HL-2A 装置上动态斯塔克效应偏振仪研究

在HL-2A 装置上发展了两类动态斯塔克效应(MSE)偏振仪并应用于磁场倾斜角的测量。其中被称为比值法的MSE 系统误差可以被控制在±0.15°以内。在HL-2A 装置实验中,利用该方法成功获得7 个空间点、径向覆盖范围为24cm 的磁场倾斜角剖面分布,其时间分辨可达到40ms。应用平衡重建代码(EFIT)结合MSE 测量数据的限定,可以得到安全因子(q)的径向分布,其中q=1 面的位置与软X 射线测量得到锯齿振荡反转面的位置一致。调制法MSE 在标定实验中误差也可控制在±0.15°以内。实验结果表明偏振片透振方向与双光学弹性调制器 (dual PEM)快轴夹角平分线的偏差对系统的线性和误差均有较大的影响。目前,该系统已经建成一个空间通道,测得磁场倾斜角的时间分辨可以达到20ms。     

HL-2A装置ECRH超导磁体磁场分布测量

测量了HL-2A装置ECRH超导磁体的磁场分布。测量结果析表明,其归一化纵向磁场在磁场中心20mm区域内大于0.992,径向分布在磁场中心平面上浮动小于1.48%,杂散场在贴近超导磁体表面时的最大分量小于50mT,满足实验要求。     

HL-2A装置快速扫描气动探针的研制和运用

快速扫描气动探针已在HL- 2A 装置上用于对边缘等离子体参数的径向分布的测量, 特别是刮离层等离子体参数的特征长度和扰动的测量。该系统采用精密的气动气缸驱动带有探针组件的长驱动杆, 其最快速度可在60 ms 时间内水平扫描8 cm 的距离。探针信号测量具有1MHz 的快速时间响应和0. 04 mm 的空间分辨率。可靠地测量了HL- 2A 装置边缘电子温度和密度的时空分布。     

HL-2A装置周围杂散磁场测量与分析

在装置外侧进行中性粒子测量和中性束注入实验时，为了更好的屏蔽外部磁场，需要准确测定设备周围的磁场分布情况，即HL-2A装置的励磁线圈在装置外侧产生的杂散磁场的分布情况，本实验主要完成该分布的测量与分析，这对于以后装置外杂散磁场的测量与分析方法的改进完善也有其独立的意义。     

HL-2A 装置可见光诊断方法初探

等离子体H_α 径向分布的测量是等离子体实验中的重要内容。在HL- 2A 实验中, 等离子体成像系统中的CCD 图片记录了等离子体辐射信息, 特别是H_α  线辐射信息( 在相机前加H_α 滤光片) 。因为光测量是辐射的线积分, 数据的处理和分析显得十分必要的。利用等离子体可见光成像系统, 采用Abel 变换, 得到H_α  在HL- 2A 装置中的径向分布, 提供了一项可靠的测量手段。     

用有限电流元法识别HL-2A 装置的等离子体边界

在电流丝模型对HL-2A装置等离子体边界重建取得满意结果[3]、[5]的基础上，本文用有限电流元模型对HL-2A等离子体边界进行了重建研究。计算和实验结果表明，在通常情况下，有限电流元模型比固定电流丝模型的重建误差稍小，前者误差小于3mm，后者误差小于6mm。当部分有限电流元分布在等离子体边界之外时，用有限电流元模型仍然可以成功重建边界。有限电流元的位置在一定范围内变化时，重建的误差都很小。用普通奔腾4 2.4GHz PC机计算一组等离子体放电边界的时间不超过1ms。有限电流元法能准确而快速地识别等离子体的偏滤器位形，这对于HL-2A装置的实时位形控制是基本和重要的。     

HL-2M 装置磁测量传感器的定位安装

通过数值计算评估了 HL-2M 装置磁测量传感器安装精度的要求,其中磁通环坐标(R, Z)的安装偏差 要求达到±2.0mm 以内,磁探针的(R, Z)偏差要求在±1.0mm 以内、角度偏差在±0.1°以内。定位安装采用高精度激 光跟踪仪和关节测量臂结合,设备定位精度在±0.3mm。根据不同种类的磁测量传感器的定位安装特点,优化设 计了包括磁通环、磁探针阵列、逆磁同心圆等的定位结构,将 HL-2M 磁测量传感器的安装精度控制到在±0.5mm 水平。      

HL-2A 装置的边缘参数测量

HL-2A 装置中平面边缘的等离子体特性通过磁力传动的马赫/ 雷诺协强/ 朗缪尔10 探针组进行了研究。10 探针组安装在可径向向里和向外移动, 并可绕轴旋转360^o 的传动杆上, 用于测量主等离子体边缘的温度、密度、悬浮电位、空间电位、径向和极向电场、湍流的雷诺协强、径向和极向等离子体流速及其径向分布。HL- 2A 装置的实验结果表明, 边缘等离子体扰动诱发的雷诺协强产生了边缘极向流; 雷诺协强的径向梯度驱动带状流抑制了湍流输运。     

HL-2A装置上的微波反射测量系统

微波反射技术是近几年来在大中型核聚变装置上发展起来的一项重要的等离子体诊断。它具有非常好的时空分辨率，不仅可以用于测量等离子体电子密度的空间分布，还可以测量等离子体旋转和湍流的空间分布。微波反射测量系统用二个返波管作为扫频振荡源，其扫频范围为26-0GHz和40-60GHz，周期为1ms。我们利用这套微波反射测量系统在HL-2A装置上进行了测量，经过1年的试验，这套系统工作正常。     

HL-2M 装置扫频 ECE 测量系统研制

为了测量 HL-2M 装置中的电子温度剖面分布,研制了一套扫频电子回旋辐射(SECE)系统。该系统 能够测量装置中心纵场大小在 1.4~2.2T 时的等离子体电子温度。采用扫频外差接收的方式,径向空间分辨达到 2.5cm,时间分辨达到 1ms。接收机前端的准光学系统采用两级金属反射镜的配置,系统能够接收的最小极向光 斑的直径为 1.5cm（波数 k_θ<4.2rad·cm^-1）。系统的频带范围覆盖 33~110GHz,采用 VCO 作为本振源,双边带混频 输出中频信号。后端首次采用高性能对数检波器解调中频,能直接对-70dBm 的微弱信号进行检测,输入-输出工 作区间的动态范围达到 45dB 以上。在实验期间,成功测量到了等离子体中电子逃逸以及回旋辐射产生的信号。     

High resolution off-magic-angle spinning NMR for cholesteric liquid crystals

High resolution NMR of cholesteric liquid crystals is realized by off-magic-angle spinning (OMAS). Using the average potential theory, it is shown that the pitch axes of a cholesteric liquid crystal with a positive (negative) magnetic susceptibility anisotropy are aligned along the spinning axis with an OMAS angle larger (smaller) than the magic angle without any distortion of the helical structure, which is untwisted or distorted by the static magnetic field in some static samples. Hence, the line broadening due to the anisotropies of chemical shifts and/or quadrupole couplings is removed, while information of the anisotropies in cholesteric alignments can be obtained from the line positions. A detailed theoretical analysis of effects of spinning frequency and molecular diffusion along the pitch axis on the linewidth is given, predicting that the resolution is improved greatly at a spinning frequency much higher than the rotational diffusion coefficient. These theoretical results are verified by ¹³C OMAS experiments on a cholesteric liquid crystal of p-ethoxybenzyl-p-[(S)-2- methylbutyl]aniline (EBMBA) and cholesteric mixtures of p-methoxybenzylidene-p-n-butylaniline (MBBA) and cholesteryl chloride (CC).     

一种基于光栅的滚转角测量新方法

提出了一种利用一维平面透射光栅作为敏感器件的滚转角测量新方法。利用聚焦透镜及光电位置探测器组成接收测量单元, 避免了直线度误差带来的影响; 利用光栅的±1级衍射光束构成双光路差动测量, 基本避免了俯仰、偏摆角的串扰, 实现了误差分离, 同时增强了抗干扰能力。通过详细的理论分析, 论证了方案的可行性, 并在此基础上通过实验得到了定标曲线, 其线性相关度为1, 滚转角测量的角度分辨率可以达到0.6″。测量方法简单灵活, 仅需更换不同线数的光栅便可满足不同测量精度的要求。     

Two-step pose estimation method based on five reference points

A two-step method for pose estimation based on five co-planar reference points is studied.In the first step, the pose of the object is estimated by a simple analytical solving process.The pixel coordinates of reference points on the image plane are extracted through image processing.Then,using affine invariants of the reference points with certain distances between each other,the coordinates of reference points in the camera coordinate system are solved.In the second step,the results obtained in the first step are used as initial values of an iterative solving process for gathering the exact solution.In such a solution,an unconstrained nonlinear optimization objective function is established through the objective functions produced by the depth estimation and the co-planarity of the five reference points to ensure the accuracy and convergence rate of the non-linear algorithm.The Levenberg-Marquardt optimization method is utilized to refine the initial values.The coordinates of the reference points in the camera coordinate system are obtained and transformed into the pose of the object.Experimental results show that the RMS of the azimuth angle reaches 0.076°in the measurement range of 0°-90°;the root mean square(RMS) of the pitch angle reaches 0.035°in the measurement range of 0°-60°:and the RMS of the roll angle reaches 0.036°in the measurement range of 0°-60°.     

Secondary electron time detector for mass measurements at CSRe

The Isochronous Mass Spectrometry is a high accurate mass spectrometer. A secondary electrons time detector has been developed and used for mass measurements. Secondary electrons from a thin carbon foil are accelerated by an electric field and deffected 180° by a magnetic field onto a micro-channel plate. The time detector has been tested with alpha particles and a time resolution of 197 ps (FWHM) was obtained in the laboratory. A mass resolution around 8×10-6 for m/m was achieved by using this time detector in a pilot mass measurement experiment.     

The Fokker-Planck equation in the second-order pitch angle approximation and its exact solution

The diffusive particle propagation and its pitch angle scattering is studied using kinetic equation of the Fokker-Planck form. The case is considered when charged particles preferable propagate along the strong mean magnetic field direction and undergo the pitch angle scattering with respect to it. The paper deals with solution of the equation for particle distribution function in the second-order approximation in the pitch angle. The exact analytical solution is obtained in an integral form. The well-known solution in the first-order pitch angle approximation can be restored performing the small time limit in the result. Unlike the first-order solution the obtained solution in the second approximation rightly shows that the pitch angle diffusion is closely connected with the particle transport along the mean magnetic field. The expression for particle density for the point instantaneous unidirectional source also has been obtained.     

Comparison of multi-echo spiral and echo planar imaging in functional MRI

Multi-echo spiral and echo-planar (EPI) imaging sequences were compared in functional imaging experiments at 3 Tesla. Both sequence types allow calculation of the effective transversal relaxation time T(2)* and the initial signal intensity I(0). These parameters can be used in evaluation of the functional signal with respect to inflow effects and other vascular sources. Prior to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments T(2)* measurements in the human brain were performed with single- and multi-echo FLASH (fast low angle shot) and compared with EPI und spiral imaging sequences. These experiments resulted in T(2)* values ranging from 42.9 to 53.8 ms in a ROI including white and gray matter and CSF in a prefrontal brain region, and allowed validation of the quantitative results of the fast single-shot techniques. In functional experiments with motor stimulation mean absolute T(2)* increases during stimulation of 1.1 +/- 0.6 ms and 1.4 +/- 0.9 ms were found with multi-echo EPI and spiral imaging, respectively, averaged over the activated pixels. In addition, absolute T(2)* values and the size of activated areas obtained with both sequences are comparable. In these investigations spiral imaging allowed higher spatial resolution due to more efficient use of available gradient performance.     

一种对流层折射误差的实时简化修正方法

对流层折射误差是影响雷达测量定位系统精度的主要因素之一。针对VMF1(Vienna Mapping Function 1)用于对流层折射误差修正时存在的实时性差、分辨率低的问题，引入GPT2w模型并提供分辨率为1°×1°的相关参数，结合Saastamoinen模型构建形成SG-VMF1模型。基于新模型和映射函数法的计算原理，对4个IGS(International GNSS Service)测站在不同高度角时的对流层折射误差进行估算，并与射线描迹法的计算结果进行对比分析。结果显示:以结合IGS实测气象数据的射线描迹法的计算结果为基准时，利用SG-VMF1模型及相关理论计算的结果在高度角大于6°时RMS值可达到0.4 m，在高度角大于30°时RMS值可达到0.1 m，计算方法可行有效，且具有实时性和较高的分辨率。     

光电经纬仪异面交会测量及组网布站优化设计

提出了一种基于空间两异面光轴公垂线估计目标真实位置及组网布站站址几何的优化设计方法.通过光电经纬仪观测目标方位角、俯仰角和基线长度,计算两光轴在待估目标上的两交点,得到目标位置的公垂线.依据两台光电经纬仪的测角准确度作为权系数,估计目标真实位置.通过误差仿真及定位准确度分析,研究了组网测量中交会角、方位角、高低角和基线长度对定位准确度的影响.     

优化重聚脉冲提高梯度场核磁共振信号强度

缩短射频脉冲宽度, 有助于解决脉冲电力消耗大、样品吸收率高、信噪比低等极端条件核磁共振探测的关键问题. 本文首先分析射频脉冲角度对核磁共振自旋回波信号强度的影响机理, 基于Bloch方程推导了回波信号幅度与扳转角、重聚角的关系. 在特制核磁共振分析仪上采用变脉冲角度技术, 分别在均匀磁场和梯度磁场条件下实现对扳转角和重聚角与回波信号强度关系的数值模拟和实验测量. 结果表明, 梯度场中, 扳转角为90°、重聚角为140°的射频脉冲组合获得最大首波信号强度, 比180°脉冲对应的回波幅值提高13%, 能耗降低至78%. 选用该重聚角(140°) 优化设计饱和恢复脉冲序列探测流体的纵向弛豫时间T₁特性, 准确获得 T₁分布.该结果对于低电力供应、且对信噪比有较高要求的核磁共振测量, 如随钻核磁共振测井和在线核磁共振快速检测等, 具有重要意义. 关键词： 核磁共振 信号强度 重聚脉冲角度 Bloch方程