含能液滴间相互作用对着火、燃烧过程的影响

在控制再生式液体发射药火炮燃烧稳定性的背景下，采用挂滴装置和高速摄影系统开展了 ＨＡＮ基液体发射药 ＬＰ１８４６液滴组内部相互作用对着火、燃烧过程影响的研究。观测了液满间相互作用对它们所经历的四个特征过程的影响。定量测试液滴组平均着火延迟期、着火温度等特性参数与环境温度和液滴中心间距的关系。实验发现:在一定条件下，液滴组将出现聚并现象。最后．建立了一个工程简化模型，理论计算与实验数据吻合较好。这个工作对控制燃烧稳定性和抑制压力振荡有一定的指导意义。     

发射药燃烧热辐射传播规律

采用构建物理数学模型和实验验证的方法,首次提出发射药燃烧热辐射柱体理论模型;利用自由场条件下的单基发射药燃烧热辐射实验,对比分析球体热辐射模型,验证了柱体理论模型能够客观反映发射药燃烧热辐射传播规律。实验表明,自由场条件下4种不同单基发射药药量的燃烧热辐射实验数据与柱体燃烧理论模型相吻合;同时由数据拟合分别得到单基发射药热通量与药量、距离以及热剂量与药量、距离的定量函数关系,可为准确评估单基发射药燃烧热辐射毁伤效应提供相关理论基础。     

点火能量对单基发射药燃烧爆炸特性的影响

为了探究点火能量对单基发射药燃烧爆炸特性的影响，自主设计了发射药燃烧爆炸试验装置。使用黑火药对单基发射药点火，开展燃烧爆炸实验。通过对铝制鉴定板及约束钢筒内壁烧蚀痕迹的分析，获得不同点火能量对单基发射药燃烧爆炸特性的影响。结果表明，点火初期约束钢筒内发射药燃烧反应不完全，反应剧烈程度较弱；随着距点火端距离增大，发射药燃烧反应剧烈程度变强，但此时反应仍不完全；在约束钢筒末端发射药反应完全。在4.0、5.0和8.0 kJ点火能量下，发射药点火初期到反应剧烈程度迅速增强的成长距离分别为54.66、 53.95和19.38 cm。20.0 kJ能量点火初期发射药反应剧烈程度较强，传播至末端时发射药发生爆燃反应，鉴定板产生明显凹痕；发射药在约束钢筒内不同位置分别发生了缓慢燃烧、快速燃烧和爆燃。     

液体药再生喷射燃烧特性的实验研究

利用逆向式再生环形喷射装置，研究了高速喷射条件下液体的点火燃烧性能。实验研究发现:喷射条件下液体药的点火燃烧性能较整装式液体装药容易实现一致性，且燃速大幅度增加。同时研究了伴随再生喷射燃烧过程所出现的高频压力振荡，分析了高频压力振荡产生的原因。提出了液体药喷射条件下点火延迟度的概念，它可作为评价ＲＬＰＧ点火器工作性能的指标之一。利用喷射点火延迟度的概念，比较了液体药喷射点火延迟性能对于喷口面积、活塞质量、液体药粘度及液体药能量等参量变化的敏感性。     

多孔发射药等离子体增强燃速

利用密闭爆发器实验系统进行了等离子体增强4/7高固体发射药燃速特性的实验研究。采用等离子体发生器的电能利用效率来表征密闭爆发器内输入的等离子体能量,拟合了考虑压力梯度影响和电功率增强的固体发射药瞬态燃速公式。根据实验数据得到4/7高固体发射药的电功率燃速增强因子为0.005 MW-1。与Woodley燃速公式相比,瞬态燃速公式与实验压力曲线符合程度更高,能够更精确地描述固体发射药在等离子体作用下的燃烧过程。     

高速液体受限射流扩展形态研究

采用一种火药燃烧驱动液体喷射的新装置及其测试系统，研究受限空间中高速惰性液体射流的扩展结构。观察了环境反压、液体粘性、喷嘴结构等参量对射流扩展形态的影响，分析了射流雾化机理。研究结果对改进燃烧室设计及控制燃烧稳定性有一定的指导意义。     

液体发射药电热化学发射内弹道一维两相流模型及数值模拟

在理论分析的基础上 ,结合实验条件建立了液体发射药电热化学发射内弹道一维两相流数学模型 ,该模型包含电弧等离子体生成和运动、等离子体卷吸液体发射药生成小液滴以及膛内多相流体的相互作用。利用该模型对电热化学发射内弹道过程进行了数值模拟 ,并将模拟结果与实验数据进行了分析比较 ,结果表明模拟结果与实验数据基本吻合。     

含能气体射流与液体相互作用的实验研究

为了研究整装式液体发射药的燃烧稳定性的控制方法,设计了点火喷射模拟装置及4种多级渐扩型观察室,利用数字高速摄像系统,观察含能气体射流在液体模拟工质中的扩展过程,并对实验中出现的喷孔壅塞现象进行了分析.结果表明:射流在渐扩型结构中扩展稳定,喷射压力、喷孔直径和渐扩结构对射流扩展形态和气液掺混过程有显著影响,通过合理调整这些参数,可以实现对射流扩展过程的有效控制;喷孔壅塞时射流扩展形态非对称,影响气液掺混,不利于控制射流的稳定性.     

RLPG点火及冷态喷射过程研究

报道了再生式液体发射药火炮 (RLPG)点火及模拟工质冷态喷射过程的实验结果 ,定量测试了燃烧室、贮液室压力曲线。实验表明 ,采用液体阻尼可以有效减弱点火过程中的压力振荡。针对点火喷射过程建立了数学物理模型 ,并进行了相应数值模拟 ,计算值和实验数据吻合较好。研究结果对深入分析再生式液体发射药火炮内弹道循环有指导意义和参考价值。     

一种排气式膛压模拟装置

为了在实验室条件下简洁、高效地获得与实际相符的膛压曲线,进而开展典型结构和材料膛压载荷响应特性研究,提出了压力舱内发射药燃烧同时发射药气体由排气件排出的膛压模拟装置。结合发射药燃烧理论和等熵流动模型,建立了排气式膛压模拟过程的数学模型。基于理想气体假设,利用Fluent软件模拟泄压过程质量流量规律,并与理论结果对比,确定了流量系数。分别根据76和155 mm火炮膛压曲线特点及小型化设计原则,对模拟装置性能参数进行了优化设计。优化结果表明,获得的压力曲线的增压速率和降压速率基本满足要求,峰值压力达到300 MPa,压力大于30 MPa历时10 ms以上。验证实验结果表明:压力曲线有良好的重复性,且与理论结果一致,装置工作可靠性高;以排放发射药气体方式模拟膛压曲线是可行的。     

多孔和铸装高能推进剂的燃烧转爆轰

为研究多孔和铸装高能推进剂的危险性能 ,设计加工了燃烧转爆轰的实验装置 ,并建立了以光电管为主的测试系统。经实验发现 ,多孔装药在燃烧向爆轰的转变过程中有冲击波 /爆轰波的回传现象 ,而铸装药则没有。     

Waves from an underground explosion

The problem of the propagation of a spherical detonation wave in water-saturated soil was solved in [1, 2] by using a model of a liquid porous multicomponent medium with bulk viscosity. Experiments show that soils which are not water saturated are solid porous multicomponent media having a viscosity, nonlinear bulk compression limit diagrams, and irreversible deformations. Taking account of these properties, and using the model in [2], we have solved the problem of the propagation of a spherical detonation wave from an underground explosion. The solution was obtained by computer, using the finite difference method [3]. The basic wave parameters were determined at various distances from the site of the explosion. The values obtained are in good agreement with experiment. Models of soils as viscous media which take account of the dependence of deformations on the rate of loading were proposed in [4–7] also. In [8] a model was proposed corresponding to a liquid multicomponent medium with a variable viscosity.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 3, pp. 34–41, May–June, 1984.     

基于介观结构的饱和与非饱和多孔介质有效应力

基于描述含液颗粒材料介观结构的Voronoi 胞元模型和离散颗粒集合体与多孔连续体间的介-宏观均匀化过程, 定义饱和与非饱和多孔介质有效应力. 导出了计及孔隙液压引起之颗粒体积变形的饱和多孔介质广义有效应力. 用以定义广义有效应力的Biot 系数不仅依赖于颗粒材料的多孔连续体固体骨架及单个固体颗粒的体积模量(材料参数),同时与固体骨架当前平均广义有效应力及单个固体颗粒的体积应变(状态量) 有关. 提出了描述非饱和多孔介质中非混和固体颗粒、孔隙液体和气体等三相相互作用的具介观结构的Voronoi 胞元模型.具体考虑在低饱和度下双联(binary bond) 模式的摆动(pendular) 液桥系统介观结构. 导出了基于介观水力-力学模型的非饱和多孔介质的各向异性有效应力张量与有效压力张量. 考虑非饱和多孔介质Voronoi 胞元模型介观结构的各向同性情况,得到了与非饱和多孔连续体理论中唯象地假定的标量有效压力相同的有效压力形式.但本文定义的与确定非饱和多孔介质有效应力和有效压力相关联的Bishop 参数由基于三相介观水力-力学模型, 作为饱和度、孔隙度和介观结构参数的函数导出,而非唯象假定.      

P-wave velocity prediction in porous medium with liquid-pocket patchy saturation

It becomes increasingly clear that non-uniform distribution of immiscible fluids in porous rock is particularly relevant to seismic wave dispersion. White proposed a patchy saturation model in 1975, in which spherical gas pockets were located at the center of a liquid saturated cube. For an extremely light and compressible inner gas, the physical properties can be approximated by a vacuum with White's model. The model successfully analyzes the dispersion phenomena of a P-wave velocity in gas-watersaturated rocks. In the case of liquid pocket saturation, e.g., an oil-pocket surrounded by a water saturated host matrix, the light fluid-pocket assumption is doubtful, and few works have been reported in White's framework. In this work, Poisson's ratio, the bulk modulus, and the effective density of a dual-liquid saturated medium are formulated for the heterogeneous porous rocks containing liquid-pockets. The analysis of the difference between the newly derived bulk modulus and that of White's model shows that the effects of liquid-pocket saturation do not disappear unless the porosity approaches zero. The inner pocket fluid can no longer be ignored. The improvements of the P-wave velocity predictions are illustrated with two examples taken from experiments, i.e., the P-wave velocity in the sandstone saturated by oil and brine and the P-wave velocity for heavy oils and stones at different temperatures.     

裂隙挤喷流对孔隙介质排水体积模量的影响

实际岩石比如沉积形成的岩石往往是裂隙和孔隙并存的孔隙介质. 由于扁状的裂隙与近似球形或圆管形的孔隙具有不同的可压缩性,当孔隙介质受压时,液体会从易压缩的裂隙中挤出流入不易压缩的孔隙中,这种挤喷流会引起弹性模量的频散和能量的耗散. 着重研究了裂隙挤喷流和液体可压缩性对孔道变形的影响,推导出了动载荷作用下排水体积模量的表达式. 与挤喷流相关的裂隙附加柔度会引起排水体积模量随频率变化,使得孔隙介质呈现黏弹性. 频率越高,模量的实部越大,岩石抵抗变形的能力越强. 而模量的虚部体现了挤喷流对能量的耗散. 裂隙密度主要决定模量频散的幅度以及能量耗散的强度,且裂隙密度越大,模量频散幅度越大,能量耗散也越强. 裂隙的纵横比主要决定模量频散速率最快或能量耗散最强时对应的特征频率. 若孔隙介质中不含有裂隙,即裂隙密度是0时,排水体积模量退化为Biot理论中的排水体积模量.     

Waves in partially saturated porous media

The propagation of compressional waves in a porous medium is investigated in case the pore liquid contains a small volume fraction of gas. The effect of oscillating gas bubbles is taken into account by introducing a frequency-dependent fluid bulk modulus, which is incorporated in the Biot theory. Using a shock tube technique, new experimental data are obtained for a porous column subjected to a pressure step wave. An oscillatory behaviour is observed, consisting of two distinct frequency bands, which is predicted by the theoretical analysis.     

孔隙深度对多孔储液介质摩擦学性能的影响研究

多孔储液介质凭借其独特的孔隙结构可以储存并释放润滑介质,具备良好的自润滑性能. 利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法研究了孔隙深度对多孔储液介质摩擦界面流体压力分布的影响;考虑气-液界面的弯月面力作用,研究了不同孔隙深度的多孔储液介质气-液承载模型以及气-液二相的最小压差分布规律. 基于模拟计算结果,采用3D打印技术制备了不同孔隙深度的多孔储液介质,进一步考察了孔隙深度对其摩擦学性能的影响. CFD模拟结果表明合理设计孔隙深度能够增强多孔储液介质的流体动压润滑效应,孔隙深度较低会使得润滑升力不足,孔隙深度过高又会使得孔隙中流体产生回流循环,削弱楔形效应. 气体进入多孔储液介质摩擦副表面后,在孔隙中形成气-液二相受压承载,其最大承载力随着孔隙深度的增加先升高后趋于平稳,但孔隙深度越小,对润滑作用的积极效果越显著. 摩擦试验表明多孔储液介质的摩擦系数随着孔隙深度的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,与模拟计算结果一致. 因此合理设计多孔储液介质的孔隙深度,能优化多孔储液介质的润滑性能.      

Enhancement of evaporation and combustion of liquid fuels through porous media

Existing designs of most conventional liquid fuel burners have relied solely on spray atomizers, with a large amount of very fine droplets forming in a relatively large combustion chamber, resulting in a relatively low combustion intensity. Against this background, a novel down-flow compact porous burner system was developed for burning kerosene without the need of using a spray atomizer. Successive development on this burner research is important in view of the need to create energy by an efficient device based on simple technology. The focus has been on the introduction of the packed bed emitter installed downstream of the porous burner. The evaporation process and combustion phenomena that occurred are described through the coupled interaction of the solid phase (porous burner), the liquid phase (kerosene) and the gas phase. Enhancement of evaporation and combustion are evaluated through the measured thermal structures in terms of temperature distribution along the burner length and emission characteristics at the burner exit. Stable combustion with low emission of pollutants was realized even though the combustion flame was confined in-between the porous burner and the packed bed emitter with an increase in the back-pressure. The effects of various parameters including heat input and equivalence ratio on the combustion characteristics were clarified to confirm improvement in mixing of the fuel vapor/air mixture and turn-down ratio of the burner. The effect of the introduced packed bed emitter with suitable bed length and its installation location is investigated as an efficient method for enhancement of evaporation and combustion of the liquid fuels without a spray atomizer. Future applications of this type of burner system are suggested.