金属粉末冶金抗摩复合材料研制方面的成就

对摩擦部件材料的要求 现代机器制造业和运输业的发展是与摩擦部件的运转速度和载荷容量的提高联系在一起的。对抗摩材料的要求是由它的工作条件决定的,并在广阔的范围内变化着。但是,存在着一系列对所有抗摩材料都必须共同具备的要求,这些共同的要求就是:尽可能低的摩擦系数和高的耐磨性;最优化的整体和表面强度,这种强度使表面层的高强度与能够有效磨合相结合;足够高的韧性以尽可能排除脆性破坏;高的抗疲劳强度;在材料的工作表面上形成能防止咬粘的二次结构层的能力;相当高的导热性和最佳的热胀系数;     

谈力的功的定义

已刊登的几篇关于讨论力的功的定义的文章中,关于功的定义是准确的,严格的,完整的,并不需要作补充或修正.但如果把功的定义改为     

国际力学中心简介

在意大利风光明媚的威尼靳城北面约一百二个公里的地方,是一个约有十万居民的历史悠久的美丽的小城市乌迪内。国际力学中心就座落在它的市中心的原托尔索宫。在这座两层楼的相当富丽堂皇的建筑内,有两个小型的设备很好的报     

瑞利数对行波对流缺陷特性的影响

通过流体力学方程的数值模拟,研究了瑞利数对分离比ψ=-0.6的混合流体行波对流缺陷结构的影响。结果表明:对于给定的相对瑞利数r,缺陷的出现是间歇性的,缺陷出现的位置固定,缺陷出现的周期保持为常数;对于不同的r,缺陷形成时滚动的分裂是不对称的,可以在原滚动的上方也可以在原滚动的下方形成一个新的滚动,从而形成缺陷,缺陷出现的位置基本稳定在腔体的中部,缺陷出现周期随着r的增加而增加;在具有缺陷的行波存在的下限附近,缺陷出现周期减小得较快;在具有缺陷的行波存在的上限附近,缺陷出现周期增加得较快。有缺陷和无缺陷的行波的对流垂直流速最大值δwmax都随着时间在周期变化,但规律是不同的。具有缺陷的行波中,垂直流速最大值δwmax的周期代表缺陷出现的周期;在无缺陷的行波中,垂直流速最大值δwmax的周期代表行波的周期。     

含慢变参数的非线性振动系统的振动特性

慢变参数的振动系统一类典型的非线性系统，工程上的许多振动都于这一类，由于慢变系统的质量、刚度、干扰力等参数是随机时间缓慢的，另一般的参变系统有本质的不同，因此需根据咖以研究。本文讨论了慢变系统的分析方法。同时结合提升机罐笼与钢丝强组成的系统和慢变刚度的转子系统对自汉的和非自治的慢变系统的的夺动特性进行了研究，提出育夺区时的振幅的具体方法。     

变幅载荷下挤压强化增益的可靠性分析

1.引言航空结构设计的根本目的在于保证结构的可靠性,或者在保证可靠性的前提下使结构更优化.目前在我国的航空工业中,考虑概率因素为基础的结构设计问题已引起了广泛的兴趣.由于疲劳的统计性质,对于承受疲劳载荷的结构,失效概率的研究是不可缺少的.对于一个结构疲劳可靠性的估价取决于它的设计需要,如果一个结构需要安全地使用一段规定的期限而不检修,那么它必须在整个使用期间保持容许的低的失效概率.本文利用条件概率(即事件A 发生的条件下,事件B 发生的概率.)的概念,导出了一个变幅程序块谱作用下构件疲劳寿命的可靠性分析方法,完善了Miner 法则应用的局限性及不足,使得疲劳试验及分析的结果更具说服力.2.累积损伤计算的Miner 法则     

考虑应变硬化效应的简支梁后屈服性质

本文对于线性应变硬化刚塑性材料构成的矩形截面简支梁在中央集中载荷作用下的载椅——挠度关系进行了研究。文中不仅考虑了应变硬化效应使梁的极限弯矩增大的作用,而且还考虑了由于应变硬化而引起的塑性区的扩展所致的挠度改变对于梁的束载雄力的影响。研究表明:不仅仅材料的应变硬化特性对于梁在屈服后的承载能力有显著的影响,梁的几何特征长细比也对梁在屈服后的承载能力有显著的影响。     

两自由度的Burridge-Knopoff模型的一种近似分析方法

Burridge-Knopoff模型是速度驱动的多质量的质量弹簧系统.它是用来进行地震机理研究的一种摩擦动力系统的模型.本文考查了具有两个自由度的Burridge-Knopoff模型的摩擦激振问题.摩擦的不光滑性给系统的求解带来了很大的困难.又系统带有两个摩擦接触面,运动情况更加复杂.本文通过对摩擦力取平均的方法,得到了系统在各个运动形式下的通解,采用半解析的方法对此两自由度的系统进行了研究.通过以上方法,给出了一种周期运动的具体运动形式以及位移和速度的时程关系;并且发现在不同驱动速度的情况下,随着驱动速度的增大,系统的运动形式存在简单和复杂交替出现的现象,并给出了不同系统参数下的分岔图.     

迴轉仪的运动稳定性問題

回转仪的运动稳定性问题,具有实际的意义。例如,在飞行器的飞行自动控制中,就需要两个保持稳定运动的回转仪,它们的外环的轴,一个是垂直的,一个是水平的。 最近有许多工作用不同的方法讨论了这两种情形下回转仪运动的稳定条件。文献[2—4]研究了外环的轴为垂直寸的情形,文献[5]研究了外环的轴为水平的情形。作者     

应用于弹性问题的重心有限元法

摘要：通过几何的方法构造了在任意多边形上的具有重心型格式的平均值插值函数,并利用Galerkin法提出了应用于弹性问题的重心有限元法。重心有限元法的插值函数在多边形单元间是协调的,能够方便的施加本质边界条件。重心有限元法的插值函数对于不同边数的多边形单元具有统一的表达形式,编程实现简便易行,能够方便的应用于复杂几何区域的求解。通过重心有限元法分别进行了小片试验、悬臂梁和复合材料的有效模量的数值模拟。小片试验的计算精度达到了机器精度;悬臂梁的计算结果与解析解的吻合程度较高;复合材料的有效模量的数值模拟结果与传统有限元和解析解吻合得较好,变化趋势合理。     

Motion of a solidcontaininga spherical damper

For the purpose of modeling the motion of a solid with a cavity filled with a viscous fluid, M. A. Lavrent'ev [1] has proposed a model in the form of a solid with a spherical cavity in which another solid, spherical in shape, is enclosed. The sphere is separated from the cavity walls by a small, clearance in which viscous forces act (a lubricating film). This simple model with a finite number of degrees of freedom possesses certain mechanical properties of a solid with a cavity containing a viscous fluid. Study of this model is therefore of interest.The present paper examines certain properties of the model, which will be termed a solid with a damper. It is shown that for a highviscosity lubricant the motion of a solid with a damper can be described by the same equations which pertain to the motion of a solid with a spherical cavity filled with a high-viscosity fluid. Expressions relating the parameters of the systems are obtained. If these relations are fulfilled, the systems become mechanically equivalent.The steady motions of a free solid with a damper and their stability conditions are determined.These motions and stability conditions hold for a body with a cavity filled with a viscous fluid [2].     

Nonlinear oscillatory processes in wheeled vehicles

The free damped vibrations of a wheeled vehicle with independent suspension are analyzed with allowance for the nonlinear characteristics of the suspension springs and shock absorbers. The vibrations of a wheeled vehicle with a suspension with smooth nonlinear characteristics are studied for a model with seven degrees of freedoms. The skeleton curves and nonlinear normal modes are obtained. For a model with two degrees of freedoms (quarter-car) that corresponds to axisymmetric vibrations, the nonlinear normal modes are found in the case of a shock absorber with nonsmooth nonlinear characteristic     

Pressure waves in a tube filled with a bubbly mixture with a nonuniform cross-sectional bubble distribution

The evolution of pressure waves in a tube filled with a gas-liquid medium with a stepped cross-sectional bubble distribution is investigated. The calculations are compared with experimental data. It is shown that in the case of a nonuniform bubble distribution, due to the appearance of transverse flows, the pressure pulse is damped faster than for a uniform distribution. The interaction of pressure waves with a bubble cluster in a tube filled with liquid is also analyzed.     

Asymptotic solutions by the successive disordering method

We develop the periodic componentmethod [1] and represent the solution of a stochastic boundary value elasticity problem for a random quasiperiodic structure with a given disordering degree of inclusions in the matrix via the deviations from the corresponding solution for a random structure with a smaller disordering degree. An example in which the tensor of elastic properties of a composite is calculated is used to illustrate the asymptotic and differential approaches of the successive disordering method. The asymptotic approach permits representing the quasiperiodic structure with a given chaos coefficient and the desired tensor of effective elastic properties as a result of small successive disordering of an originally ideally periodic structure of a composite with known tensor of elastic properties. In the differential approach, a differential equation is obtained for the tensor of effective elastic properties as a function of the chaos coefficient. Its solution coincides with the solution provided by the asymptotic approach. The solution is generalized to the case of piezoactive composites, and a numerical analysis of the effective properties is performed for a PVF (polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric with various quasiperiodic structures on the basis of the cubic structure with spherical inclusions of a high-module elastic material.     

Free vibration of a sagged cable with attached discrete elements

An algorithm is presented to analyze the free vibration in a system composed of a cable with discrete elements, e.g., a concentrated mass, a translational spring, and a harmonic oscillator. The vibrations in the cable are modeled and analyzed with the Lagrange multiplier formalism. Some fragments of the investigated structure are modeled with continuously distributed parameters, while the other fragments of the structure are modeled with discrete elements. In this case, the linear model of a cable with a small sag serves as a continuous model, while the elements, e.g., a translational spring, a concentrated mass, and a harmonic oscillator, serve as the discrete elements. The method is based on the analytical solutions in relation to the constituent elements, which, when once derived, can be used to formulate the equations describing various complex systems compatible with an actual structure. The numerical analysis shows that, the method proposed in this paper can be successfully used to select the optimal parameters of a system composed of a cable with discrete elements, e.g., to detune the frequency resonance of some structures.     

Interaction of cracks with bonds between their faces in an isotropic medium reinforced by a regular system of stringers

A problem of an elastic isotropic medium with a system of foreign (transverse with respect to crack alignment) rectilinear inclusions is considered. The medium is assumed to be attenuated by a periodic system of rectilinear cracks with zones where the crack faces interact with each other. These zones are assumed to be adjacent to the crack tips, and their sizes can be commensurable with the crack size. Interaction between the crack faces in the tip zone is modeled by introducing bonds (adhesion forces) between the cracks with a specified strain diagram. The boundary-value problem of the equilibrium of a periodic system of cracks with bonds between their faces under the action of external tensile loads and forces in the bonds is reduced to a nonlinear singular integrodifferential equation with a kernel of the Cauchy kernel type. The condition of critical equilibrium of the cracks with the tip zones is formulated with allowance for the criterion of critical tension of the bonds. A case of a stress state of the medium containing zones where the crack faces interact with each other is considered.     

Role of the confinement of a root canal on jet impingement during endodontic irrigation

During a root canal treatment the root canal is irrigated with an antimicrobial fluid, commonly performed with a needle and a syringe. Irrigation of a root canal with two different types of needles can be modeled as an impinging axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric jet. These jets are investigated experimentally with high-speed Particle Imaging Velocimetry, inside and outside the confinement (concave surface) of a root canal, and compared to theoretical predictions for these jets. The efficacy of irrigation fluid refreshment with respect to the typical reaction time of the antimicrobial fluid with a biofilm is characterized with a non-dimensional Damk?hler number. The pressure that these jets induce on a wall or at the apex of the root canal is also measured. The axisymmetric jet is found to be stable and its velocity agrees with the theoretical prediction for this type of jet, however, a confinement causes instabilities to the jet. The confinement of the root canal has a pronounced influence on the flow, for both the axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric jet, by reducing the velocities by one order of magnitude and increasing the pressure at the apex. The non-axisymmetric jet inside the confinement shows a cascade of eddies with decreasing velocities, which at the apex does not provide adequate irrigation fluid refreshment.     

Magnetoelastic interactions in a soft ferromagnetic body with a nonlinear law of magnetization: Some applications

Linearized equations and boundary conditions of a magnetoelastic ferromagnetic body are obtained with the nonlinear law of magnetization. Magnetoelastic interactions in a multi-domain ferromagnetic materials are considered for magneto soft materials, i.e. the case when the magnetic field intensity vector and magnetization vector are parallel. As a special case, the following two problems are considered: (1) the magnetoelastic stability of a ferromagnetic plate-strip in a homogeneous transverse magnetic field; (2) the stress–strain state of a ferromagnetic plane with a moving crack in a transverse magnetic field. It is shown that the modeling of magnetoelastic equations with a nonlinear law of magnetization provides qualitative and quantitative predictions on physical quantities including critical loads and stresses. In particular, it is shown that the critical magnetic field in plate stability problems found with the nonlinear law of magnetization is in better agreement with the experimental finding than the one found with a linear law. Furthermore, it is also shown that the stress concentration factor around a crack predicted with the nonlinear law of magnetization is more accurate than the one obtained with a linear counterpart. Numerical results are presented for above mentioned two problems and for various forms of nonlinear laws of magnetization.     

Forced Vibration of Continuous System with Unsymmetrical Collision Characteristics

This paper deals with steady-state response of a continuous system with nonlinear boundary conditions which are motion-limiting constraint. An analytical method of approximate solution for the continuous system with unsymmetrical collision characteristics in which the beam end collides with a stop once in one period of its vibration is presented. Some numerical results of the approximate solution are shown. Contrary to the case of continuous system with symmetrical collision characteristics, the resonance curves of nonlinear response of approximate solution are shown as discontinuous line. Some numerical results of a continuous system with no hysteresis damping are compared with those of a continuous system with hysteresis damping and a single-degree-of-freedom system.     

General Anisotropic Effective Medium Theory for the Effective Permeability of Heterogeneous Reservoirs

One of the techniques to calculate the effective property of a heterogeneous medium is the effective medium theory. The present paper presents a general mathematical formulation for the effective medium approximation using a self-consistent choice of the effective permeability, to apply it to the case of a general anisotropic 2D medium and to the case of a 3D isotropic medium with randomly oriented ellipsoidal inclusions. The 2D results are compared with analytical results and with a homogenization technique with good result. The 3D correlations are used to derive percolation thresholds in two-phase systems with a large permeability contrast, which are compared to numerical results from the literature, also with good results.