Hierarchical Porous ZSM‐5 Zeolite Synthesized by in situ Zeolitization and Its Coke Deposition Resistance in Aromatization Reaction

Hierarchical ZSM‐5 zeolites with micro‐, meso‐ and macroporosity were prepared from diatomite zeolitization through a vapor‐phase transport process on solid surfaces. The aromatization performance of the catalysts was investigated on a fixed bed reactor by using FCC gasoline as feedstock. The crystal phase, morphology, pore structures, acidity and coke depositions of the hierarchical ZSM‐5 zeolites were characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N₂ adsorption/desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and thermogravimetry‐mass spectrogram (TG‐MS), respectively. The results show that the prepared hierarchical ZSM‐5 zeolite possesses excellent porosity and high crystallinity, displaying an improved aromatization performance and carbon deposition resistance due to its meso‐ and macroporous structures.     

Direct Imaging of Atomically Dispersed Molybdenum that Enables Location of Aluminum in the Framework of Zeolite ZSM‐5

Integrated differential phase‐contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC‐STEM) is capable of directly probing guest molecules in zeolites, owing to its sufficient and interpretable image contrast for both heavy and light elements under low‐dose conditions. This unique ability is demonstrated by imaging volatile organic compounds adsorbed in zeolite Silicalite‐1; iDPC‐STEM was then used to investigate molybdenum supported on various zeolites including Silicalite‐1, ZSM‐5, and mordenite. Isolated single‐Mo clusters were observed in the micropores of ZSM‐5, demonstrating the crucial role of framework Al in driving Mo atomically dispersed into the micropores. Importantly, the specific one‐to‐one Mo‐Al interaction makes it possible to locate Al atoms, that is, catalytic active sites, in the ZSM‐5 framework from the images, according to the positions of Mo atoms in the micropores.     

ZSM‐5 Zeolite Nanosheets with Improved Catalytic Activity Synthesized Using a New Class of Structure‐Directing Agents

A new series of multiquaternary ammonium structure‐directing agents, based on 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, was prepared. ZSM‐5 zeolites with nanosheet morphology (10 nm crystal thickness) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions using multiquaternary ammonium surfactants as the zeolite structure‐generating agents. Both wide‐angle and small‐angle diffraction patterns were obtained using only a suitable structure‐directing agent under a specific zeolite synthesis composition. A mechanism of zeolite formation is proposed based on the results obtained from various physicochemical characterizations. ZSM‐5 materials were investigated in catalytic reactions requiring medium to strong acidity, which are important for the synthesis of a wide range of industrially important fine and specialty chemicals. The catalytic activity of ZSM‐5 materials was compared with that of the conventional ZSM‐5 and amorphous mesoporous aluminosilicate Al‐MCM‐41. The synthesis strategy of the present investigation using the new series of structure‐directing agents could be extended for the synthesis of other related zeolites or other porous materials in the future. Zeolite with a structural feature as small as the size of a unit cell (5–10 nm) with hierarchically ordered porous structure would be very promising for catalysis.     

纳米 ZSM-22分子筛的水热合成及在甲醇转化反应中的性能

分子筛结构的独特性和多样性使其在催化、吸附分离和离子交换等领域有着广泛应用.近年来,纳米分子筛制备和应用受到极大关注.与传统微米分子筛相比,纳米分子筛具有较小的晶粒尺寸、较大的外表面积和较高的表面活性,能显著提高其分离和催化性能.制备纳米晶体的常用方法有过量模板法、空间限定法、晶种法、离子热合成法及微反应器合成法等.目前,已合成出多种拓扑结构的纳米分子筛,包括 FAU, MFI, MEL和CHA等. ZSM-22是一种具有 TON拓扑结构的一维十元环直孔道分子筛(孔口尺寸为0.45 nm ×0.55 nm),在长链烷烃异构化和烯烃异构化等反应中表现出优异的催化活性.水热合成法是制备 ZSM-22分子筛最常用的方法,所得样品晶粒尺寸为2–15μm,但由于 ZSM-22分子筛是一种亚稳态结构,为了防止杂晶生成,合成通常是在剧烈搅拌(通常大于400 r/min)下进行.目前已有报道在较低转速下合成 ZSM-22分子筛,但产物仍为微米晶体;或在微波辅助水热合成条件下合成亚微米 ZSM-22分子筛,但晶体尺寸不可调且合成过程需要较高功率的微波反应器.因此,在水热条件下合成纯纳米 ZSM-22分子筛仍然是一个巨大挑战.本文在上述研究基础上采用改进的水热合成法成功合成出纳米 ZSM-22分子筛,考察了转速﹑硅铝比及乙醇共溶剂对晶粒尺寸的影响,比较了纳米和常规微米 ZSM-22分子筛的甲醇转化反应性能.结果表明,采用改进的水热合成法能够在较低转速下合成出纳米 ZSM-22分子筛,晶体尺寸在150–800 nm范围可调.通过考察转速对晶粒尺寸的影响,发现静态合成条件下无法形成 ZSM-22分子筛,表明 ZSM-22分子筛合成需要一定的转速.转速在10–50 r/min变化时,可以合成出不同晶体尺寸的 ZSM-22分子筛,且随转速提高, ZSM-22分子筛晶体尺寸先减小后增大,表明纳米 ZSM-22分子筛合成存在最佳转速.另外,配料硅铝比能显著影响 ZSM-22分子筛晶体尺寸,随配料硅铝比增加, ZSM-22分子筛晶体尺寸先减小后增大.通过在合成体系中添加乙醇作为共溶剂,考察了有机溶剂对 ZSM-22分子筛晶粒尺寸的影响,发现有机溶剂能显著增大 ZSM-22的晶体尺寸.将本文合成的纳米和常规微米 ZSM-22分子筛用于甲醇转化反应,考察了晶体尺寸对 ZSM-22分子筛甲醇转化反应性能的影响.发现与常规微米 ZSM-22分子筛相比,纳米 ZSM-22分子筛催化剂寿命显著提高,说明晶粒尺寸减小能有效减缓积碳导致的分子筛失活;同时,反应产物中乙烯和芳烃选择性有所提高,这是由于外表面积增大所致.此外,还考察了不同硅铝比 ZSM-22分子筛的甲醇转化反应性能.结果表明,分子筛硅铝比会影响催化剂寿命,但晶体尺寸对催化剂寿命影响更大. ZSM-22分子筛硅铝比增大有助于提高低碳烯烃选择性,减少芳烃生成.     

碱处理脱硅与提高Y型分子筛硅铝比——矛盾的对立与统一

考察了 "水热处理"以及"碱处理+水热处理"两种方法所制得的超稳 Y 分子筛的骨架硅铝比、孔结构特征以及酸量, 并探讨了"碱处理+水热处理"方法对起始 NaY 分子筛的适应性. 结果表明, 在水热处理前, 对 NaY 分子筛进行碱处理脱硅可在不改变最终样品的骨架超稳化水平和酸量的同时, 样品的介孔体积显著增加. 直接水热处理 NaY 分子筛所得样品介孔体积不超过 0.14 cm3/g, 而先碱处理后水热处理, 所得样品介孔体积可达 0.22 cm3/g. 该法适用于制备骨架硅铝比高的 NaY 分子筛. 起始原料的骨架硅铝比较低时, 所得样品的介孔体积增幅小, 而且微孔受损严重.     

Bridging Dealumination and Desilication for the Synthesis of Hierarchical MFI Zeolites

The rational design of zeolite‐based catalysts calls for flexible tailoring of porosity and acidity beyond micropore dimension. To date, dealumination has been applied extensively as an industrial technology for the tailoring of zeolite in micropore dimension, whereas desilication has separately shown its potentials in the creation of mesoporosities. The free coupling of dealumination with desilication will bridge the tailoring at micro/mesopore dimensions; however, such coupling has been prevailingly confirmed as an impossible mission. In this work, a consecutive dealumination–desilication process enables the introduction of uniform intracrystalline mesopores (4–6 nm) into the microporous Al‐rich zeolites. The decisive impacts of steaming step have been firstly discovered. These findings revitalize the functions of dealumination in porosity tailoring, and stimulate the pursuit of new methods for the tailoring of industrially relevant Al‐rich zeolites.     

Visualizing the crystal structure and locating the catalytic activity of micro- and mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite crystals by using in situ optical and fluorescence microscopy

A combination of optical and fluorescence microscopy was used to study the morphology of micro‐ and mesoporous H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite crystals (17×4×4 μm) and to evaluate, in a spatially resolved manner, the effect of mesoporosity, introduced via desilication, on catalytic performance. For this purpose, the oligomerization of various styrene molecules was used as a model reaction, in which the carbocation intermediates formed in the zeolite pores act as reporter molecules. In situ confocal fluorescence measurements after the template removal process showed that the crystals generally consist of three different subunits that have pyramidal boundaries with each other. Examination of these crystals during styrene oligomerization revealed differences in the catalytic activity between the purely microporous and the combined micro‐ and mesoporous crystals. The introduction of intracrystalline mesoporosity limits the formation to dimeric carbocation intermediates and facilitates the transport of styrene molecules inside the zeolite volume. This leads to a more uniform coloration and fluorescence pattern of the crystals. Moreover, the oligomerization of various styrene compounds, which differ in their reactivity, provides a good way of estimating the Brønsted acid strength in a spatially resolved manner, showing a nonhomogeneously distributed Brønsted acidity over the volume of the crystals. More detailed information on the structure of the ZSM‐5 crystals was revealed for mesoporous crystals during the oligomerization of 4‐methoxystyrene. This reaction induced an “explosion” of the crystal leading to the formation of a complex system with at least eight different subunits. Finally, polarized‐light microscopy was used to unravel the pore geometry in these individual building blocks. The observed differences in catalytic behavior between micro‐ and mesoporous ZSM‐5 crystals are strengthened by the microspectroscopic techniques employed, which show that upon desilication the crystal morphology is affected, the product distribution is changed towards less conjugated carbocation intermediates, and that a gradient in Brønsted acid strength appears to be present.     

酸预处理对于 Fe-ZSM-5和 Fe-beta分子筛催化消除 N2O的影响

作为六大温室气体之一, N2O的增温潜能是 CO2的310倍,甲烷的21倍,目前仍然以0.80 ppb/年的速度增长,但是减排成本很低,因此对 N2O的消除具有重要意义.在工业中金属修饰的微孔分子筛因其优良的催化活性,高水热稳定性,低成本等优点而成为研究重点.但是微孔分子筛狭窄的微孔孔道限制了金属前驱体的进入,导致活性金属含量低,进而限制了活性的提高.因此采用一定的改性手段减小分子筛颗粒尺寸,缩短微孔孔道长度或者扩大微孔孔道来增加活性铁物种的含量进而提高分子筛催化活性.
　　本文选用商用的 ZSM-5和 beta分子筛作为母板分子筛,按照3 g ：50 mL比例将分子筛母板与1.0 mol/L的 HNO3在室温下混合,分别搅拌0,2和24 h,然后采用液相离子交换法负载金属铁制备得到 Fe-ZSM-5和 Fe-beta.通过 X射线衍射、N2物理吸吸脱附、电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜、NH3程序升温脱附及紫外漫反射(UV-vis)等手段对不同时间处理的分子筛的形貌、酸性和铁物种等物理化学性质进行表征.对两种催化剂催化消除 N2O的反应性能进行了测试.结果显示,温和的酸处理下分子筛脱除了部分 Al,其中, ZSM-5分子筛的表现为由外向内逐层刻蚀,颗粒尺寸减小,孔道长度缩短,但是由于 MFI型分子筛较高的稳定性,酸处理对分子筛孔道大小的改变并不明显,而对于 beta分子筛,首先是其中大量无定形物种的去除,然后对孔道进行修饰,使之略微扩大,但是对颗粒尺寸的影响不大.
　　 ICP结果显示,商用 ZSM-5和 beta分子筛经过温和的酸处理改性后, Si/Al比增大,负载 Fe的含量明显增加,各催化剂催化消除 N2O的活性也出现了不同程度的提高. Fe-ZSM-5和 Fe-beta分子筛上 N2O完全转化温度分别向低温段移动了10–15和30°C. UV-vis谱图显示,分子筛中存在着不同种类的铁物种,通过分峰计算发现,孤立的 Fe3+铁离子和低聚态的 Fex3+Oy均是催化活性铁物种,其含量的增加部分也解释了活性提高的原因.     

甲醇催化转化制丙烯中HZSM-5分子筛的尺寸效应

甲醇催化制丙烯(MTP)是一个具有重要工业应用的研究课题, 目前普遍采用的催化剂是HZSM-5 分子筛. 通过调节分子筛合成原料的配比、晶化温度和晶化时间等参数, 对所制备的不同晶粒尺寸的HZSM-5 分子筛, 综合利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N₂吸附和氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等手段表征了其晶格结构、表观形貌、孔结构以及酸性质. 利用固定床反应装置对HZSM-5 分子筛甲醇催化制丙烯的活性和稳定性进行了评价, 并采用热重(TG)分析技术对催化剂的积炭性能进行了考察. 实验结果表明, HZSM-5 分子筛粒度的减小可以增加分子筛比表面积、孔体积, 同时有更多开放的孔口及短的孔道长度, 有利于反应物分子的吸附和传质,并降低了产物分子在孔道中的扩散距离及发生二次反应的几率, 提高了催化剂的抗积炭能力和容炭能力以及稳定性; 而且所合成的小尺寸分子筛单位质量的总酸量及强酸量均有不同程度的下降, 有利于提高目标产物丙烯的选择性.     

特殊形貌类雪花状ZSM-5分子筛的合成、表征及甲醇制烯烃催化性能(英文)

美国Mobil公司于1972年首先开发的ZSM-5分子筛是一种高硅三维交叉孔道的沸石分子筛,其孔道结构具有良好的择形作用,因此被广泛应用于芳构化、异构化、烷基化和催化裂化等工业催化过程.ZSM-5分子筛的催化性能与其晶粒尺寸、酸性及形貌等密切相关.改变合成方法和制备参数可以合成出不同形貌的ZSM-5分子筛,但目前关于ZSM-5分子筛形貌对其物理化学性质和催化性能的影响报道较少.本文通过改变模板剂类型,采用水热合成法,制备出了类雪花状、椭圆柱状和夹心糖状三种不同形貌的ZSM-5分子筛.通过X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、N_2物理吸脱附(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、固体核磁共振(MAS NMR)、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)及吸附吡啶的红外光谱(Py-IR)等手段对不同形貌分子筛的物理化学性质、形貌、晶体骨架结构和酸性进行了表征.采用浸渍法制备了Ca/HZSM-5催化剂,以甲醇制烯烃(MTO)为探针反应、着重研究了ZSM-5分子筛形貌和晶体结构特性对其酸性和催化性能的影响.合成的三种不同形貌的ZSM-5分子筛具有相近的SiO_2/Al_2O_3比和比表面积.XRD结果表明,通过改变模板剂类型,可制得结晶度较好的ZSM-5分子筛,其中类雪花状分子筛的(101)晶面比例明显多于其它两种分子筛,而椭圆柱状分子筛则暴露更多的(020)晶面.~(27)Al MAS NMR结果表明,绝大部分Al都以四配位形式存在于三种分子筛骨架中,而类雪花状分子筛的峰强度较低,这是由于Al的配位环境不同(偶极作用弱),说明在类雪花状分子筛的交叉晶面中存在大量扭曲、错位和不对称结构;与其它两种分子筛相比,类雪花状分子筛的~(29)Si MAS NMR谱峰宽化、进一步证明该分子筛骨架结构中存在扭曲、错位和不对称性.NH_3-TPD结果表明,类雪花状HZSM-5分子筛的酸量明显高于其它两种分子筛,在SiO_2/Al_2O_3比相近的情况下、类雪花状HZSM-5分子筛晶体骨架结构的错位、扭曲和不对称性造成了该分子筛中酸量增加;但Py-IR结果表明,类雪花状HZSM-5分子筛的酸量低于其它两种分子筛,这与NH_3-TPD结果有差异,主要是由于类雪花状分子筛几何空间结构和晶界处的扭曲、错位对孔道结构的影响,不利于比NH_3分子大的吡啶分子的扩散,进而影响了吡啶分子在酸性位上的吸附.三种不同形貌的ZSM-5分子筛经Ca改性后比表面积和微孔比表面积均明显下降,其中类雪花状和椭圆柱状催化剂的微孔比表面积下降幅度较大,外比表面积下降幅度较小.这是因为各分子筛的晶体结构和晶面的取向差异,导致Ca离子在分子筛上的扩散行为不同.同时,经Ca改性后,三个催化剂的总酸量均有下降,尤其是类雪花状分子筛酸量下降较为明显,表明其中Ca离子更容易扩散到分子筛孔道内,与更多的酸性位作用,而夹心糖状分子筛表面具有更多的Z字形孔道,不利于Ca离子扩散到分子筛孔道内,因而酸量下降较少.Py-IR结果表明,Ca改性后催化剂的总酸量下降,尤其是B酸明显降低,L酸略有增加,其中类雪花状ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的B酸量最低.甲醇制烯烃反应评价结果表明,随着反应温度升高,三个催化剂的总烯选择性和丙烯选择性均呈先升高后降低的趋势.类雪花状ZSM-5分子筛催化剂在甲醇转化率相近时具有最高的烯烃选择性,在反应温度为460℃时,总烯烃选择性为72%,丙烯选择性达39%.     

Synthesis of mesoporous zeolite single crystals with cheap porogens

Mesoporous zeolite (silicalite-1, ZSM-5, TS-1) single crystals have been successfully synthesized by adding soluble starch or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to a conventional zeolite synthesis system. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen sorption analysis, ²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (²⁷Al MAS NMR), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). The SEM images clearly show that all zeolite crystals possess the similar morphology with particle size of about 300 nm, the TEM images reveal that irregular intracrystal pores are randomly distributed in the whole crystal. ²⁷Al MAS NMR spectra indicate that nearly all of the Al atoms are in tetrahedral co-ordination in ZSM-5, UV-vis spectra confirm that nearly all of titanium atoms are incorporated into the framework of TS-1. The catalytic activity of meso-ZSM-5 in acetalization of cyclohexanone and meso-TS-1 in hydroxylation of phenol was also studied. The synthesis method reported in this paper is cost-effective and environmental friendly, can be easily expended to prepare other hierarchical structured zeolites.     

一步法合成多级孔结构ZSM-5分子筛

多级孔结构ZSM-5分子筛的合成过程复杂。利用双模板剂,通过优化晶化条件(如晶化时间与晶化温度)和Si/Al物质的量比等一步水热晶化合成了具有多级孔结构的ZSM-5分子筛,并采用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、吡啶红外吸脱附、SEM和TEM等方法对样品的晶体结构、孔道结构、表面酸性和形貌等进行了表征。结果表明,一步法合成多级孔结构ZSM-5分子筛的适宜条件是:晶化温度160-180℃,晶化时间24-96 h,反应物组成为SiO₂/Al₂O₃/Na₂O/CTAB/TPABr/H₂O=1/x/0.4/0.05/0.12/280,(x:50-240)。其中,晶化温度160℃、晶化时间48 h和以Si/Al物质的量比50的凝胶合成的样品具有有序的介孔(平均尺寸3.60 nm)结构、较高的结晶度和较强的酸性。     

Fabrication of hierarchical ZnSAPO-34 by alkali treatment with improved catalytic performance in the methanol-to-olefin reaction

A series of hierarchical ZnSAPO-34 zeolites were synthesized by treatment with different concentrations of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) solutions. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), temperature-programmed desorption, Fourier transform infrared, and N₂ adsorption and desorption techniques and studied as catalysts for the methanol to olefin reaction. The characterization results reveal that the crystal size of ZnSAPO-34 is greatly reduced compared with the parent SAPO-34 owing to the incorporation of Zn. Hierarchical pores with the sizes up to the macropore level in the ZnSAPO-34 zeolites are created with the post-treatment of TEAOH. The acid strength and the amounts of the strong acid of the hierarchical ZnSAPO-34 zeolites decrease after the post-treatment because TEAOH preferentially extracts Si species from the zeolite. The hierarchical ZnSAPO-34 zeolites exhibit superior catalytic performance than that of the parent ZnSAPO-34, owing to the shortened transportation distance and the appropriate acidity of the treated samples.     

Staining of fluid-catalytic-cracking catalysts: localising Brønsted acidity within a single catalyst particle

A time‐resolved in situ micro‐spectroscopic approach has been used to investigate the Brønsted acidic properties of fluid‐catalytic‐cracking (FCC) catalysts at the single particle level by applying the acid‐catalysed styrene oligomerisation probe reaction. The reactivity of individual FCC components (zeolite, clay, alumina and silica) was monitored by UV/Vis micro‐spectroscopy and showed that only clay and zeolites (Y and ZSM‐5) contain Brønsted acid sites that are strong enough to catalyse the conversion of 4‐fluorostyrene into carbocationic species. By applying the same approach to complete FCC catalyst particles, it has been found that the fingerprint of the zeolitic UV/Vis spectra is clearly recognisable. This almost exclusive zeolitic activity is confirmed by the fact that hardly any reactivity is observed for FCC particles that contain no zeolite. Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of FCC catalyst particles reveal inhomogeneously distributed micron‐sized zeolite domains with a highly fluorescent signal upon reaction. By examining laboratory deactivated FCC catalyst particles in a statistical approach, a clear trend of decreasing fluorescence intensity, and thus Brønsted acidity, of the zeolite domains is observed with increasing severity of the deactivation method. By comparing the average fluorescence intensities obtained with two styrenes that differ in reactivity, it has been found that the Brønsted acid site strength within FCC catalyst particles containing ZSM‐5 is more uniform than within those containing zeolite Y, as confirmed with temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia.     

含铁微孔EU-1/ZSM-5复合分子筛的合成和表征

采用预置晶种法合成了含铁的微孔EU-1/ZSM-5复合分子筛,并采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重-微分热重(TG-DTG)、N₂吸附-脱附、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis DRS)、X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)等手段进行了表征。结果表明,复合分子筛具有EU-1和ZSM-5的特征衍射峰,是两种晶相相互作用的分子分散晶相材料,微孔孔径较Fe-EU-1分子筛有所增大。随原始溶胶中铁的质量分数增加,复合分子筛具有的23.09°和23.94°处的特征衍射峰逐渐向低角度方向偏移;紫外-可见漫反射谱图中在220~245 nm出现了宽的吸收谱带;XAFS表征表明,1s→3d电子跃迁的弱吸收峰逐渐增强,同时在吸收边顶部出现的1s→4p吸收峰逐渐由宽变窄。合成工艺的最佳条件为,原始溶胶中铁的质量分数为0.075%~0.15%,晶种添加比例为15.0%~21.0%,晶种SiO₂/Al₂O₃物质的量比为50~60。     

Theoretical study of the adsorption of ethylene on alkali‐exchanged zeolites

The structures of alkali‐exchanged faujasite (X–FAU, X = Li⁺ or Na⁺ ion) and ZSM‐5 (Li–ZSM‐5) zeolites and their interactions with ethylene have been investigated by means of quantum cluster and embedded cluster approaches at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d, p) level of theory. Inclusion of the Madelung potential from the zeolite framework has a significant effect on the structure and interaction energies of the adsorption complexes and leads to differentiation of different types of zeolites (ZSM‐5 and FAU) that cannot be drawn from a typical quantum cluster model, H₃SiO(X)Al(OH)₂OSiH₃. The Li–ZSM‐5 zeolite is predicted to have a higher Lewis acidity and thus higher ethylene adsorption energy than the Li–FAU zeolites (16.4 vs. 14.4 kcal/mol), in good agreement with the known acidity trend of these two zeolites. On the other hand, the cluster models give virtually the same adsorption energies for both zeolite complexes (8.9 vs. 9.1 kcal/mol). For the larger cation‐exchanged Na–FAU complex, the adsorption energy (11.6 kcal/mol) is predicted to be lower than that of Li–FAU zeolites, which compares well with the experimental estimate of about 9.6 kcal/mol for ethylene adsorption on a less acidic Na–X zeolite. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 94: 333–340, 2003     

ZSM-5分子筛的脱硅改性及加氢改质性能

考察了水热与碱联合处理过程中两者的先后顺序对ZSM-5分子筛酸性和孔结构的影响,并与单独的水热和碱处理进行了比较。结果表明,水热后的碱处理对ZSM-5分子筛具有骨架脱硅、骨架补铝和清除非骨架铝物种三重作用,而碱处理后的水热处理具有骨架脱铝和部分骨架稳定化双重作用。与先水热处理再碱处理相比,先碱处理后的水热处理在优化分子筛酸性和产生介孔方面更加有效。基于水热-碱联合处理的HZSM-5分子筛所制备的催化剂对催化裂化汽油的加氢改质表现出适中的异构化活性、较高的烯烃芳构化活性以及最高的稳定性。     

High‐Resolution Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Imaging of Zeolite Aggregates within Real‐Life Fluid Catalytic Cracking Particles

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a major process in oil refineries to produce gasoline and base chemicals from crude oil fractions. The spatial distribution and acidity of zeolite aggregates embedded within the 50–150 μm‐sized FCC spheres heavily influence their catalytic performance. Single‐molecule fluorescence‐based imaging methods, namely nanometer accuracy by stochastic chemical reactions (NASCA) and super‐resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) were used to study the catalytic activity of sub‐micrometer zeolite ZSM‐5 domains within real‐life FCC catalyst particles. The formation of fluorescent product molecules taking place at Brønsted acid sites was monitored with single turnover sensitivity and high spatiotemporal resolution, providing detailed insight in dispersion and catalytic activity of zeolite ZSM‐5 aggregates. The results point towards substantial differences in turnover frequencies between the zeolite aggregates, revealing significant intraparticle heterogeneities in Brønsted reactivity.     

La/ZSM-5分子筛热稳定性及镧存在形态研究

借助密度泛函方法,从理论上证实了当催化裂解工艺的催化剂(ZSM-5分子筛)中引入少量镧离子时,其热稳定性得到了显著的提高,主要是由于镧离子与分子筛之间发生了强的相互作用,使得最易发生断裂的键(Al-O键)变得更加牢固,从而有效地延缓了脱铝进程. La(OH)2＋的降解产物中,LaO(OH)的形成几率最大. LaO(OH)和分子筛作用可形成两种稳定的结构Z－ La(OH)2＋和Z-LaO(OH). 其中Z－La(OH)2＋是常温下的稳定构型,而Z-LaO(OH)是温度较高时的稳定构型,此构型中的镧离子可提供L酸作为反应的活性中心,为探索催化反应机理提供了有力的理论依据.     

晶粒大小对ZSM-5分子筛甲醇制低碳烯烃催化性能的影响

对三种HZSM-5分子筛进行Ca改性,获得两组酸性接近的催化剂,考察了晶粒大小对甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)反应的影响。通过进一步与Na改性的比较,探讨了Ca在催化反应中的作用。采用扫描电镜(SEM)测定晶粒大小及形貌,氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)及吡啶红外吸附(Py-IR)表征催化剂的酸性。MTO催化性能测定结果表明,HZSM-5的低碳烯烃选择性较低且下降较快,催化活性降低也快;Ca改性降低酸性,提高了低碳烯烃选择性和催化稳定性;晶粒大小主要影响催化稳定性,小晶粒分子筛催化剂稳定性更好。高Ca含量改性效果更好;钠改性也提高了低碳烯烃选择性,但其稳定性较差。对于HZSM-5和Ca/HZSM-5,小晶粒的催化剂具有较好的催化稳定性。提出Ca参与了催化反应,MTO是一个酸碱协同作用的催化过程。