柴油燃料HCCI燃烧影响因素的试验研究

本文采用在进气上止点附近进行柴油喷射,利用缸内高温残余废气促进燃油蒸发形成均质混合气,实现了柴油燃料的均质压燃(HCCI)。试验结果表明柴油燃料HCCI燃烧的放热规律呈现低温和高温放热两个阶段,并且NOx排放可以降低95%-98%。本文主要研究了影响HCCI燃烧的因素,指出负荷增大、进气温度增加和负气门重叠期的增加使HCCI着火提前,而外部EGR率的增大可以推迟着火。因此对于低温自燃性好的燃料,冷EGR是控制其HCCI着火燃烧过程的有效措施。     

多元燃料顺序燃烧多阶段放热的试验和模拟研究

在高十六烷值燃料中加入高辛烷值燃料是控制均质混合气压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧的一种有效策略。本文利用快速压缩机模拟发动机HCCI燃烧过程,在正庚烷中分别添加异辛烷和乙醇,发现在部分稀燃条件下出现低温放热和高温两阶段放热的三阶段放热现象。进一步采用详细化学动力学模拟计算,结果表明乙醇对正庚烷燃烧起到抑制作用。高温第一阶段放热主要由CH_2O生成大量CO放热引起,高温第二阶段放热主要由生成燃烧最终产物CO_2和H_2O的反应引起。     

基于缸内直喷的汽油HCCI燃烧特性的研究

实现汽油机的均质混合气压燃(HCCI)的难点是精确地控制着火时刻、燃烧速率以及扩展高负荷运行范围.在缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)上试验研究了分层混合气和辅助火花点火对HCCI燃烧特性的影响,考察了对不同运行工况时的适应性.开展了负阀重叠与缸内多段喷油相结合控制HCCI着火稳定性的研究,考察了不同喷油控制策略对HCCI燃烧的影响,确定了HCCI运行工况范围.     

燃料敏感性对内燃机部分预混燃烧(PPC)光谱特性的影响研究

在一台光学发动机上,利用火焰高速成像技术和自发光光谱分析法,研究了燃料敏感性(S)为0和6时对发动机缸内火焰发展和燃烧发光光谱的影响。试验过程中,通过改变喷油时刻 (SOI=-25,-15和-5°CA ATDC) 使燃烧模式从部分预混燃烧过渡到传统柴油燃烧模式。通过使用正庚烷、异辛烷、乙醇混合燃料来改变燃料敏感性。结果表明,在PPC模式下(-25°CA ATDC),火焰发展过程是从近壁面区域开始着火,而后向燃烧室中心发展,即存在类似火焰传播过程,同时在燃烧室下部未燃区域也形成新的着火自燃点。敏感性对燃烧相位影响较大,对缸内燃烧火焰发展历程影响较小;高敏感性燃料OH和CH带状光谱出现的时刻推迟,表明高敏感性燃料高温反应过程推迟,且光谱强度更低,表明碳烟辐射强度减弱。在PPC到CDC之间的过渡区域(-15°CA ATDC),燃烧火焰发光更亮,燃烧反应速率比-25°CA ATDC时刻的反应速率更快。高、低敏感性燃料对缸压放热率的影响规律与-25°CA ATDC相近,此时的燃烧反应更剧烈,放热率更高,碳烟出现时刻更早。该喷油时刻下的光谱强度高于PPC模式下的光谱强度,说明此时的CO氧化反应与碳烟辐射更强。在CDC模式下(-5°CA ATDC),由于使用的燃料活性较低,燃烧放热时刻过于推迟,放热量很小,缸内燃烧压力低,因此燃料敏感性对缸压和放热率的影响不明显,但从燃烧着火图像中可以看到高敏感性燃料的火焰出现时刻较低敏感性燃料推迟。低敏感性燃料的燃烧初期蓝色火焰首先出现在燃烧室中心,着火火焰出现时刻更早,之后蓝色火焰从中心向周围扩散,呈现火焰传播为主导的燃烧过程;燃烧后期,局部混合气过浓区导致亮黄色火焰面积逐渐增大并向周围扩散。高敏感性燃料的火焰发展趋势与低敏感性燃料类似,黄色火焰的亮度与面积更小。尽管高、低敏感性燃料的OH和CH带状光谱的出现时间相近,但高敏感性燃料的光谱强度仍更低。综合分析,火焰发展结构与自发光光谱特征主要受喷油时刻的影响,燃料的敏感性主要影响着火时刻和火焰自发光光谱强度,且高敏感性燃料的光谱强度更低。     

轻组份燃料对乳化油蒸发与着火影响的研究

本文研究了较组份添加剂对单滴乳化油着火规律的影响。实验采用挂滴法。实验中,测量了体积比为十二烷：正庚烷：水6：0：4,5：1：4,4：2：4,3：3：4的着火延迟时间。实验结果和数值计算表明,在乳化油中加入易挥发添加剂能有效缩短乳化油的着火延迟时间,着火延迟时间随着添加剂加入量的增加而缩短,当易挥发添加剂含量较大时,着火延迟随着添加剂加入量的增加,变化越来越缓慢。这一结果对解决在掺水量大的条件下保证柴油机中乳化燃料的正常点火与启动具有实用价值。     

正庚烷复合均质压燃的燃烧与排放特性研究

本文对参比燃料正庚烷(n-heptane)在一台单缸柴油机上进行了复合均质压燃试验,在缸内直喷正庚烷的同时使用电控燃油喷射系统控制进气道的正庚烷喷射量,以达到控制和改善HCCI着火和燃烧的目的.研究了常温常压下,不同预混合比例和不同负荷的正庚烷复合HCCI燃烧和排放特性.研究发现:在保持NOx排放较低的情况下(100×10-6),这种燃烧方式可以有效的拓宽HCCI的运行范围,大幅降低HC排放(平均降低1/3),同时对降低小负荷时的CO排放也有明显效果.     

DME/LPG混合燃料HCCI燃烧模拟

根据碳氢燃料化学反应系统具有层次结构的特性,本文通过分析二甲醚(DME)与液化石油气(LPG)的详细化学反应机理,构建了反映DME／LPG混合燃料均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧的详细化学反应机理．采用该机理应用单区燃烧模型对DME／LPG混合燃料HCCI燃烧的化学反应动力学过程进行了数值计算．计算结果与试验结果对比表明,所构建的DME／LPG混合燃料氧化的详细化学反应机理能够准确预测DME／LPG混合燃料的两阶段放热特性,对低温和高温着火始点的预测很好;但高温反应过程预测欠佳,高温反应机理需要改进．     

基于废气管理的汽油机缸内温度不均匀分布对自燃着火的影响

基于废气-负荷控制策略的汽油机HCCI燃烧,利用排气门管理内部残余废气率,控制发动机负荷,进气门升程和相位调节缸内状态,控制着火和优化燃烧相位。本文利用KIVA对全可变气门机构单缸机进行CFD仿真,研究缸内温度、残余废气分布特征,以及温度、废气不均匀分布对着火的影响。结果表明,采用废气-负荷控制策略,改变进气门相位和升程可以调节缸内温度和残余废气的不均匀分布。随着内部残余废气率增大,进气门对缸内温度和废气率分布不均匀度的调控能力增强。大废气率条件下,温度和废气率不均匀度对着火时刻调节作用较明显,可以实现10°曲轴转角的有效调节;小废气率条件下,由于缸内温度和废气不均匀分布差别较小,其对于着火时刻的调节作用表现得不明显。     

EGR对高压共轨柴油机燃烧过程影响的可视化研究

以某高压共轨柴油机为样机,结合AVL 513D可视化研究系统,搭建柴油机缸内工作过程可视化研究平台,进行EGR对高压共轨柴油机燃烧过程影响的可视化研究。研究表明:通过所搭建的柴油机缸内工作过程可视化平台可以直观地分析柴油机缸内燃烧过程,为合理组织缸内燃烧过程提供依据。小负荷条件下,EGR率的增加(≤30%)可以有效地缩短着火延迟期,缸内氧浓度不断降低,燃烧火焰平均温度下降,高温强辐射区域的比例也减小,导致柴油机缸内燃烧持续期延长,缸内火焰熄灭的时刻推后。     

掺氢比对天然气HCCI燃烧特性和排放的影响研究

利用CHEMKIN软件,对掺氢比例为10%、15%、20%和25%的天然气混合燃料对HCCI内燃机燃烧特性的影响进行模拟,并对其进行数据分析。结果表明:(1)氢气比例不同,可对天然气的燃烧速率产生影响;比例为10%时,对天然气的燃烧过程影响不明显,却显著提前了天然气燃烧时的着火时刻,但随着掺入氢气比例的增加,着火时刻提前的现象逐渐推迟。(2)随着掺氢比例的逐渐增加,缸内压力、缸内温度、中间产物CO的排放量的峰值均逐渐减小;累积气相反应放热量逐渐减小;掺氢热效率和气相反应净产热量在氢气的掺入比为10%～15%之间时达到峰值。(3)在尾气排放中,随着掺氢比例的增加,CO_2生成时刻提前,生成量未改变;NO含量的峰值和排放量随着掺氢的比例增加而增加。     

基于DMCC发动机台架的甲醇-SCR催化还原NO_x的研究

为了验证合成气台架上组合式催化剂((Co-Mo)/Al2O3)优异的选择催化甲醇还原NO的性能,试验在一台由增压中冷,废气再循环的电控单体泵柴油机改造的DMCC发动机上实施。结果表明:提高甲醇喷射量和EGR率,推迟柴油喷射时刻均会改善甲醇-SCR的催化效率。甲醇最优喷射量受到HC减活化作用和HC完全氧化反应的控制。各工况下甲醇-SCR对PM排放的影响较小。DMCC发动机耦合甲醇-SCR系统可以实现NOx的超低排放。A25、A75和B75工况点下的NOx体积分数的最低值分别为64×10^-6、66×10^-6和47×10^-6。     

A Study on Properties of Poly(vinyl chloride)/Poly(α-methylstyrene-acrylonitrile) Binary Blends

Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly(α-methylstyrene-acrylonitrile) (α-MSAN) with variable composition of 0 to 100 wt% were prepared by melt mixing. Properties of binary blends were extensively studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), heat distortion temperature (HDT), mechanical properties, melt flow rate (MFR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). A single glass transition temperature (T_g ) was observed by DSC and DMTA, indicating miscibility between PVC and α-MSAN. The results of ATR-FTIR indicated that specific strong interactions were not present in the blends and the miscibility was due to interaction between –CN and PVC. With increasing amount of α-MSAN, considerable increase occurred in HDT, flexural strength, and flexural modulus compared with reverse s-shaped decrease in impact strength and elongation at break. Synergism was observed in tensile strength and MFR. No phase separation was observed in SEM photographs, indicating miscibility between PVC and α-MSAN. In addition, morphology of the impact-fractured surfaces, including roughness and non-fused particles, correlated well with the mechanical properties and MFR.     

Ignition delay measurements of four component model gasolines exploring the impacts of biofuels and aromatics

This study explores the impacts of combinations of biofuel (ethanol, isobutanol and 2-methyl furan) and aromatic (toluene) compounds in a four component fuel blend, at fixed research octane number (RON) on ignition delay measured in an advanced fuel ignition delay analyzer (AFIDA 2805). Ignition delay measurements were performed over a range of temperatures from 400 to 725 °C (673 to 998 K) and two chamber pressures of 10 and 20 bar. The four component mixtures are compared to primary reference fuels at RON values of 90 and 100. The ignition delay measurements show that as the aromatic and biofuel concentrations increased, two stage ignition behavior was suppressed, at both initial chamber pressures. But both RON 100 (isooctane) and RON 90 reference fuels showed two stage ignition behavior, as did fuel mixtures with low biofuel and aromatic content. RON 90 fuels showed stronger two stage ignition behavior than RON 100 fuels, as expected. Depending on the type of biofuel in the mixture, the ignition delay at low chamber temperatures could be far greater than for the reference fuels. In particular, for the RON 100 mixtures at either 10 or 20 bar initial chamber pressure, the ignition delay at 400 °C (673 K) for the high level blend of 2-methyl furan and toluene (30 vol% of each) exhibited an ignition delay that was 10 times longer than for neat isooctane. The results show the strong non-linear octane blending response of these three biofuel compounds, especially in concert with the kinetic antagonism that toluene is known to display in mixtures with isooctane. These results have implications for the formulation of biofuel mixtures for spark ignition and advanced compression ignition engines, where this non-linear octane blending response could be exploited to improve knock resistance, or modulate the autoignition process.     

激光诱导击穿光谱对农药气溶胶的在线监测

作为现代农业的重要工具,农药凭借其高效的灭病虫害能力在农业生产中应用广泛,然而其灭杀虫害的同时对大气环境和人体健康等方面也会造成危害。使用激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）技术对农药的气溶胶喷雾进行了在线探测,研究了使用LIBS技术对农药使用过程的实时监测。首先检测了清洁环境下的空气LIBS光谱,在空气的光谱中探测到大量的氮（N）、氧（O）原子发射谱,这个结果与空气成分是相吻合的;同时还观察到了氢（H）的两条巴尔默系原子谱线,这主要是来源于空气中的水蒸气。值得注意的是,在空气谱中还发现了两条氩（Ar）的原子谱线,这也表明LIBS技术在微量元素检测方面有着重大潜力。选用农药敌杀死作为研究对象,对其有效成分溴氰菊酯（C₂₂H₁₉Br₂NO₃,CAS: 52918-63-5）进行了LIBS检测。在溴氰菊酯的LIBS光谱中观察到了卤素元素溴（Br）的存在,标记出了两条Br的原子发射谱线（827.294和833.470 nm）。对农药样品进行探测时也发现了包括CN分子发射谱与C₂分子发射谱等大量空气光谱中没有检测到的特征谱线;同时还检测到了空气谱中没有观测到的元素纳（Na）以及钙（Ca）;尤其是Ca,农药中不仅仅检测出了Ca的存在,而且相比于溴氰菊酯光谱中Ca谱线的能量以及数量都有着非常明显的上升。最后,实验中对CN分子的温度进行了研究;拟合得到溴氰菊酯与农药的CN分子的振动温度分别为8 800和6 200 K,转动温度分别为8 600和5 500 K。以上结果表明了使用LIBS技术对农药的在线监测是可行的,是有发展前景的。     

Influence of EGR and ethanol blending on soot formation in a DISI engine

Soot formation and in-cylinder soot oxidation in an optically accessible DISI-engine is analysed for gasoline–ethanol mixtures under part load operating conditions. A volumetric extinction measurement technique was used both for the determination of the liquid fuel distribution and quantitative soot measurements. Toliso, a mixture containing isooctane and toluene (65?vol% isooctane and 35?vol% toluene) was utilised as a surrogate gasoline fuel. The EGR (EGR-exhaust gas recirculation) rate-dependence and the effect of ethanol blending (0, 20 and 40% ethanol, E0–E40) were studied at part load operation with two different injection timings. Operating point 1 (OP1) represents an early injection with piston wetting and pool fire, operating point 2 (OP2) represents a late injection timing with reduced time for mixture formation. Soot formation is more pronounced for OP1 and for E20 and E40 as compared to E0. Here the pool fire due to the fuel-dependent liquid wall film formation plays a major role in soot formation and oxidation. Late injection timing leads to increased soot formation for E20 compared to Toliso, while E40 shows lowest soot formation. Here the fuel–wall wetting is less pronounced, but mixture inhomogeneities exist, and the soot cloud covers a larger region in the cylinder. An EGR addition leads to a higher soot formation for Toliso for both operating points. The ethanol-blends show a reduction of the soot formation with EGR, which is explained by reduced combustion temperatures and the chemically bound oxygen for E20 and E40 leading to locally leaner mixtures at constant global air–fuel ratio. The study shows optimisation potentials of injection strategies for ethanol-blended gasoline in combination with EGR in DISI-engine applications.     

Analysis of the temporal flame kernel development in an optically accessible IC engine using high-speed OH-PLIF

The investigation of the combustion process of a direct injection spark-ignition internal combustion (IC) engine is crucial in modern engine development. The present study is aimed at inspecting the temporal development of the spark induced flame kernel within single combustion cycles using high-speed planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). The analysis is based upon the excitation of OH radicals, which are an indicator of the transient flame front. To achieve an adequate temporal resolution of the early combustion phase, the image sampling rate was set to 6 kHz, recording one image per crank-angle (CA) degree at 1000 rpm. A further feature of the technique is a large field of view spanning ∼54×53 mm. The performance of the transient combustion process is characterized by temporally tracking subsequential engine cycles individually. Flame front dynamics with different dilution levels of the intake air, simulating exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) are investigated. Resolving flame front dynamics especially with varying EGR is an important step towards an improved understanding of cyclic variations and pollutant formation.     

Experimental observation of turbulent jet ignition of pre-chamber with scavenging system for carbon dioxide diluted mixtures

The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) method can suppress knock and improve the thermal efficiency of engines. But it will also deteriorate the combustion stability and engine power. Turbulent jet ignition (TJI) is a reliable ignition resource for improving ignition stability and burning rate. However, the residual productions in the pre-chamber will worsen the performance of the TJI. To this end, a self-designed pre-chamber with a scavenging system has been proposed. In this study, the ignition process and flame propagation phenomena under different EGR dilution ratios for H₂/N₂/O₂ and CH₄/N₂/O₂ mixtures were conducted in a constant-volume combustion chamber. The results suggested that the increase in EGR dilution weakens the influence of cellular instability and causes buoyancy instability, the latter of which could be mitigated by the passive TJI method. For the passive TJI mode, the exit time of the hot jet was delayed, and the turbulent flame speed decreased with the increase of EGR dilution ratio. Four ignition phenomena, namely jet re-ignition, flame buoyancy, re-ignition failure, and misfire, were distinctly identified. However, EGR tolerance cannot be extended by passive pre-chambers. Therefore, the pre-chamber with a scavenging system that can effectively extend the lean combustion tolerance with EGR dilution compared to SI and passive TJI was proposed. The effects of air and fuel injection quantities on ignition and flame propagation were investigated. The flame propagation velocity was positively related to the air injection mass, whereas an optimum fuel mass was required to achieve fast flame propagation. The EGR limit based on dual injections in the pre-chamber was obviously extended. Moreover, under near EGR tolerance conditions, a leaner fuel injection in the pre-chamber was required to realize successful ignition in the main chamber, as strong turbulence could cause high heat transfer loss with the cool unburnt mixture and suppress the occurrence of re-ignition.     

Phase studies and thermal stability of binary systems of cholesteric liquid crystals

The binary mixture of cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) and cholesteryl nonanoate (CN) with different ratios has been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the phase diagrams. Their normal shelf-life and accelerated stability studies were also examined. A novel microscopic Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer equipped with DSC was also used to measure simultaneously the chemical structural variation and the thermal response of these liquid crystals. The results indicate that the binary mixture might transform from smectic to cholesteric and then to isotropic liquid (CN composition <50%); from solid to cholesteric and then to isotropic liquid (CN composition >50%). Therefore, the 50% CN composition might play a critical role in the phase transition of the binary COC-CN mixture. The microscopic FT-IR/DSCsystem could also confirm the phase transition, but could measure the phase trasition temperature of liquid crystals more easily and sharply than the DSC method. The long-term accelerated thermal stability of the COC-CN mixture seemed to be more constant when stored at 4 °C than in any other temperature conditions.     

废气进口位置对汽油机性能和NOx排放影响的研究

为同时兼顾排放性、经济性和动力性,提高汽油机废气再循环率,提出改变EGR进气方式,将EGR废气通过管路直接通到进气门处的方案。在一台四气门汽油机上对进气门处单侧通废气与中央通废气的方式进行了对比试验。试验结果表明,与中央进气方式的EGR相比,单侧EGR进气方式在降低同样NOx的排放的情况下,具有更高的燃油经济性、动力性和EGR率。另外,单侧EGR不必降低EGR进气温度,即能获得较较好的发动机性能。