Analysis on strain transfer of a pasted FBG strain sensor

Optical fiber is not in direct contact with the material host in practice, so the strain measured by the Fiber-optic Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor is not the true strain. The transfer mechanism between the measured strain and the true strain depends on mechanical properties of fiber, protective layer, substrate, adhesive layer, and the material host. This paper analyzes the transfer mechanism of strain in detail, and proposes the shear stress distribution of polynomial form, and establishes the transfer function of strain. This paper also analyzes the influence on length of FBG sensor, adhesive layer thickness and elastic modulus on strain transfer coefficient in detail. The theoretical guidance for the practical application of the FBG sensor is given through the strain transfer analysis.     

Investigation of a coated optical fiber strain sensor embedded in a linear strain matrix material

A theoretical model has been developed to study the mechanical behaviors of the interface between an embedded optical fiber with coating material and a linear strain matrix. The results show that the longitudinal stress and strain in the fiber optic sensor are different from that distributed in the host material and depend on the strain distribution and embedded length of the optical fiber as well as the material properties of the fiber coating. The distribution of interfacial shear strain between the coating and the glass fiber and the distribution of strain/stress of the glass fiber are given.     

铜片封装光纤光栅传感器的应变和温度传感特性研究

提出了一种光纤光栅的铜片封装工艺，并通过实验和理论分析研究了光纤光栅的应变和温度传感特性.与裸光纤光栅的测试结果相比，铜片封装工艺基本不改变光纤光栅应变传感的灵敏度，但是温度灵敏度系数提高了2.78倍.经过铜片封装后的光纤光栅可以探测到的应变和温度分别为1 με和0.03℃，便于工程应用.     

非轴向力下埋入式光纤传感器应变传递分析

利用剪滞法建立了当光纤光栅传感器的轴线和基体主应力的方向成一定角度时,光纤光栅传感器的测量应变与基体结构实际应变之间的关系,进而得出了光纤光栅传感器的平均应变传递率的一般公式。采用裸光纤光栅传感器进行实验,在倾斜角度α为30.72°时,实验所得的波长变化之比分别为:0.727,0.738,0.746;理论计算所得的波长变化之比为0.739,相对误差都在2%以内。同时分析了埋设角度偏差对测量结果的影响。研究结果表明,非轴向力作用下光纤光栅传感器的应变与结构基体应变之间的传递关系与其在轴向力作用下存在明显的区别,埋设角度的偏差会给测量结果造成一定的误差。     

On the possible use of optical fiber Bragg gratings as strain sensors for geodynamical monitoring

Optical fiber sensors can be used to measure many different parameters including strain, temperature, pressure, displacement, electrical field, refractive index, rotation, position and vibrations. Among a variety of fiber sensors, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) have numerous advantages over other optical fiber sensors. One of the major advantages of this type of sensors is attributed to wavelength-encoded information given by the Bragg grating. Since the wavelength is an absolute parameter, signal from FBG may be processed such that its information remains immune to power fluctuations along the optical path. This inherent characteristic makes the FBG sensors very attractive for application in harsh environments, “smart structures” and on-site measurements.This paper reviews the achievements about the FBG as a strain and temperature sensor and describes the potential applications of FBG sensors for applications in the field of geophysics and its expected development in the near future. The applications could include: rock deformation, fiber-optic geophone, optical based seismograph, vertical seismic profiling and structural monitoring of civil structures. Different techniques to detect strains and various applications will be reviewed and discussed. The problem of temperature–strain cross sensitivity, that is particularly difficult to eliminate, is addressed and approaches to overcome it are discussed.     

双涂层光纤应变传感器的理论与实验研究

对带有聚合物涂敷层和缓冲层的光纤应变传感器的力学特性进行了研究，建立了双涂层光纤与基体材料相互作用的线弹性理论模型.理论研究表明：在小半径近似条件下，双涂层光纤的力学传递特性决定于涂覆层和缓冲层的弹性模量的相对值；当缓冲层的弹性模量远大于涂覆层时，其作用可忽略.实验中，将光纤传感器埋入基体材料内部，利用白光干涉应变测量方法，对平均应变传递系数进行了实验研究.实验结果与理论仿真具有较好的一致性.     

Strain profile reconstruction of fiber Bragg grating with gradient using chaos genetic algorithm and modified transfer matrix formulation

In this paper, a new heuristic approach based on chaos genetic algorithm and modified transfer matrix method is presented to demodulate the fiber Bragg grating strain sensors. To facilitate accurate calculation of the grating reflected intensity spectrum, the modified transfer matrix approach is applied. The motivation for using the spline smooth function scheme is to provide nice approximation of strain profiles from a scattered data set and overcome the difficulty of calculating the strain gradients in local period function of the modified T-matrix formulation for the piecewise constant strain field assumption. The chaos genetic algorithm is developed to improve the performance of GA and optimize the data of control nodes of the spline smooth function, and more valuably, the reconstructed strain profile is continuous with discretionary spatial resolution. The proposed method is verified through numerical example reconstructions of Bragg grating sensor simulated strain profile cases.     

铝槽封装光纤光栅传感器的增敏特性研究

提出了一种光纤布喇格光栅的铝槽封装工艺,并对铝槽封装光纤光栅传感器的应变与温度传感特性进行了实验研究和理论分析.与裸光纤光栅的测试结果比较表明,铝槽封装工艺基本不改变光纤光栅应变传感的灵敏性,但是温度灵敏度系数提高了3.5倍.经过该工艺封装的光纤光栅可以探测识别0.2 με的应变与0.02℃的温度变化.     

Quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm for the reconstruction of fiber Bragg grating sensor strain profiles

A quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm used for demodulating the strain profile along a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) from its reflection spectrum has been demonstrated. By combining the transfer matrix method for calculating the reflection spectrum of a FBG and the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization technique, we develop a new technique for the reconstruction of FBG sensor strain profiles. This proposed technique is verified through numerical example reconstructions of FBG sensor simulated strain profile cases and numerical simulations reveal good agreement between the original and the reconstructed strain profiles.     

光纤布喇格光栅中心波长反向漂移的实验研究

以较大载荷轴向拉伸光纤布喇格光栅时,由于裸纤与涂覆层的弹性模量不同,会产生中心波长反向漂移现象,严重影响了传感器的准确度与测量范围.实验研究表明,在光纤固定端适当剥除一段涂覆层,然后将裸露部分与带涂覆层部分同时固定,可将光纤布喇格光栅的中心波长反方向漂移量控制在10－3 nm以内,同时可增大光纤布喇格光栅的有效调谐范围,并使其能够保持较好的线性度,实验结果与理论计算结果相符合.     

保偏光纤光栅应变传感器的研究

针对光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)温度和应变的交叉敏感问题,设计了一种带熔点保偏光纤光栅(PMFBG)结构。该结构通过将2段保偏光纤带加大推进量熔接,形成中间凸起结构,然后在熔点位置写入光栅。文中首先采用熊猫保偏光纤设计制作了该结构,并搭建实验装置测试其在(0~2)N轴向应力作用下的反射光谱,发现PMFBG快轴和慢轴的反射谱均分裂成2个峰值,随着轴向应力的增加,反射谱整体产生红移,同时分裂的2个峰值强度的比值单调减小,且不受温度的影响。随后,采用有限元法分析了该结构的轴向应变分布,并基于传输矩阵法仿真分析了该PMFBG反射光谱随应力的变化特性,仿真与实验结果的一致性较好。证实可利用PMFBG反射光谱的峰值之比消除轴向应变与温度的交叉敏感性,实现轴向应变的测量。     

基于偶联剂技术的光纤光栅压力传感实验研究

报道了利用偶联技术封装光纤光栅压力传感器的新方案.通过采用特殊聚合物材料将光纤光栅封装于金属管中，并采用偶联材料分别与聚合物和光纤以化学键偶联的工艺，解决了由于有机弹性体聚合物的弹性模量（1.2×105 N/m2）与光纤光栅的弹性模量(7×1010 N/m2)相差很大，在压强较大时易导致光纤光栅与聚合物材料之间的撕裂滑脱问题，改善了光纤光栅压力响应特性.封装后的光纤光栅压力的线性测量范围为0.04 MPa~0.6 MPa，压力响应灵敏度为－4.48 nm/MPa，与裸光栅压力响应灵敏度－0.003063 nm/MPa相比，增敏了1463倍.利用实验中所使用光谱仪0.05 nm的分辨率，压强测量准确度为±0.01 MPa，线性度为0.9978.     

Dynamic strain measurement using two wavelength-matched fiber Bragg grating sensors interrogated by a cascaded long-period fiber grating

In this work, we describe a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system using two wavelength-matched FBG sensors for static and dynamic strain measurement. A cascaded long-period fiber grating (CLPG)-based demodulation technique has been used to interrogate the two wavelength-matched FBG sensors. Experimental results of static strain measurement show that the proposed system has a strain resolution of 1 με. This system has also been used for dynamic strain measurement. An eddy current displacement meter-based system has been used as a comparison measurement. Experimental results of dynamic strain measurement have proved that the FBG sensing system has a good performance in the measurement of dynamic strain. The results of static and dynamic strain measurement indicate that the sensing system using two wavelength-matched FBG sensors is superior to the single FBG sensor system.     

A novel time-division multiplexing fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogator for structural health monitoring

A novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor system for measurement of strain and temperature is proposed in this paper. The proposed sensor technique is based on time-division multiplexing (TDM). A semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), connected in a ring cavity, is used to serve as a gain medium and switch. The SOA is driven by a pulse generator, which operates the SOA at different periods of time to select reflected pulses from a particular sensor. The FBG sensors have identical center wavelengths and can be deployed along the same fiber. This technique relieves the spectral bandwidth issue and permits the interrogation of up to 100 FBGs along a fiber, if the reflectivity of the individual sensors is sufficiently low to avoid shadowing effects. This system is particularly suitable for the application in structural health monitoring (SHM) where large numbers of sensors are required in wide measurement ranges.     

光纤光栅传感器交叉敏感问题研究

交叉敏感问题是光纤光栅传感器在实际应用中需面对的一个关键问题。从光纤Bragg光栅的传感理论出发，分析了光纤光栅在同时测量应变和温度时引起交叉敏感的物理机理，建立了带有温度-应变交叉灵敏度系数的光纤Bragg光栅反射波长方程。利用双波长矩阵算法针对上述建立的光纤光栅方程进行了误差分析，获取了在交叉敏感情况下温度和应变的相对误差曲线图。结合相对误差表达式和曲线图分析讨论了交叉敏感对测量带来的影响。结果表明在温度和应力测量中随着测量温度或者应变变化量的增大，忽略交叉敏感项而带来的测量误差越来越明显。     

Design of fiber Bragg grating-based Fabry–Perot sensor for simultaneous measurement of humidity and temperature

A new sensor for simultaneous measurement of humidity and temperature is proposed. The sensor consists of Fabry–Perot cavity formed by two identical uniform fiber Bragg gratings. To make the cavity serves as humidity sensor, moisture sensitive polymer, which is polyimide, is coated on the FBG and on the cavity with different thickness. When the sensor is exposed to the relative humidity change, the polyimide will expand and stretch the fiber and induces strain on the FBG and on the cavity. The induced strain alters the grating period, cavity length and effective refractive index of fiber. The simulation results show that the humidity sensitivity and thermal sensitivity are 1.92 pm/%RH and 8.87 pm/°C, respectively, for polyimide coating thickness of 10 μm on the FBG and 15 μm on the cavity.     

基于封装光纤Bragg光栅传感器的混凝土应变监测试验研究

研究了光纤Bragg光栅封装工艺,提出并实现了两种封装光纤Bragg光栅传感器:工字型钢管封装光纤Bragg光栅应变传感器及钢管封装光纤Bragg温度传感器。研究了传感器的埋设工艺,采用金属丝固定法、钢管抽出法两种方法进行了埋设。将它们埋入到钢筋混凝土梁中,实现对混凝土的拉、压应变及温度的测量。结果显示,在试验梁弹性阶段,可以较为准确的监测混凝土应变。     

光纤光栅三维应力传感器的设计与实现

以光纤光栅为敏感元件,设计并实现了一种基于圆柱结构的三维应力传感器.该传感器由三个光纤布喇格光栅等角度粘贴在圆柱体探头而实现.对这种三维传感器应用材料力学理论进行了传感原理的推导与分析,并进行了任意方向上应力大小的传感测量实验.实验表明:这种传感器可以准确测量三维空间任意方向的应力大小及方向,测量线性度高;在0-5N的测量范围内,误差不超过±1.58%,分辨率为9.2×10－3N.     

Active temperature compensation design of sensor with fiber gratings

A technique for compensation of temperature effects in fiber grating sensors is reported. For strain sensors and other sensors related to strain such as electromagnetic sensors, a novel structure is designed, which uses two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) as strain differential sensor and has temperature effects cancelled. Using this technique, the stress sensitivity has been amplified and gets up to 0.226 nm/N, the total variation in wavelength difference within the range of 3-45 ℃ is 0.03 nm, 1/14 of the uncompensated FBG.The structure can be used in the temperature-insensitive static strain measurement and minor-vibration measurement.     

Reliability of fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in textile composites

The reliability of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded in textile composites with both dual-end and single-end is studied in this paper. The effects of debonding of the interfaces of the fiber/coating and coating/resin on the reliability are considered. Measurement error induced by the deviation of the location of sensors after embedding into a composite has been analyzed for the three-point bending experiments. The analysis indicates that the determination of the precise location of FBG sensors would be a key problem when the sensors are embedded in a large gradient strain field. The experimental results show that the debonding at the interfaces has great effect on the reliability of single-ended FBG sensors and little effect on that of dual-ended sensors. It is suggested that FBG sensors be calibrated before they are imbedded into composite, which will help to improve the precision of the measurement and avoid damage to sensors to ensure the sensor's strength while the composite is under loading.