气泡引起的皇冠型水冢实验与数值研究

气泡在近自由液面运动过程中与自由液面发生强烈的耦合作用, 自由液面会出现极其复杂的物理现象, 形成的水冢类型繁多. 本文将针对皇冠型水冢, 基于势流理论, 建立气泡与自由液面耦合作用的数值模型, 并在气泡完成射流向下运动时, 忽略气泡对自由液面的影响, 继续模拟自由液面的运动过程. 同时利用高速摄影对近自由面的电火花气泡进行实验研究, 数值结果与实验符合良好, 相对误差在10%以内. 通过数值计算, 发现了围裙卷缩和主峰珠化等特殊的物理现象, 研究了气泡初始条件与韦伯数对皇冠型水冢动态特性的影响, 旨为皇冠型水冢的研究提供参考. 关键词： 气泡 自由液面 皇冠型水冢 韦伯数     

低温液氧箱体自由界面晃动动态响应

采用计算流体力学(CFD)技术数值研究低温液氧贮箱在外部晃动激励下箱内气液界面动态响应。计算中详细考虑了外部漏热以及气液相间相变对箱体热力耦合过程的影响,通过用户自定义程序将外部正弦激励加载到低温贮箱壁面作为动量边界,采用流体体积(VOF)方法精确捕捉晃动过程气液界面波动变化。通过与相关晃动实验结果对比,验证了本文所构建数值模型的有效性。基于所构建数值模型,对流体晃动进行数值模拟,获得了外部正弦激励下,箱体内部气液相分布以及界面形状变化;通过设置动态监测点,分析了气液界面晃动动态响应。结果表明,流体晃动对低温贮箱内部气液界面动态响应具有较大影响。为抑制流体大幅波动,需采取合适的防晃措施。     

基于热响应法的航天器推进剂质量测量热模型

本文以热响应法测量航天器微重力条件下贮箱推进剂剩余质量为背景,建立了航天器贮箱内外热环境耦合作用下的整体热分析模型,通过将航天器贮箱外部热环境视为第二类浮动热边界条件,实现贮箱气液两相分布下的热分析解耦计算,为热响应法提供精确的温度场计算方法。采用该方法,针对热响应法测量微重力条件下某航天器贮箱内部推进剂质量所需的温度场分布,通过数值仿真获得了空间在轨阶段,热响应法加热工作时贮箱内外热环境整体耦合下的温度场分布,并依据特定检测点的瞬态温度变化,反演得到了剩余推进剂的质量。研究发现采用热响应法测量推进剂质量时,贮箱温度场不仅受贮箱内部加热影响,在轨外部热环境也会明显影响贮箱壁面温度的均匀性。     

微重坏境下旋转对称贮箱内静液面方程Runge-Kutta数值解

由力学平衡方程导出了旋转对称贮箱内静液面的二阶非线性常微分方程，接着具体了球腔，旋转 椭球腔、柱面腔的边界接触角条件，最后使用Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ法在计算机上得出了数值结果，绘出静液面开头曲线，分析了算法特点。     

自然对流情形下激光辐照液体贮箱的尺度律

根据质量守恒、动量守恒及能量守恒原理,建立了自然对流情形下激光辐照液体贮箱的理论模型。通过方程分析法,导出了该问题的尺度律,在此基础上给出了激光辐照液体贮箱的缩比方法,并对一组实例进行了数值计算,得到了缩比模型与原型结果完全相似的结论,模拟结果证明了该问题尺度律的成立。为验证理论模型与数值求解的正确性,本文还针对小尺度模型进行了实验研究,数值模拟结果与实验测量结果符合较好,表明理论模型可靠有效。     

液体火箭发动机液氧箱与预冷回路的耦合计算模型

建立了液体火箭发动机的液氧贮箱与底部预冷回路的数值计算耦合模型,模拟了地面停放过程中贮箱与底部预冷回路的三维非稳态两相流动与传热过程,分析了自然循环预冷条件下液氧贮箱和底部预冷回路中的三维物理场分布及随时间变化规律。结果表明:随着停放时间的增加,液氧的蒸发量增加,停放中后期贮箱内的热传递基本趋于稳定。回流管内的气化导致回流口处的温度一直呈现波动。     

考虑液面凹陷时金属熔化与蒸发的数值研究

将关于液面凹陷的Young-Laplace方程与关于金属溶池的流体力学方程组及关于金属蒸发的ＢＧＫ方程联立求解，在给定的电子枪加热条件下，获得了熔池流场和温度场图像及金属蒸气密度、速度和温度分布.数值计算结果表明，随电子枪功率增加，金属的蒸发速率增加，蒸气的密度增大、温度降低而速度升高.与假设液面为平面的情况相比，考虑液面凹陷后求得的液面温度较低，金属的蒸发速率较小，并且这种差别随电子枪功率的增加而扩大.因此对于高功率电子枪加热金属蒸发，必须考虑液面凹陷的影响才能得到符合实际的结果. 关键词： 液面凹陷 Young-Laplace方程 熔池 金属蒸发     

小孔流速实验中的排水时间和流量系数的研究

本文以水作为理想流体,考虑到水头损失和孔口缩流效应,对小孔流速实验涉及的容器排水问题进行了系统的理论和实验研究.从理论上推导得出了圆柱形容器排水时间的解析解,分析了排水时间和自由液面速度、流量系数之间的规律,提出了排水时间的等效性.实验上,加工了底部开有不同小孔的大型圆柱形容器,测量了容器排水时间随液面高度的变化关系,借助实验结果计算了流量系数值,验证了容器排水时间的等效性关系,实验结果与理论计算符合较好.     

气泡在自由液面破碎后的射流断裂现象研究

在势流假设下, 考虑表面张力以及黏性修正, 建立自由液面在气泡破碎后全非线性运动的数值模型, 给出射流断裂和水滴撕裂的数值处理方法. 同时进行上浮气泡在自由液面破裂的实验研究, 数值解与实验值符合良好.为了研究自由液面在气泡破碎后的运动学机理和规律, 运用开发的程序研究了不同尺寸气泡破碎后的动态特性, 包括从气泡底部顶起的射流、射流断裂以及水滴分裂等复杂的物理现象, 总结了从射流上撕裂出的第一个水滴尺寸、撕裂时间以及最大射流速度的变化规律. 最后讨论了雷诺数与韦伯数对气泡破碎后自由液面运动的影响. 关键词： 气泡 自由液面 破碎 断裂     

充注率及氦气增压对低温贮箱热分层特性影响

为了揭示低温推进剂贮箱的增压规律和热分层特性,在以液氮为贮存介质的低温流体高效贮存平台上,进行了不同充注率下的贮箱自增压及氦气增压实验。得到充注率分别为35%,50%和65%时的贮箱增压速率分别为7.54 kPa·h~(-1),13.02 kPa·h~(-1)和28.26 kPa·h~(-1).获得了达到相同压力水平时各自充注率对应的温度分布,分析了不同充注率时贮箱温度梯度的变化规律。最后使用常温氦气作为增压气体,将贮箱充注率为50%的贮箱分别增压到180 kPa,380 kPa和580kPa,分析了氦气充注过程及达到不同压力水平时贮箱内温度分布变化规律.     

固体表面熔池内Marangoni流动产生的小扰动分析

本文应用小扰动法研究了熔化液池内流体先稳形成Marangoni流动的条件，同时对初始熔池的特性作了分析．理论结果表明，蒋池内流动产生主要由表面张力变化引起，自然对流影响甚小．分析还导出了流体关键的临界厚度，并与效植模拟结论定性地相一致．     

液面冲击引起液滴飞溅问题的CIP方法数值模拟

利用自主研发的CIP-ZJU（Constrained Interpolation Profile Method in Zhejiang University）高精度数学模型研究强非线性自由表面流动问题.模型在直角坐标系统下建立,采用紧致插值曲线CIP方法作为流场的基本求解器,通过多相流的方式实现固-液-气耦合同步求解,采用平衡格式的VOF（VOF/WLIC：Volume of Fluid/Weighted LineInterface Calculation）自由面捕捉方法改进了原模型,利用浸入边界方法处理运动物体.利用改进的CIP模型开展了不同类型的物体冲击液面引起的液滴飞溅现象的数值模拟,重点分析液滴飞溅过程中的自由液面变形、作用荷载和物体位置等.通过数值结果与实验结果的比较验证模型的可靠性.结果表明：平衡格式的VOF自由面捕捉方法能更精确地重构自由面,本文的数学模型可精确预测强非线性自由表面流动问题.     

润湿性及磁场对液态金属自由表面膜流流动状态的影响

通过数值模拟及实验研究了润湿性及磁场对液态金属膜流流动状态的影响。首先,通过数值模拟研究了润湿性对膜流流动状态的影响。结果表明,当润湿性不好时,液态金属膜流容易发展为溪状流而不能完全覆盖底壁,入口膜厚较薄时更易发展为溪状流;在入口膜厚及其它情况相同时,密度越小越易发展为溪状流。其次,研究了磁场对膜流流动状态的影响。结果表明,槽道与流体润湿性不好时,有磁场情况下液态金属膜流覆盖底壁的区域较无磁场时增加,强磁场对膜流的湍流有抑制作用。最后,液态金属膜流实验结果表明,润湿性不好时,镓铟锡合金膜流容易收缩发展为溪状流,这与数值模拟的结果是一致的。上述研究结果对磁约束聚变堆液态第一壁的设计具有指导意义。     

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通过数值模拟及实验研究了润湿性及磁场对液态金属膜流流动状态的影响.首先,通过数值模拟研究了润湿性对膜流流动状态的影响.结果表明,当润湿性不好时,液态金属膜流容易发展为溪状流而不能完全覆盖底壁,入口膜厚较薄时更易发展为溪状流;在入口膜厚及其它情况相同时,密度越小越易发展为溪状流.其次,研究了磁场对膜流流动状态的影响.结果表明,槽道与流体润湿性不好时,有磁场情况下液态金属膜流覆盖底壁的区域较无磁场时增加,强磁场对膜流的湍流有抑制作用.最后,液态金属膜流实验结果表明,润湿性不好时,镓铟锡合金膜流容易收缩发展为溪状流,这与数值模拟的结果是一致的.上述研究结果对磁约束聚变堆液态第一壁的设计具有指导意义.     

Physical investigation of acoustic waves induced by the oscillation and collapse of the single bubble

The objective of this paper is to apply both experimental and numerical methods to investigate acoustic waves induced by the oscillation and collapse of a single bubble. In the experiments, the schlieren technique is used to capture the temporal evolution of the bubble shapes, and the corresponding acoustic waves. The results are presented for the single bubble generated by a low-voltage bubble generator in the free field of water. During the numerical simulations, a three-dimensional (3D) weakly compressible model is introduced to investigate the single bubble dynamics, including the generation and propagation of acoustic waves. The results show that (1) Compression wave, rarefaction wave and shock wave are generated during expansion stage, collapse stage and rebound stage of the bubble respectively. (2) Compression waves are induced by the rapid expansion of the bubble and eventually steepen into one shock wave propagating outward in the liquid, then another strong shock wave is emitted at the final collapse stage. The velocity and pressure of the liquid field increases after the shock wave. (3) Rarefaction waves are generated during the collapse stage due to the contraction of the bubble. The rarefaction wave reduces the liquid pressure and its spatial distribution is dispersive. The pressure of these acoustic waves and their effect on the liquid velocity attenuate with the increase of propagation distance.     

An equivalent method of jet impact loading from collapsing near-wall acoustic bubbles: A preliminary study

Cavitation damage is a micro, high-speed, multi-phase complex phenomenon caused by the near-wall bubble group collapse. The current numerical simulation method of cavitation mainly focuses on the collapse impact of a single cavitation bubble. The large-scale simulation of the cavitation bubble group collapse is difficult to perform and has not been studied, to the best of our knowledge. In this study, the equivalent model of impact loading of acoustic bubble collapse micro-jets is proposed to study the cavitation erosion damage of materials. Based on the theory of the micro-jet and the water hammer effect of the liquid–solid impact, an equivalent model of impact loading of a single acoustic bubble collapse micro-jet is established under the principle of deformation equivalence. Since the acoustic bubbles can be considered uniformly distributed in a small enough area, an equivalent model of impact loading of multiple acoustic bubble collapse micro-jets in a micro-segment can be derived based on the equivalent results of impact loading of a single acoustic bubble collapse micro-jet. In fact, the equivalent methods of cavitation damage loading for single and multiple near-wall acoustic bubble collapse micro-jets are formed. The verification results show the law of cavitation deformation of concrete using equivalent loading is consistent with that of a micro-jet simulation, and the average relative errors and the mean square errors are insignificant. The equivalent method of impact loading proposed in this paper has high accuracy and can greatly improve the calculation efficiency, which provides technical support for numerical simulation of concrete cavitation.     

Numerical study of the effect of liquid compressibility on acoustic droplet vaporization

In acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), a cavitated bubble grows and collapses depending on the pressure amplitude of the acoustic pulse. During the bubble collapse, the surrounding liquid is compressed to high pressure, and liquid compressibility can have a significant impact on bubble behavior and ADV threshold. In this work, a one-dimensional numerical model considering liquid compressibility is presented for ADV of a volatile microdroplet, extending our previous Rayleigh-Plesset based model [Ultrason. Chem. 71 (2021) 105361]. The numerical results for bubble motion and liquid energy change in ADV show that the liquid compressibility highly inhibits bubble growth during bubble collapse and rebound, especially under high acoustic frequency conditions. The liquid compressibility effect on the ADV threshold is quantified with varying acoustic frequencies and amplitudes.     

水陆两栖飞机静水面高速滑行性能数值计算与试验分析

针对水陆两栖飞机静水面高速滑行过程的运动响应大、流场强非线性等问题，提出了一种基于传统动网格技术的"状态预估——精确计算"的数值模拟方法:通过求解Reynolds平均N-S方程结合运动方程来模拟飞机静水面滑行时的流场特征和运动特性，数值模拟方法为隐式有限体积法，湍流模型采用k-ω（SST Menter）结合壁函数进行处理，自由液面捕捉采用VOF方法；数值计算时，首先采用粗网格对简化后的飞机在不同航速下的姿态和升沉进行快速预估，再将飞机置于预估状态下进行精确网格划分，最后进行精确数值计算分析.为了验证数值模拟结果的正确性，在物理水池中进行了静水拖曳试验，将数值计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析可得:数值计算与水池试验的流场特征吻合，且阻力、姿态和升沉的计算精度达到90%，验证了数值模拟方法的可行性.      

分离结晶过程中熔体热毛细对流的转变

为了了解微重力条件下新型分离结晶生长过程中熔体热毛细对流的基本特征,利用有限差分法进行了数值模拟,熔体深径比A取1和2,自由界面无因次宽度B分别取0.05、0.075和0.1.当熔体上表面为自由表面时,得到了分离结晶Bridgman生长过程中熔体热毛细对流的流函数和温度分布.计算结果表明:当Ma数较小时,在上下两个自由表面的表面张力的驱动下,熔体内部产生了两个流动方向相反的流胞,流动为稳态流动,随着Ma数的增加,上下自由表面速度增大,温度分布的非线性增加;当Ma数超过某一临界值后,流动将转化为非稳态流动;与熔体上表面为固壁时相比,A=1时的临界Ma数减小,而A=2时的临界Ma数增大;流动失稳的物理机制是流速的变化和阻力的变化之间存在滞后.     

Numerical investigation of shock-induced bubble collapse dynamics and fluid–solid interactions during shock-wave lithotripsy

In this paper we investigate the bubble collapse dynamics under shock-induced loading near soft and rigid bio-materials, during shock wave lithotripsy. A novel numerical framework was developed, that employs a Diffuse Interface Method (DIM) accounting for the interaction across fluid–solid-gas interfaces. For the resolution of the extended variety of length scales, due to the dynamic and fine interfacial structures, an Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) framework for unstructured grids was incorporated. This multi-material multi-scale approach aims to reduce the numerical diffusion and preserve sharp interfaces. The presented numerical framework is validated for cases of bubble dynamics, under high and low ambient pressure ratios, shock-induced collapses, and wave transmission problems across a fluid–solid interface, against theoretical and numerical results. Three different configurations of shock-induced collapse applications near a kidney stone and soft tissue have been simulated for different stand-off distances and bubble attachment configurations. The obtained results reveal the detailed collapse dynamics, jet formation, solid deformation, rebound, primary and secondary shock wave emissions, and secondary collapse that govern the near-solid collapse and penetration mechanisms. Significant correlations of the problem configuration to the overall collapse mechanisms were found, stemming from the contact angle/attachment of the bubble and from the properties of solid material. In general, bubbles with their center closer to the kidney stone surface produce more violent collapses. For the soft tissue, the bubble movement prior to the collapse is of great importance as new structures can emerge which can trap the liquid jet into induced crevices. Finally, the tissue penetration is examined for these cases and a novel tension-driven tissue injury mechanism is elucidated, emanating from the complex interaction of the bubble/tissue interaction during the secondary collapse phase of an entrapped bubble in an induced crevice with the liquid jet.