An optimized magnet for magnetic refrigeration

A magnet designed for use in a magnetic refrigeration device is presented. The magnet is designed by applying two general schemes for improving a magnet design to a concentric Halbach cylinder magnet design and dimensioning and segmenting this design in an optimum way followed by the construction of the actual magnet. The final design generates a peak value of 1.24 T, an average flux density of 0.9 T in a volume of 2 L using only 7.3 L of magnet, and has an average low flux density of 0.08 T also in a 2 L volume. The working point of all the permanent magnet blocks in the design is very close to the maximum energy density. The final design is characterized in terms of a performance parameter, and it is shown that it is one of the best performing magnet designs published for magnetic refrigeration.     

Analysis of the magnetic field, force, and torque for two-dimensional Halbach cylinders

The Halbach cylinder is a construction of permanent magnets used in applications such as nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus, accelerator magnets and magnetic cooling devices. In this paper the analytical expression for the magnetic vector potential, magnetic flux density and magnetic field for a two dimensional Halbach cylinder are derived. The remanent flux density of a Halbach magnet is characterized by the integer p. For a number of applications the force and torque between two concentric Halbach cylinders are important. These quantities are calculated and the force is shown to be zero except for the case where p for the inner magnet is one minus p for the outer magnet. Also the force is shown never to be balancing. The torque is shown to be zero unless the inner magnet p is equal to minus the outer magnet p. Thus there can never be a force and a torque in the same system.     

离散式任意充磁角度Halbach永磁电机解析模型研究

Halbach电机因其自身优势在新型船舶推进、海洋洋流发电等方面受到广泛关注. 本文在假设铁磁材料线性和定子内表面光滑的条件下, 通过将任意充磁角度Halbach阵列等效为两组90° Halbach(或180° Halbach)阵列的矢量合成, 提出了一种分析离散式任意充磁角度Halbach永磁电机气隙磁场的解析方法; 通过对电机中磁标量势的傅里叶级数进行计算, 推导出了最简单的90° Halbach永磁电机在极坐标系下的气隙磁密表达式, 并在此基础上, 给出了任意充磁角度Halbach电机永磁体磁化强度在一个极下的表达式, 进而得出任意充磁角度Halbach电机气隙磁密的分布, 并分析了气隙磁密与电机极对数、永磁体厚度和充磁角度间的关系. 最后通过有限元和试验结果验证了本文方法的正确性. 关键词： 离散式Halbach电机 任意充磁角度 矢量等效 解析模型     

用于高功率微波器件的永磁体的设计和测试

报道了用于高功率相对论返波管振荡器的永磁体的设计和试制。以Halbach阵列结构为基础, 通过选择高性能的永磁材料, 调整磁钢的充磁方向、排列方式和尺寸, 优化设计了可用于某相对论返波管振荡器的永磁体结构, 其均匀区磁场强度0.98 T。采用粒子模拟方法, 进行了永磁体与返波管振荡器的一体化设计, 设计结果表明:器件输出功率超过1 GW, 设计的永磁体能够满足器件对磁场强度和位形的要求。对永磁体进行了试制和测试, 测试结果为:均匀区磁场0.88 T, 均匀区长110 mm, 磁体重量约306 kg。     

高功率光隔离器永磁系统的理论研究与优化

基于Halbach阵列永磁体的特点以及光隔离器对磁场的需求,设计了两种适用于高功率隔离器的永磁系统,分析了其磁场分布、磁场非均匀性对隔离度的影响,研究了磁体装配误差对磁场的影响。研究结果表明:通过引入斜向磁化永磁体,选择合适的磁化角度和磁体长度,可以提高永磁体的磁场强度,大幅度减小旋转器所需磁光晶体长度;受磁场非均匀性影响的隔离度与磁光晶体的孔径、长度以及入射激光的光斑半径有关,当晶体长度一定时,减小晶体半径和入射光的半径可以显著提高隔离度。在入射光半径为1.5mm、磁光晶体半径5mm时,对应的隔离度分别为105.8dB和45.4dB。     

永磁体 N-N 相对式排列提升旋转式高温超导磁通泵开路电压的仿真研究

旋转式高温超导磁通泵可以无接触地向超导线圈中注入直流电, 在超导磁体充电方面具有独特的优势.在本文中, 我们基于 H-A 方程耦合建立了一个磁通泵二维有限元模型, 分别模拟了三块永磁体、 五块永磁体在不同的排列方式下对磁通泵开路电压的影响. 与正常的 N 极向下的排列方式相比, N-N 相对式排列改进后能够提升磁通泵的开路电压; 改进式 Halbach 排列对开路电压几乎没有影响. 在50 Hz 的旋转频率下, 永磁体 N-N 相对式排列使开路电压提升13% . 这是由于永磁体 N-N 相对式排列后, 磁通将会被挤压, 从而产生有多个峰值的磁感应强度分布, 使等效电压波形从不对称的四重峰变为多重峰. 最后, 对永磁体宽度进行了参数化扫描来分析永磁体尺寸对开路电压的影响. 通过优化磁体结构设计, 可以控制磁感应强度分布, 提升磁通泵的开路电压, 为提升实验装置的输出性能提供一种新颖的设计方向.     

Asymmetric MRI Magnet Design Using a Hybrid Numerical Method

This paper describes a hybrid numerical method for the design of asymmetric magnetic resonance imaging magnet systems. The problem is formulated as a field synthesis and the desired current density on the surface of a cylinder is first calculated by solving a Fredholm equation of the first kind. Nonlinear optimization methods are then invoked to fit practical magnet coils to the desired current density. The field calculations are performed using a semi-analytical method. A new type of asymmetric magnet is proposed in this work. The asymmetric MRI magnet allows the diameter spherical imaging volume to be positioned close to one end of the magnet. The main advantages of making the magnet asymmetric include the potential to reduce the perception of claustrophobia for the patient, better access to the patient by attending physicians, and the potential for reduced peripheral nerve stimulation due to the gradient coil configuration. The results highlight that the method can be used to obtain an asymmetric MRI magnet structure and a very homogeneous magnetic field over the central imaging volume in clinical systems of approximately 1.2 m in length. Unshielded designs are the focus of this work. This method is flexible and may be applied to magnets of other geometries.     

四注行波管周期永磁聚焦系统的优化设计

根据电子注参数、布里渊磁场公式及周期聚焦系统轴向磁通密度峰值经验公式,计算出永磁聚焦系统轴向峰值磁通密度,利用Ansoft Maxwell 3D软件建立了四注行波管周期永磁聚焦系统仿真模型,对模型结构尺寸进行了参数化分析,研究了周期永磁聚焦系统结构尺寸对聚焦系统通道内磁通密度的影响,确定了磁聚焦系统结构最佳尺寸配合,优化设计出了四注行波管周期永磁聚焦系统。其电子注通道中心轴线上轴向磁通密度峰值B_z=309 mT,横向磁通密度B_t=2.86 mT,B_t/B_z=0.92%。     

Optimal Halbach permanent magnet designs for maximally pulling and pushing nanoparticles

Optimization methods are presented to design Halbach arrays to maximize the forces applied on magnetic nanoparticles at deep tissue locations. In magnetic drug targeting, where magnets are used to focus therapeutic nanoparticles to disease locations, the sharp fall off of magnetic fields and forces with distances from magnets has limited the depth of targeting. Creating stronger forces at a depth by optimally designed Halbach arrays would allow treatment of a wider class of patients, e.g. patients with deeper tumors. The presented optimization methods are based on semi-definite quadratic programming, yield provably globally optimal Halbach designs in 2 and 3-dimensions, for maximal pull or push magnetic forces (stronger pull forces can collect nanoparticles against blood forces in deeper vessels; push forces can be used to inject particles into precise locations, e.g. into the inner ear). These Halbach designs, here tested in simulations of Maxwell's equations, significantly outperform benchmark magnets of the same size and strength. For example, a 3-dimensional 36 element 2000 cm³ volume optimal Halbach design yields a 5× greater force at a 10 cm depth compared to a uniformly magnetized magnet of the same size and strength. The designed arrays should be feasible to construct, as they have a similar strength (≤1 T), size (≤2000 cm³), and number of elements (≤36) as previously demonstrated arrays, and retain good performance for reasonable manufacturing errors (element magnetization direction errors ≤5°), thus yielding practical designs to improve magnetic drug targeting treatment depths.     

A portable Halbach magnet that can be opened and closed without force: the NMR-CUFF

Portable equipment for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is becoming increasingly attractive for use in a variety of applications. One of the main scientific challenges in making NMR portable is the design of light-weight magnets that possess a strong and homogeneous field. Existing NMR magnets can provide such magnetic fields, but only for small samples or in small regions, or are rather heavy. Here we show a simple yet elegant concept for a Halbach-type permanent magnet ring, which can be opened and closed with minimal mechanical force. An analytical solution for an ideal Halbach magnet shows that the magnetic forces cancel if the structure is opened at an angle of 35.3° relative to its poles. A first prototype weighed only 3.1 kg, and provided a flux density of 0.57 T with a homogeneity better than 200 ppm over a spherical volume of 5mm in diameter without shimming. The force needed to close it was found to be about 20 N. As a demonstration, intact plants were imaged and water (xylem) flow measured. Magnets of this type (NMR-CUFF = Cut-open, Uniform, Force Free) are ideal for portable use and are eminently suited to investigate small or slender objects that are part of a larger or immobile whole, such as branches on a tree, growing fruit on a plant, or non-metallic tubing in industrial installations. This new concept in permanent-magnet design enables the construction of openable, yet strong and homogeneous magnets, which aside from use in NMR or MRI could also be of interest for applications in accelerators, motors, or magnetic bearings.     

周期永磁环爆磁压缩发生器

 首次提出了利用周期永磁环做初始能源的螺旋型爆磁压缩发生器，该结构由4节永磁环正反排到组成。阐述了这种周期永磁环爆磁压缩发生器的结构及其特点，并利用等效电路模型分析了轴线起爆周期永磁环爆磁压缩发生器的磁通变化规律和爆磁压缩过程，得到了基本的电流变化关系。 分析及数值计算结果表明：这种周期永磁环爆磁压缩发生器能够实现电流放大，在磁化电流为0.13 MA，磁化回路负载电感为1.0 μH条件下，最终输出电流可达0.16 MA。周期永磁环可以作为爆磁压缩发生器的初始能源，这种概念设计值得进行进一步的实验探索。     

实验和数值模拟超导绕组的机械特性

为了减少环氧浸渍的超导磁体的锻炼和退化效应，基于实验和数值模拟研究了在热应力的电磁力的条件下超导绕组的机械特性；研究的基本目的是决定超导复合线圈基本的材料特性，其中复合超导绕组的杨氏模量和热收缩系数是基本的参数，使用这些参数我们可以用有限元方法精确地研究超导磁体的机械特性，通过分析各种超导磁体的设计，判断好的和坏的磁体设计，从而发展新的超导磁体的设计标准，形成超导磁体的设计和建造的基本方法，本中我们将通过实验和FEA模拟研究复合绕组的基本参数和应用特性。     

Modeling of magnetic bandages for drug targeting: Button vs. Halbach arrays

Magnetic targeting of drugs to diseased tissues, such as non-healing wounds or skin tumors, is a promising clinical use of magnetic microspheres. For successful magnetic targeting, a magnet must be placed in close proximity to the target tissue. In this work the forces exerted on magnetic microspheres by different arrangements of magnets including a simple square magnet, a number of button magnet arrays, and a Halbach array were simulated and compared. Magnetic bandages utilizing a Halbach array configuration were found to yield the best trapping characteristics (large and uniform force distributions) for magnetic targeting applications close to a surface.     

Single-sided mobile NMR with a Halbach magnet

A single-sided mobile NMR apparatus with a small Halbach magnet was constructed for the first time. It is lightweight, compact and exhibits good sensitivity. The weight of the device is only 2 kg, and the NMR signal of the pencil eraser block can be detected in one shot using the device. This study describes the characteristics of this instrument, including the profile of static magnetic flux density, B0, the sensitivity in the depth direction and its effectiveness in one-dimensional profiling. Its usefulness in differentiating soft materials and evaluating the extent of damage of a material is demonstrated based on T2 relaxation data. The moisture absorbance also can be observed from the increase of the echo amplitude of the NMR spin echo signal.     

ECR离子源六极永磁体的设计研究

分别从材料、结构、尺寸等方面全面地研究了Halbach结构六极永磁铁的设计方法.针对个别磁块可能存在的退磁问题给出了相应的解决方案.通过优化结构,使六极磁铁在离子源等离子体弧腔内壁产生的磁场达到最大.用POISSON,PERMAG,TOSCA等多个磁场模拟程序计算模拟了六极磁场的大小与分布,并给出了一些相应的曲线     

Overhauser DNP and EPR in a Mobile Setup: Influence of Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity

Power-dependent Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhancements and continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of nitroxide radicals were measured in the magnetic field of a mobile Halbach-array permanent magnet and compared with results from a commercially available electromagnet. DNP saturation factors for varying microwave power were obtained from both measurement series and used to investigate how the increased magnetic field inhomogeneity present in the Halbach magnet affects the saturation efficiency. An EPR detection system was designed to allow continuous-wave EPR measurements at microwave power up to 20?W. Our results show that despite the lower magnetic field homogeneity, a Halbach-array magnet can be used for EPR and DNP-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance of high quality providing almost the same performance as a more homogeneous electromagnet.     

永磁体辅助下单畴GdBCO超导体和永磁体之间的磁悬浮力研究

通过对永磁体辅助下单畴GdBCO超导体和圆柱形永磁体在液氮温度、零场冷、轴对称情况下磁悬浮力的测量,研究了两种不同组态下辅助永磁体对超导体磁悬浮力特性的影响.实验结果表明,当长方体辅助永磁体水平磁化、且磁极N指向超导体时,超导体的最大磁悬浮力从没有引入辅助永磁体的29.8 N增加到61.5 N,增加为没有引入辅助永磁体时的206%.当长方体辅助永磁体的N极与圆柱形永磁体的N极反平行时,超导体的最大磁悬浮力从没有引入辅助永磁体的29.8 N减小到19.6 N,减小为无辅助永磁体时的65.8%.这些研究结果说明,通过科学合理地设计超导体和永磁体的组合方式,能有效地提高超导体的磁悬浮力.该研究结果对促进超导体的应用具有重要的指导意义. 关键词： 单畴GdBCO 永磁体 磁悬浮力     

周期永磁聚焦电子注性能计算机模拟

 使用全三维电磁场粒子模拟程序MAFIA建立了行波管周期永磁聚焦系统模型，计算了磁系统中的磁场分布和静态电子注传输特性。分析了周期永磁系统聚焦电子注传输特性，并重点讨论了磁场强度、磁场端部效应和横向速度分布对电子注聚焦性能的影响。为周期永磁聚焦系统的工程设计和优化提供了有价值的模拟结果。     

强流环形电子束在同轴永磁Halbach结构磁路中传输的初步分析

利用有限元程序SUPERFISH计算求解了同轴永磁Halbach结构磁路的磁场, 并推导出该磁场位形磁感应强度各分量的近似表达式. 利用流体模型分析了作用在电子束上的力并导出了改进马丢方程形式的径向力平衡方程, 给出了平衡条件; 利用2.5维全电磁粒子模拟程序研究了强流环形电子束在该周期系统中传输的物理过程. 计算得出强流相对论电子束的稳定传输与电子束电流, 电子束厚度, 磁场强度, 电子束入射角度等因素有关. 分析认为利用同轴永磁Halbach结构磁路导引数KA的环形电子束, 并使之稳定传输是可能的. 同时该磁场聚焦形式也为Ubitron中的束--波相互作用提供了一个作用机制.     

Permanent magnet modelling for dynamic applications

Rare earth permanent magnets are very sensitive to temperature as an overheating can lead to a partial or a total demagnetization. It is then necessary to determine the losses in the permanent magnets to design with accuracy an electromagnetic system. In fact, if the permanent magnet experiences a high frequency magnetic field, significant losses appear. In the literature, these losses are calculated assuming the permanent magnet to be a bulk conductive material. In this work, we aim at verifying this assumption and we give a method to determine the equivalent conductivity. Then, we present a comparison between calculated and measured characteristics of two permanent magnet samples.