生物质基分子水相催化加氢反应及多相催化剂

生物质转化为平台分子,进一步转化成燃料和化学品是生物质利用的重要途径之一。本文总结了水相加氢反应及其催化剂的研究进展,指出了水相催化反应对催化剂的调控合成带来的挑战,如活性组分的流失,催化剂表面重构及毒化等。总结了水相催化加氢反应中高活性及高稳定性加氢催化剂的合成策略:如载体表面结构调控、炭的表面包覆、载体与金属活性组分之间相互作用的增强及新结构催化剂的设计合成等,指出了水相加氢反应的催化剂设计合成的发展方向,为生物质催化转化研究提供参考。     

烷烃加氢异构化反应

综述了烷烃加氢异构化反应中的正碳离子异构和裂化机理、孔口与钥匙锁催化、择形催化及双分子机理,详细论述了分子筛基双功能催化剂酸性、金属、金属酸位比、孔道、晶粒尺寸和催化剂改性对烷烃加氢异构反应活性、异构选择性等的影响。论述了近期烷烃加氢异构催化剂改性的新方法。提出针对不同催化剂体系,根据反应机理提高异构催化剂活性和选择性的途径。     

木质素基酚类化合物加氢脱氧制取碳氢燃料

木质素是生物质中碳资源密度最高的组分.木质素到高品质液体燃料的转化主要通过其解聚的单环酚类化合物经加氢脱氧工艺来实现.来源于木质素的酚类化合物的加氢脱氧产物一般为C6~C10之间的碳氢化合物,与现有的商品汽油组分碳数分布一致,是理想的交通替代燃料.酚类化合物的加氢脱氧研究近年来发展迅速,文献报道数量激增.本文对硫化态Mo基催化剂、贵金属催化剂及非硫化非贵金属催化剂作用下单环酚类化合物的加氢脱氧反应特性分别进行了回顾,对典型酚类模型化合物在催化反应机理进行了简述,并对载体材料在加氢脱氧过程中的作用进行了介绍.随后,在此基础上总结了当前酚类化合物加氢脱氧过程中的难点,并对下一步的技术发展方向进行展望.     

过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化加氢作用机理

负载型过渡金属(Co、Mo、Ni、W)硫化物催化剂广泛应用于石油炼制催化加氢过程.为了开发高性能的加氢催化剂,过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化活性相的结构与加氢脱硫性能的关系一直以来是催化研究的热点之一.本文从过渡金属硫化物催化剂的活性相结构和反应物在催化剂表面活性位上的吸附-催化反应机理两个方面阐述了过渡金属硫化物催化剂的催化作用研究进展,并对过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化机理研究存在的争议和未来的研究方向进行了分析.     

分子筛在加氢脱硫催化剂深度脱硫方面的应用

本文综述了分子筛对加氢脱硫催化剂深度脱硫性能的影响,对分子筛基加氢脱硫催化剂上涉及含硫大分子4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩(4,6-DMDBT)加氢脱硫反应的研究进展作了总结。主要介绍了微孔分子筛、介孔分子筛、微介孔复合分子筛和纳米分子筛在加氢脱硫催化剂针对4,6-DMDBT加氢脱硫反应方面的应用进展。简要介绍了分子筛基加氢脱硫催化剂上4,6-DMDBT加氢脱硫反应的反应途径、反应机理及抑制过度裂化反应的措施。最后展望了该研究领域的发展前景。     

第二代生物柴油制备的多相催化剂的结构设计及研究进展

生物柴油是一种重要的可再生清洁能源, 特别是经催化加氢脱氧等系列过程制备的第二代生物柴油, 在成分上与石油基燃料相似, 有望成为一种替代传统化石燃料的绿色能源. 在合成第二代生物柴油的研究中, 设计与制备兼具高活性与高稳定性的加氢脱氧多相催化剂是关键问题. 近年来, 研究者对于催化剂的种类与应用进行了探索, 并取得了一定的进展. 详细分析了加氢脱氧制备第二代生物柴油反应原料及反应参数、反应器对生产路径和产能的影响, 并对反应机理进行了介绍; 进一步从双金属位点、金属-酸性位点及金属-空位协同作用三个方面对催化剂结构设计进行了讨论和分析; 最后, 对第二代生物柴油领域的未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

二氧化铈与氢气之间相互作用及其在炔烃选择加氢中的应用

二氧化铈因其具有较强的氧化还原性能和多变的酸碱功能而在催化领域有着广泛的应用,其可用作催化剂、改性剂或载体.虽然二氧化铈常被用于氧化反应,但由于其独特的选择性地将炔烃加氢成烯烃的能力,近年来引起了广泛的研究兴趣.氧化铈出色的加氢能力引发了新的研究热潮,以了解纯二氧化铈用作加氢催化剂的原理.本文综述了近年来氧化铈的实验和计算研究进展,重点介绍了氧化铈与氢气的相互作用和加氢反应.讨论了各种研究的重要观点,包括原位光谱/显微镜和铈在涉氢反应中的理论模型,从而阐明了氧化铈催化炔烃加氢反应能力的本质和反应机理.最后在总结和展望部分提出了进一步提高对铈基材料加氢反应机理认识和催化性能的途径.     

Pd/Hβ双功能催化剂上苯加氢烷基化合成环己基苯

采用浸渍法制备了Pd/Hβ双功能催化剂,并用其催化苯加氢烷基化反应合成环己基苯,考察了反应温度、反应时间、氢气压力、载体的酸性和催化剂的金属担载量对反应的影响.结果表明,在2.5MPaH2、200℃和3h的条件下,苯的转化率为24.3%,环己基苯的选择性为88.0%.金属活性位与酸性位之间的平衡是苯加氢烷基化反应的关键.同时,探讨了苯的加氢烷基化反应机理.     

加氢脱硫催化剂与反应机理的研究进展

本文综述了加氢脱硫反应机理、加氢脱硫催化剂的研究与开发的最新进展.对常用的模型化合物的加氢脱硫机理及其影响因素、催化剂的结构、活性相与助剂、载体以及添加剂的性互作用与影响进行了讨论.     

过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化加氢作用机理

负载型过渡金属(Co、Mo、Ni、W)硫化物催化剂广泛应用于石油炼制催化加氢过程。为了开发高性能的加氢催化剂,过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化活性相的结构与加氢脱硫性能的关系一直以来是催化研究的热点之一。本文从过渡金属硫化物催化剂的活性相结构和反应物在催化剂表面活性位上的吸附-催化反应机理两个方面阐述了过渡金属硫化物催化剂的催化作用研究进展,并对过渡金属硫化物催化剂催化机理研究存在的争议和未来的研究方向进行了分析。     

Evaluation of Pt and Re oxidation state in a pressurized reactor: difference in reduction between gas and liquid phase

Determination of metal oxidation state under relevant working conditions is crucial to understand catalytic behaviour. The reduction behaviour of Pt and Re was evaluated simultaneously as a function of support and solvent in a pressurized reactor (autoclave). The bimetallic catalysts are used in selective hydrogenation of carboxylic acids and amides. Gas phase reduction reduced the metals more efficiently, in particular Pt.     

Supported ruthenium hydride catalysts for direct conversion of alcohols to carboxylic acids using styrene oxide as oxidant

In the present work, the ability of two ruthenium hydride catalysts supported on multiwall carbon nanotubes, [Ru–H@EDT–MWCNT], and gold nanoparticles cored triazine dendrimer, [Ru–H@AuNPs–TD], in the direct conversion of alcohols to carboxylic acids via transfer hydrogenation using styrene oxide as oxidant is reported. Different alcohols were successfully converted to their corresponding carboxylic acids. The results showed that these two heterogeneous catalysts are more efficient than the homogeneous counterpart. In addition, the catalysts were reused several times.     

Enantioselective hydrogenation over cinchona-modified Pt: the special role of carboxylic acids

The influence of acetic acid (AcOH) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) on the hydrogenation of ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate has been investigated by using Pt/Al(2)O(3) modified by cinchonidine and O-methylcinchonidine. We have shown that the sometimes dramatic changes in enantioselectivity and rate cannot simply be interpreted by protonation of the alkaloid modifier. We propose a new three-step reaction pathway, involving interaction of the carboxylic acid with the reactant and the chiral modifier. The mechanism is supported by IR spectroscopic identification of cyclic TFA-modifier ion pairs. This new approach can rationalise the poorly understood role of acids in the enantioselective hydrogenation of activated ketones over cinchona-modified platinum metals.     

Iron/Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Mechanism and Selectivity‐Determining Interactions

Hydrogenation catalysts involving abundant base metals such as cobalt or iron are promising alternatives to precious metal systems. Despite rapid progress in this field, base metal catalysts do not yet achieve the activity and selectivity levels of their precious metal counterparts. Rational improvement of base metal complexes is facilitated by detailed knowledge about their mechanisms and selectivity‐determining factors. The mechanism for asymmetric imine hydrogenation with Knölker’s iron complex in the presence of chiral phosphoric acids is here investigated computationally at the DFT‐D level of theory, with models of up to 160 atoms. The resting state of the system is found to be an adduct between the iron complex and the deprotonated acid. Rate‐limiting H₂ splitting is followed by a stepwise hydrogenation mechanism, in which the phosphoric acid acts as the proton donor. C?H ??? O interactions between the phosphoric acid and the substrate are involved in the stereocontrol at the final hydride transfer step. Computed enantiomeric ratios show excellent agreement with experimental values, indicating that DFT‐D is able to correctly capture the selectivity‐determining interactions of this system.     

Modification of the surface adsorption properties of alumina-supported Pd catalysts for the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of phenol

The electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of phenol has been studied using palladium supported on gamma-alumina (10% Pd-Al2O3) catalysts. The catalyst powders were suspended in aqueous supporting electrolyte solutions containing methanol and short-chain aliphatic acids (acetic acid, propionic acid, or butyric acid) and were dynamically circulated through a reticulated vitreous carbon cathode. The efficiency of the hydrogenation process was measured as a function of the total electrolytic charge and was compared for different types of supporting electrolyte and for various solvent compositions. Our results show that these experimental parameters strongly affect the overall ECH efficiency of phenol. The ECH efficiency and yields vary inversely with the quantity of methanol present in the electrolytic solutions, whereas the presence of aliphatic carboxylic acids increased the ECH efficiency in proportion to the chain length of the specific acids employed. In all cases, ECH efficiency was directly correlated with the adsorption properties of phenol onto the Pd-alumina catalyst in the studied electrolyte solution, as measured independently using dynamic adsorption isotherms. It is shown that the alumina surface binds the aliphatic acids via the carboxylate terminations and transforms the catalyst into an organically functionalized material. Temperature-programmed mass spectrometry analysis and diffuse-reflectance infrared spectroscopy measurements confirm that the organic acids are stably bound to the alumina surface below 200 degrees C, with coverages that are independent of the acid chain length. These reproducibly functionalized alumina surfaces control the adsorption/desorption equilibrium of the target phenol molecules and allow us to prepare new electrocatalytic materials to enhance the efficiency of the ECH process. The in situ grafting of specific aliphatic acids on general purpose Pd-alumina catalysts offers a new and flexible mechanism to control the ECH process to enhance the selectivity, efficiency, and yields according to the properties of the specific target molecule.     

稀土氯化物催化丙烯直接环氧化反应研究

以氯化稀土为催化剂,以锌粉为还原剂,对不同羧酸和溶剂条件下的丙烯直接用氧气环氧化进行了研究,并对它的催化反应机理进行了初步探讨,实验结果表明,氯化稀土中有EuCl3对丙烯直接环氧化起催化作用,并且要在锌粉和羧酸共同存在下才有效,所用羧酸中丙酸的效果最佳,使用有机溶剂比不用溶剂效果更好,但不能用碱性物质作为反应体系的溶剂。反应气压力越高越有利于 环氧丙烷（PO）的生成,但反应温度不宜过高,在EuCl3、锌粉、羧酸催化体系中,EuCl3起电子传递的桥梁作用,锌粉提供电子,羧酸提供质子,推测的反应机理与实验结果吻合。     

Enantioselective hydrogenation of alpha-aryloxy alpha,beta-unsaturated acids. Asymmetric synthesis of alpha-aryloxycarboxylic acids

[reaction: see text] A facile preparation of chiral alpha-aryloxy carboxylic acids via asymmetric hydrogenation of the corresponding unsaturated acids has been discovered. A number of catalysts have been identified that give high product enantioselectivity, and the scope of the reaction has been examined with respect to substitution on the aromatic ring and olefin.     

Taming heterogeneous rhenium catalysis for the production of biomass-derived chemicals

Rhenium is one of important components for heterogeneous catalysts,which has been recently used for the catalytic reactions related to the production of biomass-derived chemicals such as deoxydehydration of vicinal OH groups,C-O hydrogenolysis,and hydrogenation of carboxylic acids,and so on.Suitable oxidation state of Re as a catalytic active species is strongly dependent on the catalytic reactions.The control of the oxidation state of Re species on the catalysts is crucial on the catalyst development.     

Enantioselective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids over cinchonidine-modified Pd catalysts: effect of substrate structure on the adsorption mode

Systematic variation of the substrate structure in the enantioselective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids over cinchonidine-modified Pd catalysts indicated that aryl substituents in β position changed the adsorption mode of the substrates on the metal surface and eventually the configuration of the products formed in excess as compared to aliphatic substrates. The configuration of the products formed in excess by hydrogenation of eight α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids, of which two have not been described yet, indicated that the substrates bearing aromatic ring in β position were adsorbed on the opposite face of the CC group compared to acids having aliphatic group in β position.     

有机硼酸类催化剂在有机合成中的应用

综述了有机硼酸类作为催化剂应用于有机合成反应中的最新研究进展, 重点介绍了所发现的各种有机硼酸催化剂在缩合反应、羧酸还原反应、Diels-Alder反应中的催化活性以及反应机理. 硼酸催化剂因具有催化效率高、反应条件温和、可重复使用等优点, 必将在有机合成催化领域中得到更广泛的应用.