生物质能源开发——甘蔗渣制燃料酒精

应用两步水解法对甘蔗渣进行糖化。考察了FeCl_3,Fe_2(SO_4)_3,MgCl_2,HCl,H_2SO_4等不同水解催化剂对甘蔗渣水解产糖率的影响。发现不论在常压和加压下,FeCl_3和HCl的混合液对甘蔗渣均具有良好的催化作用。实验考察了一步水解和二步水解的最佳工艺条件,表明两步水解后可将甘蔗渣中87.87%的可水解物转化为原糖。本文还研究了影响水解液发酵的因素,发现用水解液培养后的酵母的发酵能力明显高于未经培养的。发酵的最佳pH值是3.6,酵母用量为水解液的1.33%。此时酒精产率最高,可达理论值的64.86%,即可将29%的可水解物转化为酒精。     

基于铜离子促水解反应高灵敏电化学检测鸡肉中头孢氨苄残留

利用纳米金( AuNPs)和L-半胱氨酸( Cys)修饰金电极( AuE),得到对Cu2+具有灵敏响应的电化学修饰电极( Cys/AuNPs/AuE)。在Cu2+存在时对头孢氨苄进行水解,通过方波伏安法测定水解液中剩余Cu2+的浓度,从而间接测得头孢氨苄的含量。对金电极的修饰条件、头孢氨苄的水解条件等进行了优化。在pH 4.5的HAc-NaAc缓冲液中,头孢氨苄在Cu2+存在时于沸水浴中水解25 min后,溶液中剩余Cu2+在Cys/AuNPs/AuE上有良好的电化学响应,还原峰电流差与头孢氨苄的浓度分别在0.0058~0.12μmol/L和0.12~2.9μmol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.9 nmol/L(S/N=3)。用本方法对鸡肉样品中的头孢氨苄残留进行测定,结果表明,本方法简便快速、灵敏度高,适用于鸡肉等食品样品中头孢氨苄残留的测定。     

高效液相色谱法检测肉类食品中4种嘌呤碱

建立了肉类食品中嘌呤含量的多组分高效液相色谱分析方法。采用V(三氟乙酸)∶V(甲酸)∶V(水)=5∶5∶1溶液在90℃下水解样品12min,水解液浓缩后过膜,以0.02mol/LKH2PO4(pH=3.8)为流动相进行色谱分离;流速1.0mL/min;柱温30℃;DAD二极管矩阵检测器检测,检测波长254nm;进样量10μL。在0.4～40mg/L的浓度范围内,各嘌呤的响应峰面积与其相应浓度呈良好相关性,r>0.9999,通过水解条件实验证实,90℃下12min能够使样品中嘌呤完全水解为游离态,且不破坏嘌呤物质,相对标准偏差<16.0%。本方法分离度好,能够快速检测肉类食品中4种主要的嘌呤组分。     

精四氯化钛中痕量四氯化碳的分析

建立了酸抑制水解-气相色谱法(GC-ECD)分析精四氯化钛中痕量CCl4的方法。以2 mol/L盐酸为酸抑制水解溶液,四氯化钛与水解溶液按样液比(S/V)1∶5进行水解反应,水解液用正壬烷连续萃取3次。结果表明,水解液中加标的CCl4基本被萃取完全,萃取回收率为92.3%～101%,盐酸浓度在0.85～6mol/L范围内对萃取结果无影响;S/V≤1∶4时,水解体系保持稳定澄清透明状态。高纯四氯化钛加标样中CCl4的加标回收率为87.6%～115%,样品分析的相对标准偏差为4.2%～8.5%,方法准确性和稳定性较好。该方法对5 mL精四氯化钛样品中CCl4的定量下限为6.80μg/L,远低于国外精四氯化钛中CCl4的限定标准。     

实验室新法制取乙烯

取一支大试管,加入1g五氧化二磷(粉末或已吸水呈粘稠状的都可以),沿试管内壁慢慢地加入约5m1乙醇,再往试管加入几粒碎玻片,用带导管的胶塞塞紧试管口。把试管固定在铁架台上,用酒精灯给反应混合物加热,片刻后,就产生大量乙烯气体。     

水解制备球形TiO2及其水解过程动力学

以硫酸钛(Ti(SO4)2)为前驱物水解得到超细球形TiO2. 研究了水解过程中前驱物浓度和体系温度对水解速率的影响, 并对实验值进行了拟合, 得到水解TiO2的质量分数与水解时间呈良好的指数关系, 根据Avrami方程进一步验证了拟合的可靠性. 分析了水解介质的影响作用, 确定介电常数和zeta电位也是影响水解速率的重要因素, 因此可通过改变溶剂成分来调节介电常数和zeta电位, 从而达到控制Ti(SO4)2水解速率的目的. 实验结果表明, Ti(SO4)2水解制备TiO2的过程中, 较低的前驱物浓度, 较高的水解温度和合适的溶剂体系有利于得到粒径分布窄、分散性好的TiO2.     

氢氧化钡水解HPLC法测定碘化酪蛋白中甲状腺素的含量

建立了碘化酪蛋白中甲状腺素 (T4)的氢氧化钡水解HPLC测定方法。实验发现 ,每毫升碘化酪蛋白溶液加入0.5～1.0g的八水合氢氧化钡 ,110℃水解8～12h ,控制用硫酸沉淀钡离子后的pH12～13,碘化酪蛋白释放的甲状腺素达到相对最高稳定得率。使用WatersSymmetryShieldTMRP18色谱柱 (5μm ,3.9mm×150mm) ,乙腈 (B ,0.1 %的甲酸 )和水 (A ,0.1%的甲酸 )为流动相 ,0.8mL·min -1的流速 ,B从10 %到50 %线性洗脱40min ,240nm的紫外吸收波长 ,能使碘化酪蛋白水解液中甲状腺素得到完全分离并定量测定。方法在考察的T4 质量浓度范围内 (0.5～25mg·L-1)线性良好 ,r>0.99 ,检出限可达0.2mg·g-1,实验条件下测定的商品碘化酪蛋白中T4含量为1.0 %     

突破纤维素水解的技术难点

纤维素水解实验比较难做的主要因素有2个;一是水解时间过长,二是水解液的碱化终点不好判断。笔者经过反复研究,发现了一种仅用4 min就足以完成这一包括水解一中和检测3个环节的实验方法。     

草酸与高锰酸钾反应的原理探究与改进建议

1 问题的提出 为验证浓度对反应速率的影响,在人民教育出版社普通高中新课程标准实验教科书<化学反应原理>(选修4)教材的第20页设计了如下实验:取2支试管,各加入0.01 mol/L的酸性KMnO4溶液,然后向一支试管中加入0.1 mol/L的H2C2O4溶液2 mL;向另一支试管中加入0.2 mol/L的H2C2O4溶液2 mL,记录溶液褪色所需的时间.本实验的预期现象是酸性KMnO4溶液颜色逐渐变浅直至褪为无色,且加入0.2 mol/L H2C2O4溶液的试管中溶液先褪色.     

“温度对盐类水解影响”的实验探讨与设计

在对实验中选取的FeCl3、指示剂和pH传感器存在的问题进行理论和实验说明的基础上,明确应选择仅存在单纯水解平衡的溶液体系,且将水解平衡自身现象的变化应作为实验的判断依据。进而从生成气体、沉淀和溶液颜色变化3个角度对反应物的选取进行了理论分析,并选取常用的盐类代表物进行实验验证,提出Fe(NO3)3、Fe2(SO4)3、CuSO4及酸化后的SnCl2溶液适合作为高中探究"温度对盐类水解影响"的反应物。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Effect of the Method of Modification of Zeolite X on Selectivity of Catalytic Methylation of Toluene

Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry - The effect of the method of modification of catalysts based on zeolite X by cesium and magnesium cations (ion exchange and impregnation) on the selectivity...     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Synthesis of tetrabenzoporphins of the basis of isoindoline

Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds -