有机质在沉积改造型金矿成矿中作用的实验研究

本文用模拟实验方法研究了以下内容:(1)有机酸、含石油水溶液等对岩石中Au的淋滤作用;(2)石油对水溶液中Au的萃取及Au在石油各族组分中的分配;(3)石油的生成与运移对地层中Au的活化迁移作用;(4)沥青对溶液中Au的还原作用及反应动力学。结果说明,有机质促进了地层中Au的淋滤、萃取、运移、还原、沉淀等地球化学过程,从而积极参与了某些沉积改造型金矿床的成矿作用。     

石油分子表征与分子层次模型构建:前沿及挑战

石油资源的绿色、高效及高值化利用需要从分子层次认识石油分子的组成及转化规律,并构建分子层次的精细化过程模型,由此诞生了分子管理技术路线.石油分子组成及转化过程的高度复杂性使得石油分子管理技术开发面临巨大的挑战.本文阐述了石油分子管理的沿革及内涵,总结了石油分子组成表征及石油加工分子模型的进展及所面临的挑战,并对未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

石油沥青质在烃中的稳定性研究

石油是以沥青质为分散相的非水胶体体系[1,2 ] 。研究认为 ,石油中沥青质的沉淀和絮凝 ,对石油开采及输送有十分重要的影响 [3]。提高沥青质在石油中的胶体稳定性 ,可强化石油加工过程中的重油减压蒸馏、催化裂化、减粘裂化及延迟焦化等过程[1,2 ] ,是提高炼厂轻质油收率、改善产品质量、提高综合经济效益的重要途径。国外关于沥青质在烃类介质中的稳定性研究报道较多 ,大多侧重于胶质对沥青质的稳定作用。由于胶质和沥青质均为由多种复杂结构分子组成的混和物 ,探讨胶质对沥青质的稳定机理极端困难 ,Chia-Lu Chang[4 ]等定量讨论了沥青质…     

石油加工分子管理平台构建

在最大化利用石油资源及石油炼制向生产精细化工品侧重的趋势下,从分子层次实现对石油加工过程中的原料组成、相行为及转化过程的模拟化,已成为石油化工领域学术界和工业界的关注热点,并由此形成了石油加工"分子管理"这一研究方向.本文阐述了分子管理技术的内涵及其研究范畴,介绍了分子管理技术主要的内容及应用方向.重点介绍了本课题组开发的分子管理软件平台的基础框架、模块构成及所实现的功能,包括分子的数学化表达、性质计算、组成模型生成、反应网络构建及反应动力学模型生成等功能,覆盖了分子管理研究的完整链条.     

电化学分析在石油化工中的应用

在石油化工生产过程中,原料、中间产物和产品的纯度及其组成是工艺过程能否正常运行的重要保证。电分析化学方法由于具有灵敏、准确、高效的特点,所以在石油化工产品的分析检测中受到了人们的广泛关注。本文重点介绍了几种常用的电分析化学方法在石油及产品的微量非金属元素和金属元素、微量水、共轭二烯烃以及油品腐蚀性能分析中的应用,包括库仑法、电位分析法、极谱法、溶出伏安法等技术。这些分析方法不仅能对石油加工生产过程中原料和产品的成分、性质进行快速分析,而且还对石油化工的工艺设计和运行参数调整具有很强指导意义。     

氢能──理想的新能源

1.能源及分类能源是指一切能量比较集中的含能体（如煤炭与天然气）和能量过程（如风与潮汐）。目前人类所利用的主要是石油、煤炭和天然气等三大能源,不但燃烧产物带来严重环境污染及温室效应、破坏生态平衡,而且蕴藏量有限、有枯竭的危险。     

元素改性对分子筛催化裂化性能的调变作用

1 催化裂化技术的重要性及存在的问题 1.1 催化裂化技术的重要性 催化裂化是指在石油炼制过程中, 在热和催化剂的作用下使重油发生裂化反应, 转化为裂化气、汽油和柴油等的过程. 从20世纪90年代开始, 随着世界原油的重质化和劣质化日趋严重, 而且市场对重质燃料的需求越来越少, 使重油催化裂化得以迅速发展. 据美国石油炼制协会统计, 目前重油催化裂化(RFCC)约占催化裂化总能力的25%, 并将逐年增加, 重油加工将成为21世纪催化裂化发展的重要方向.     

凸显哲学思维与科学方法的氟单质制备及发现

氟作为卤族元素的首个元素被广泛应用于农药、医药、原子能、火箭技术、石油精炼等方面,在人类社会生产生活的诸多领域起到不可取代的作用。本文主要通过介绍氟单质的首次制备及在自然界中首次发现的过程等内容,普及更新一些氟化学知识。通过氟单质典型事件的叙述体现哲学思想和科学研究方法在化学中的应用。     

我国石油分析的进展

建国三十年来,在党的领导下,我国石油工业取得了巨大的成就。石油不仅是重要的能源,也是石油化工的基本原料,在实现四个现代化过程中有着特殊的重要意义。石油的分析是随着石油工业迅速发展成长起来的一门学科。它在石油地质、油田开发、炼油工艺和石油化工等方面已成为不可缺少的组成部分,不但对生产工艺和产品质量起着监督和控制作用,而且对于石油成因的研究和油田开发工作以及在基础研究和应用研究中都具有重要地位。石油作为一种从生命有机体转化而来的矿物燃料,组成是非常复杂的,它包括各种类型的碳氢化合物及其异构体,不同     

加温加压条件下气液固三相鼓泡塔体积传质系数的测定

气液固三相鼓泡塔反应器被广泛地应用于化工、石油化工、煤化工、化工冶金、环境工程等领域,如石油馏分的加氢、煤的脱硫与脱氮、对二甲苯氧化、费托合成、甲醇合成、二甲醚合成以及含有机物废水的湿式氧化等工业过程[1.2].     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术分析重馏分油中芳烃组成

通过对升温速度、二维补偿温度、调制周期等关键实验参数的优化,建立了全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(GC×GC-TOF MS)分析重馏分油中芳烃组分的方法,得到了重馏分油芳烃组分按环数分布的二维点阵图。根据谱库检索、标准化合物对照及文献报道,对重馏分油芳烃组分中菲、甲基菲及芘、苯并蒽等常见多环芳烃(PAH)进行了准确定性,并将该方法应用到重馏分油加氢处理工艺研究中,对菲、芘的加氢处理产物进行了定性分析。该研究为重馏分油芳烃组分的准确定性提供了新的技术手段,为加深对油品加氢规律的认识提供了技术支持。全二维气相色谱与普通一维色谱对比,在重馏分油的芳烃组分分析上体现了极大优势。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible oils by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy

The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in nine edible oils of three categories of oil samples, such as soy bean oil, mustard oil and coconut oil, has been studied to determine the contamination degree of this type of oil samples. Eight major carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, crysene, benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene, were identified and quantified in the extract of edible oils collected from Bangladeshi Markets by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. All of the carcinogenic PAHs are not present in the edible oils. A few of the carcinogenic PAHs are present in the oils but it is within the permissible limit. The results for the recoveries of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, crysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene were in the range of 56–84%. The limit of detection (LOD) of the GC–MS method, established at signals three times that of the noise for naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, crysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene, was 2.0–2.5 ng, respectively.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定卷烟滤嘴中15种多环芳烃

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱同时检测卷烟滤嘴中15种多环芳烃的方法。卷烟滤嘴用二氯甲烷振荡萃取后,经0.22μm有机相滤膜过滤,采用DB-5MS色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)进行分离,电子轰击源、正离子模式下以多反应监测模式进行检测,内标法进行定量。15种多环芳烃(苊烯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[g,h,i]苝和茚并[1,2,3-c,d]芘)的线性关系良好,相关系数(R~2)为0.991 4~0.999 9。15种多环芳烃在低、中、高3个添加水平下的平均回收率为81.6%~111.2%;除了芴在低添加水平时相对标准偏差为19.2%外,其他相对标准偏差均小于16%。15种多环芳烃的检出限为0.02~0.24 ng/滤嘴,定量限为0.04~0.80 ng/滤嘴。方法前处理简便,具有快速、准确、灵敏度高及重复性好的优点,适用于卷烟滤嘴中多环芳烃的分析。     

褐煤蜡树脂中多环芳烃组成的研究

采用气相色谱法对云南寻甸褐煤蜡树脂和吉林舒兰褐煤蜡树脂,进行了多环芳烃分布特征的研究,从树脂中鉴定出６８个化合物的同系物。两个树脂样均以菲系化合物占有优势,舒兰树脂中菲系列量约三倍于寻甸树脂的相应量     

Adsorption preconcentration in the luminescence determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—pyrene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and fluorene—by a cellulose matrix of micellar media containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and a nonionogenic polymer, namely, polyethylene glycol is studied. Procedures are proposed for the luminescence determination of PAHs in the adsorbent phase.     

Multivariate calibration applied to synchronous fluorescence spectrometry. Simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

Synchronous fluorescence spectra of mixtures containing ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, perylene, phenanthrene and pyrene) have been used for the determination of these compounds by Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), using both PLS-1 and PLS-2. Different procedures have been used for the pretreatment of the data in order to obtain better models, and the size of the calibration matrix has also been studied. The best models have been used for the determination of the above mentioned PAHs in spiked natural water samples at concentration levels between 4 and 20 ng ml⁻¹. Recoveries ranged from 80 to 120% in most cases, although fluorene gave significantly lower results.     

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during the pyrolysis of phenylalanine

The formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during pyrolysis process of phenylalanine had been studied. Ten PAHs, including fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selective ion monitoring mode. This technique offers the capability to analyze trace amounts of PAHs in phenylalanine pyrolyzates. The pyrolysis was carried out in a micro-furnace with quartz furnace liner. The injection was conducted with glass pelletizer syringe to avoid metal contamination. Qualitative results were obtained at 900 degrees C and quantitative analysis of 10 PAHs was done for 700 and 900 degrees C.     

Using Room Temperature Phosphorescence of Gold(I) Complexes for PAHs Sensing

The synthesis of two new phosphane-gold(I)–napthalimide complexes has been performed and characterized. The compounds present luminescent properties with denoted room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) induced by the proximity of the gold(I) heavy atom that favors intersystem crossing and triplet state population. The emissive properties of the compounds together with the planarity of their chromophore were used to investigate their potential as hosts in the molecular recognition of different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were chosen to evaluate how the size and electronic properties can affect the host:guest interactions. Stronger affinity has been detected through emission titrations for the PAHs with extended aromaticity (anthracene and pyrene) and the results have been supported by DFT calculation studies.     

Critical point measurement of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The critical temperatures and the critical pressures of five polycyclic aromatic compounds, namely, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene have been measured. All the compounds studied decompose at near-critical temperatures. A pulse-heating technique applicable to measuring the critical properties of thermally unstable compounds has been used. The times from the beginning of a heating pulse to the moment of reaching the critical temperature were from (0.06 to 0.85) ms. The short residence times provide little degradation of the substances in the course of the experiments. The experimental critical parameters of the polycyclic aromatic compounds have been compared with those estimated by five predictive methods. The acentric factors of polycyclic aromatic compounds studied have been calculated.     

Preparation of stir bars for sorptive extraction based on monolithic material

A stir bar for sorption extraction based on monolithic material (SBSEM) was prepared in this study. The monolithic material was obtained by in situ copolymerization of octyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate in the presence of a porogen solvent containing 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol, and water with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The influences of polymerization parameters and the thickness of monolithic materials on the adsorption and desorption efficiencies were investigated, using naphthalene, phenanthrene and fluoranthene as detected solutes. The results show that monolithic material possessed good permeability resulting in fast adsorption and desorption for detected solutes. Spiked seawater samples containing eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and urine samples containing four anabolic steroids were preliminarily analyzed by using the sorptive bars and liquid desorption followed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The results demonstrate that prepared stir bar was suitable for preconcentration of both apolar and polar analytes. The enrichment factors for phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene were 150, 134 and 189, respectively. The SBSEM shows good batch-to-batch reproducibility and good stability, and can be reused a least 10 times for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater.