废气再循环和添加剂对高辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧的影响

本文对废气再循环(EGR)和十六烷值改进荆-过氧化二叔丁基(DTBP)对高辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明:辛烷值为90的燃料(RON90)只能在高温高负荷下才能运行HCCI燃烧模式;在其中加入少量的DTBP后,RON90实现HCCI燃烧的工况范围向低温低负荷下大幅度拓展。加入添加剂后,低负荷性能改善的同时,浓混合气的着火时刻可以通过EGR将含添加剂燃料的着火时刻推迟到上止点附近,从而大幅度提高热效率,降低了燃料消耗率。     

柴油燃料HCCI燃烧影响因素的试验研究

本文采用在进气上止点附近进行柴油喷射,利用缸内高温残余废气促进燃油蒸发形成均质混合气,实现了柴油燃料的均质压燃(HCCI)。试验结果表明柴油燃料HCCI燃烧的放热规律呈现低温和高温放热两个阶段,并且NOx排放可以降低95%-98%。本文主要研究了影响HCCI燃烧的因素,指出负荷增大、进气温度增加和负气门重叠期的增加使HCCI着火提前,而外部EGR率的增大可以推迟着火。因此对于低温自燃性好的燃料,冷EGR是控制其HCCI着火燃烧过程的有效措施。     

正庚烷复合均质压燃的燃烧与排放特性研究

本文对参比燃料正庚烷(n-heptane)在一台单缸柴油机上进行了复合均质压燃试验,在缸内直喷正庚烷的同时使用电控燃油喷射系统控制进气道的正庚烷喷射量,以达到控制和改善HCCI着火和燃烧的目的.研究了常温常压下,不同预混合比例和不同负荷的正庚烷复合HCCI燃烧和排放特性.研究发现:在保持NOx排放较低的情况下(100×10-6),这种燃烧方式可以有效的拓宽HCCI的运行范围,大幅降低HC排放(平均降低1/3),同时对降低小负荷时的CO排放也有明显效果.     

CO2缸内喷射对柴油准HCCI燃烧排放特性的影响

用开发的气体喷射系统,研究了缸内喷射CO2对两段喷油实现的准均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧排放的影响.结果表明:通过调节CO2的喷射始点和喷射量,可以有效控制NOx排放.随着缸内CO2喷射始点的提前,燃烧相位推迟,NOx排放降低.在缸内喷射始点为-150℃A ATDC时,随着CO2循环喷射量的增大,缸内最高平均温度降低,燃烧相位推迟,最大压力升高率和指示热效率变化不大,而出于滞燃期的增大,放热率峰值反而比原机略高;NOx排放减小,HC和CO排放增大,烟度变化比较小.     

均质混合气压缩着火燃烧过程的模拟研究

本文采用并行计算对HCCI燃烧过程进行三维数值模拟与解析,对比了采用不同数量CPU与不同规模机理时的计算效率,分析了采用不同机理以及单区和三维HCCI模拟的计算结果的影响.结果表明,合理采用并行计算和简化机理可以大幅度提高HCCI模拟计算效率.三维HCCI模拟相比于单区模拟显著提高了燃烧和排放的计算精度; HCCI燃烧过程中缸内存在明显的温度分层,燃烧呈现顺序放热.     

利用火焰发射光谱来研究汽油机的燃燃过程

本文用一套精密的光电转换系统，采集了一台汽油机燃烧过程中火焰辐射在可见光到近紫外波段内的光谱，探测到了燃烧中间产物ＣＨ、ＣＮ、Ｃ２、Ｈ２Ｏ等的特征光谱，并分析了这些产物在燃烧过程中的变化规律，以及随过量空气系数，缸内压力的变化。实验结果表明，汽油机三个不同的燃烧阶段具有不同的燃烧光谱特征：着火过程中，存在着大量的处于激发态的分子、原子、离子、自由基等活化中心的束缚态光谱，随着燃烧发展，ＣＨ、Ｃ２自     

HCCI工况下氨氢混合物燃烧的直接数值模拟

本文利用直接数值模拟方法对均质压燃(HCCI, Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)工况下氨氢混合物的着火和燃烧特性进行了研究。结果表明,着火首先从局部孤立区域处发生,随后发展到整个计算区域;最高燃烧温度和热释率随着掺氢比的增加而增加;通过与零维计算结果对比,发现湍流和热分层使得氨氢混合物着火提前。利用直接数值模拟数据计算了反应锋面的位移速度,并据此分析了自着火和火焰传播这两种燃烧模式。发现在低掺氢比的情况下,燃烧模式以自着火为主;而在高掺氢比的情况下,燃烧模式以火焰传播为主。     

利用火焰发射光谱来研究汽油机的燃烧过程

本文用一套精密的光电转换系统，采集了一台汽油机燃烧过程中火焰辐射在可见光到近紫外波段内的光谱，探测到了燃烧中间产物ＣＨ、ＣＮ、Ｃ２、Ｈ２Ｏ等的特征光谱，并分析了这些产物在燃烧过程中的变化规律，以及随过量空气系数，缸内压力的变化．实验结果表明，汽油机三个不同的燃烧阶段具有不同的燃烧光谱特征：着火过程中，存在着大量的处于激发态的分子、原子、离子、自由基等活化中心的束缚态光谱，随着燃烧发展，ＣＨ、Ｃ２自由基的光谱强度明显加强；当减小过量空气系数时，光谱强度变弱并且着火延迟期增长；自由基特征光谱的光强变化曲线可以反映它们在燃烧过程中的浓度变化．所以火焰发射光谱是实时检测燃烧中间产物，特别是ＣＨ、Ｃ２等有害排放物变化规律的有效手段，可以为分析、模拟燃烧过程，控制排放提供有用的实验数据．     

二甲醚燃料微动力装置内HCCI试验研究

二甲醚(DME)是一种能从煤、天然气和生物质中制取的燃料,能够实现发动机超低排放。本文以二甲醚为燃料,改变压缩比,对微型HCCI自由活塞式动力装置进行了单次冲击的可视化试验,采用高速数码相机拍摄燃烧过程,且首次开发了微燃烧室内部压力测试及分析系统。通过可视化试验研究,得出了压缩比等关键参数对微动力装置内燃烧特性的影响规律,获得了本文工况下微动力装置压缩着火的临界状态条件,并且通过燃烧压力测试及分析系统首次得到了微燃烧室内部燃烧压力曲线。本文试验研究结果为揭示微动力装置微压缩燃烧规律,以及为微动力系统的设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于废气管理的汽油机缸内温度不均匀分布对自燃着火的影响

基于废气-负荷控制策略的汽油机HCCI燃烧,利用排气门管理内部残余废气率,控制发动机负荷,进气门升程和相位调节缸内状态,控制着火和优化燃烧相位。本文利用KIVA对全可变气门机构单缸机进行CFD仿真,研究缸内温度、残余废气分布特征,以及温度、废气不均匀分布对着火的影响。结果表明,采用废气-负荷控制策略,改变进气门相位和升程可以调节缸内温度和残余废气的不均匀分布。随着内部残余废气率增大,进气门对缸内温度和废气率分布不均匀度的调控能力增强。大废气率条件下,温度和废气率不均匀度对着火时刻调节作用较明显,可以实现10°曲轴转角的有效调节;小废气率条件下,由于缸内温度和废气不均匀分布差别较小,其对于着火时刻的调节作用表现得不明显。     

Advanced gasoline engine development using optical diagnostics and numerical modeling

Twenty years ago, homogeneous-charge spark-ignition gasoline engines (using carburetion, throttle-body-, or port-fuel-injection) were the dominant automotive engines. Advanced automotive engine development remained largely empirical, and stratified-charge direct-injection gasoline-engine production was blocked by lack of robustness in its combustion process [W.G. Agnew, Proc. Combust. Inst. 20 (1984) 1-17]. Today, a wide range of direct-injection gasoline engines are in (or near) production, and combustion science is playing a direct role in advanced gasoline-engine development through the simultaneous application of advanced optical diagnostics, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and traditional combustion diagnostics. This paper discusses the use of optical diagnostics and CFD in five gasoline-engine combustion systems: homogeneous spark-ignition port-fuel-injection (PFI), homogeneous spark-ignition direct-injection (DI), stratified wall-guided spark-ignition direct-injection (WG-SIDI), stratified spray-guided spark-ignition direct-injection (SG-SIDI), and homogeneous-charge compression-ignition (HCCI). The emphasis is on WG-SIDI, SG-SIDI, and HCCI engines. Key in-cylinder physical processes (e.g., sprays and vaporization, turbulent fuel-air mixing, wall wetting, ignition and early flame development, turbulent partially premixed flame propagation, and emissions formation) can be visualized, quantified, and optimized through optical engine experiments and CFD-based engine modeling. Outstanding issues for stratified engines include reducing piston wall-wetting, pool fires and smoke in WG-SIDI engines, eliminating intermittent misfires in SG-SIDI engines, and optimizing lean NO_x after-treatment systems. HCCI engines require better control of combustion timing and heat-release rate over wide speed/load operating ranges, smooth transitions between operating modes, and individual cylinder sensors and controls. Future directions in optical diagnostics and modeling are suggested to improve our fundamental understanding of important in-cylinder processes and to enhance CFD modeling capabilities.     

Effect of laser-induced excitation of oxygen on ignition in HCCI engines analysed by numerical simulations

Lack of proven means to control ignition impedes practical implementation of homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. In the present paper, we investigate if laser-induced excitation of oxygen might aid solution of the ignition control problem in HCCI engines. Simulations by previous researchers showed laser-induced excitation of oxygen enhances ignition in supersonic combustion. Based on this previous research, we extend a chemical kinetic mechanism for propane autoignition to include reactions for two excited oxygen states, O₂(a¹Δ _g ) and O₂(b¹Σ _g ⁺). Simulations examined the effect of each of these excited O₂ states upon ignition timing in an HCCI engine. Results indicate that achieving useful control of the combustion process requires substantial conversion of O₂ to either of the excited states. At the required level of excitation, the power required for the laser may lower engine efficiency.     

Numerical study of premixed HCCI engine combustion and its sensitivity to computational mesh and model uncertainties

This study used a numerical model to investigate the combustion process in a premixed iso-octane homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. The engine was a supercharged Cummins C engine operated under HCCI conditions. The CHEMKIN code was implemented into an updated KIVA-3V code so that the combustion could be modelled using detailed chemistry in the context of engine CFD simulations. The model was able to accurately simulate the ignition timing and combustion phasing for various engine conditions. The unburned hydrocarbon emissions were also well predicted while the carbon monoxide emissions were under predicted. Model results showed that the majority of unburned hydrocarbon is located in the piston-ring crevice region and the carbon monoxide resides in the vicinity of the cylinder walls. A sensitivity study of the computational grid resolution indicated that the combustion predictions were relatively insensitive to the grid density. However, the piston-ring crevice region needed to be simulated with high resolution to obtain accurate emissions predictions. The model results also indicated that HCCI combustion and emissions are very sensitive to the initial mixture temperature. The computations also show that the carbon monoxide emissions prediction can be significantly improved by modifying a key oxidation reaction rate constant.     

Numerical investigations on methods to control the rate of heat release of HCCI combustion using reduced mechanism of n-heptane with a multidimensional CFD code

In this study a semi-reduced reaction scheme developed previously was used to derive a 26 step reduced mechanism, using the sensitivity approach and the steady state approximation (QSS) with Chemkin code. This 26 step model has been implemented in a CFD combustion code (Star-CD/Kinetics) to study combustion process in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. The first results obtained have confirmed the very rapid combustion phase and fast heat release with completely homogeneous mixtures, for a wide range of operating conditions. This numerical approach has been used first to study the effects of natural thermal stratification when the mixture is initially homogeneous. In a second step, the different possible methods to control the heat release rate have been studied. The stratification with several homogeneous regions of different composition is shown to be very efficient; the limits of this process are discussed.     

Laser-assisted homogeneous charge ignition in a constant volume combustion chamber

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is a very promising future combustion concept for internal combustion engines. There are several technical difficulties associated with this concept, and precisely controlling the start of auto-ignition is the most prominent of them. In this paper, a novel concept to control the start of auto-ignition is presented. The concept is based on the fact that most HCCI engines are operated with high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates in order to slow-down the fast combustion processes. Recirculated exhaust gas contains combustion products including moisture, which has a relative peak of the absorption coefficient around 3 μm. These water molecules absorb the incident erbium laser radiations (λ=2.79 μm) and get heated up to expedite ignition. In the present experimental work, auto-ignition conditions are locally attained in an experimental constant volume combustion chamber under simulated EGR conditions. Taking advantage of this feature, the time when the mixture is thought to “auto-ignite” could be adjusted/controlled by the laser pulse width optimisation, followed by its resonant absorption by water molecules present in recirculated exhaust gas.     

On the influence of singlet oxygen molecules on characteristics of HCCI combustion: A numerical study

Mechanisms of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion enhancement are investigated numerically when excited O₂(a ¹Δ_g) molecules are produced at different points in the compression stroke. The analysis is conducted with the use of an extended kinetic model involving the submechanism of nitric oxide formation in the presence of singlet oxygen O₂(a ¹Δ_g) or O₂(b ¹Σ_g ⁺) molecules in the methane-air mixture. It is demonstrated that the abundance of excited O₂(a ¹Δ_g) molecules in the mixture even in a small amounts intensifies the ignition and combustion and allows one to control the ignition event in the HCCI engine. Such a method of energy supply in the HCCI engine is much more effective in advancement of combustion timing than mere heating of the mixture, because it leads to acceleration of the chain-branching mechanism. The excitation of O₂ molecules to the a ¹Δ_g electronic state makes it possible to organise the successful combustion in the cylinder at diminished initial temperature of the mixture and increase the effective energy released during HCCI combustion. The advance in the value of this energy is much higher than the energy needed for the excitation of oxygen molecules. Moreover, in this case, the output concentration of NO and CO can be reduced significantly.     

火花点火激发均质压燃燃烧过程的模拟研究

本文对火花点火激发均质压燃SICI燃烧过程进行了建模,利用发动机试验进行了模型验证,模型能较好地描述混合气被点燃压燃的过程。通过三维数值模拟与解析,对比了纯均质压燃HCCI燃烧模式和SICI燃烧模式下的燃烧过程,分析了SICI燃烧的特点。结果表明,SICI燃烧过程中存在多阶段着火,燃烧呈现出顺序放热。SICI燃烧热效率高,NO_x排放低,是一种汽油机有潜力的燃烧方式。     

二甲醚HCCI燃烧高温反应动力学分析

应用单区燃烧模型对二甲醚均质压燃燃烧的化学反应动力学过程进行了数值模拟研究。通过分析在内燃机压燃燃烧边界条件下二甲醚高温氧化反应过程中的关键基元反应速度、关键中间产物以及自由基的浓度随曲轴转角的变化,得到了二甲醚燃烧氧化的高温反应途经。结果表明,二甲醚均质压燃燃烧具有明显的两阶段放热特性,即低温反应放热和高温反应放热。高温反应阶段又可分为蓝焰反应阶段和热焰反应阶段,其中蓝焰反应阶段是甲醛氧化成CO的过程,热焰反应主要是CO氧化成CO2的过程。二甲醚氧化产物之一甲酸(HOCHO)在蓝焰反应阶段分解生成CO2。