面冲击波,有效避免了试样环受冲击后发生侧向翻转,实现了金属试样环的稳定拉伸加载,实验效率得到大幅提高.     

三点起爆形成尾翼EFP的数值模拟和实验研究

利用LS-DYNA软件对三点起爆形成尾翼EFP的过程进行了数值模拟,深入研究了爆轰波传播过程中的波形结构和强度的变化规律以及药型罩材料在复合爆轰波作用下驱动变形的特性和规律,加深了对三点起爆条件下药型罩形成带尾翼EFP机理的认识。在此基础上,设计了三点同步起爆装置和EFP装药进行实验。研究结果表明:设计的三点起爆装置作用可靠,满足三点起爆EFP装药的设计要求;形成的EFP弹形稳定,与计算结果吻合较好;尾翼EFP飞行过程中的速度降减小,稳定性提高。     

C2H2-O2-Ar和C2H2-N2O-Ar直接起爆形成爆轰的临界能量

采用高压电点火进行直接起爆形成爆轰,起爆能量通过放电过程中电流的输出信号确定。首先通 过实验测定并对比C2H2-O2-Ar和C2H2-N2O-Ar等2种混合物在各种初始状态下直接起爆形成爆轰的临界 起爆能量。实验结果表明,在相同状态下C2H2-N2O-Ar混合物的临界起爆能量显著高于C2H2-O2-Ar混合 物的。进一步基于各物质爆炸特征长度和爆轰临界管径的参量关系对临界起爆能量差异性进行分析,得到了 C2H2-N2O-Ar混合气体的爆轰临界管径预测曲线,并在此基础上得出C2H2-N2O-Ar混合物爆炸特征长度 与临界管径的关系为r0=2.5dc,而C2H2-O2-Ar两者关系为r0=2dc。结果清晰地表明,使用N2O 作为氧化 剂,爆炸特征长度与爆轰临界管径之间的比例因数增大,表明该物质直接起爆形成爆轰所需的起爆源单位能 量增大,因而直接形成爆轰的临界能量相应提高。     

异形传爆药柱的起爆能力

钝感主装药的出现,对引信爆炸序列中的传爆药柱提出了更新的要求,传统的圆柱形传爆药柱很 难适应钝感主装药的可靠引爆要求。因此,本文中综合运用炸药冲击起爆理论、有效装药理论、聚能效应、拐 角效应,设计了异形传爆药柱。利用主装药变组分法和主装药轴向钢凹法研究了异形传爆药柱的起爆能力。 实验结果表明:在相同的条件下,异形传爆药柱的起爆能力强于圆柱形传爆药柱的起爆能力;在其他参数不变 的情况下,异形传爆药柱的起爆能力受面积效应系数的影响,随着面积效应系数的增大,起爆能力增强。设计 的异形传爆药柱能够满足钝感弹药爆炸序列的要求。     

夹层聚能装药作用过程的数值模拟

基于凝聚炸药冲击起爆的Lee-Tarver模型,利用AUTODYN有限元计算软件对夹层聚能装药作用过程进行了数值模拟。分别对夹层聚能装药爆轰波形传播过程及其特性参数进行了数值计算,对典型聚能装药采用单一结构装药、夹层装药的射流成型过程进行了数值研究,最后对不同爆速炸药匹配关系的夹层聚能装药射流参数进行了计算分析。计算结果表明,相对于单一结构装药,夹层装药射流头部速度提高了20%,夹层聚能装药能有效提高聚能金属射流头部速度、提高侵彻深度、增加炸药装药的作功能力。     

药孔与水压装药综合起爆拆除水塔的理论与实践

本文通过理论推导和工程实践,得出采用药孔与水压装药综合起爆拆除水塔的一般方法,着重讨论了起爆时差的计算问题。     

初始压力和狭缝宽度对毫米量级狭缝内爆轰起爆距离的影响

为获得狭缝内爆轰起爆距离的影响因素,分别在高度为1.0 mm,宽度为10、20、30 mm的狭缝爆轰管内,对不同初始压力下(p₀=5.0~50.0 kPa)等当量比的乙烯/氧气预混气体进行了单次爆轰性能实验研究。根据烟迹法、高速摄影图片判定起爆位置,分析了初始压力和狭缝宽度对爆轰起爆距离的影响。结果表明:(1)p₀=21.0~30.0 kPa时,起爆距离随着狭缝宽度的增大而逐渐缩短;(2)p₀=35.0~42.5 kPa时,起爆距离随着狭缝宽度的增大先缩短后增大,在p₀=45.0~50.0 kPa时起爆距离随着狭缝宽度的增大基本保持不变;(3)3种狭缝宽度下,量纲一起爆距离随量纲一初始压力的变化曲线差异较大。     

Initiation and growth of wrinkling due to nonuniform tension in sheet metal forming

An experimental investigation was conducted on the initiation and growth of wrinkling due to nonuniform tension using the Yoshida buckling test. The initiation of wrinkling was detected by strain gages mounted on both surfaces of the samples in the loading and transverse directions. The bifurcation of aluminum auto body sheets appeared to be smooth and much less abrupt than that observed in a steel sheet. A special fixture was designed to, perhaps for the first time, continuously measure the in situ growth of the buckle heights so that the rates of buckle growth were monitored as functions of strain and stress in the loading direction. In contrast to what is commonly believed, it was found that the buckle height is not predominantly determined by the material yield strength, and lower averager value does not increase the rate of buckle growth. Crystallographic texture components and pole figures of the test materials were also measured, and the relationship of plastic anisotropy with wrinkling behavior was investigated by experiments with specimens aligned in the rolling direction, the transverse direction and 45-deg to the rolling direction of the sheet materials.     

Optical measurement and scaling of blasts from gram-range explosive charges

Laboratory-scale experiments with gram-range explosive charges are presented. Optical shadowgraphy and high-speed digital imaging are used to measure the explosive-driven shock-wave position as a function of time. From this, shock Mach number-versus-distance from the explosion center can be found. These data then yield the peak overpressure and duration, which are the key parameters in determining the potential damage from an explosion as well as the TNT equivalent of the explosive. Piezoelectric pressure gage measurements of overpressure duration at various distances from the explosive charges compare well with theoretical calculations. A scaling analysis yields an approach to relate the gram-range blast to a large-scale blast from the same or different explosives. This approach is particularly suited to determining the properties and behavior of exotic explosives like triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Results agree with previous observations that the concept of a single TNT equivalence value is inadequate to fully describe an explosive yield, rather TNT equivalence factor and overpressure duration should be presented as functions of radius.      

帽型试样动态绝热剪切破坏演化分析

利用分离式霍普金森压杆加载Ta2钛合金扁平闭合帽形受迫剪切试样,结合数字图像相关法和“冻结”试样的微观金相观察,研究剪切区剪切应变的演化、绝热剪切带形成条件等。结果显示：受迫剪切试样在动态加载过程,剪切区剪切应变不断集中,形成绝热剪切带,裂纹沿绝热剪切带发展;随加载率提高,绝热剪切起始临界应变减小;进一步利用数字图像相关法DIC场应变分析及金相微观观测对比,利用卸载回复特性对绝热剪切带起始临界条件进行了讨论,计算的绝热剪切带起始时温升仅为86℃。材料软化可能不是绝热剪切带起始的控制条件,相反是由于绝热剪切带形成造成的应变高度集中发展导致温度急剧升高。     

Plastic strip model of cracked weld joint with residual stresses

The effect of residual stresses on the fracture behavior of a cracked weld joint is studied by making use of the continuous dislocation formulation. Considered are the plastic zone length of the strip model zone and the opening displacement of a crack that is normal to both weld line and base metal boundary; they depend on the character of the yield stresses for the base metal (BM), weld material (WM), and heat affected zone (HAZ). The crack driving force is found to increase with the tensile residual stress while crack initiation and growth are suppressed if the residual stress is compressive. Moreover, the plastic zone and crack opening displacement are found to decrease linearly with the HAZ yield strength as the HAZ width is increased for HAZ yield strength greater than that of BM.     

Experimental study on yield behavior of Daqing crude oil

The yield behavior of Daqing crude oil was studied by means of multi-mode controlled-stress tests with a high-precision stress controlled rheometer. Two experiments of creep and constant stress loading rate were performed. The yield stress of gelled crude oil was dependent on the test conditions such as the stress loading time and the stress loading rate, but the yield strain did not change with test conditions. The yield strain did exist objectively and it can be used as the criterion for the yielding of the structure of gelled crude oil. The yield strain of gelled oil was studied through experiments of creep, constant stress loading rate, oscillatory shear stress increase, and constant shear rate. The yield strain of gelled crude oil decreased with the increasing gel strength. The experiment of constant speed increase of stress showed the strain softening phenomena for low gel strength oil.