蛋白质的微芯片电泳分离及其与脱氧核糖核酸迁移规律的比较

在自制的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)微芯片上,使用十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)无胶筛分电泳分离体系(10 g/L的羟乙基纤维素(HEC), 1 g/L的SDS, 40 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液,pH 7.0),采用在线自校正激光诱导荧光检测方法,在6.4 min内高效分离了异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)衍生的6种蛋白质标准样品,连续6次电泳所得迁移时间的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%。用自主建立的脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)定量分离模型对蛋白质迁移数据进行拟合,发现SDS-蛋白质复合物迁移规律与DNA相似,但迁移淌度与相对分子质量及电场强度之间的线性关系明显变差,可见原DNA分离模型要扩展到蛋白质范围必须对一些参数进行校正。     

脉冲毛细管电泳分离蛋白质的研究

蛋白质是机体细胞的重要组成成分,通过分析蛋白质可获得机体的受损或病变情况,因此毛细管电泳（CE）分析蛋白质分子在临床医学中具有重要的应用价值。该文以溶菌酶、生长激素、碳酸酐酶、肌动蛋白、牛血清白蛋白和磷酸化酶B为样本,采用有效长度为6 cm和总长度为8 cm的毛细管,以羟乙基纤维素（HEC）为分离介质,首次采用脉冲电场毛细管电泳（PFCE）,研究了脉冲频率及调制深度对不同蛋白质（分子量14.4～97.4 kDa）分离效率的影响。结果表明,相对于电场强度为100 V/cm的直流电场毛细管电泳（DCCE）,在1.4% HEC筛分介质中采用平均电场强度为100 V/cm,脉冲频率为10 Hz,调制深度为250%的脉冲电场时,相同蛋白质分子的分离时间缩短6.6%～9.6%;脉冲电场与蛋白质分子的共振频率为10 Hz,当脉冲频率低于共振频率时,分离时间随脉冲频率的增高而延长,反之则随脉冲频率的增高而减少;当脉冲频率与共振频率相同时,其分离度提高34.1%～88.1%,理论塔板数最高为4.03 × 104;在相同平均电场下,当调制深度由0提至250%时,筛分介质内的焦耳热比直流电场时提高了2.64倍;焦耳热的提高使得筛分介质的粘度降低,导致蛋白质分子在筛分介质内的迁移时间随电场脉冲调制深度的增加而减少,且蛋白质的分子量越大,其迁移时间越小,其中磷酸化酶B的迁移时间减少约9.6%,但相邻蛋白质分子间的分离度无明显降低。该研究为提高CE对蛋白质分子的分离效率提供了新方法。     

脱氧核糖核酸的毛细管无胶筛分电泳迁移规律研究

本文研究了不同因素对脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)毛细管电泳迁移行为的影响.采用毛细管无胶筛分电泳法,对不同片段长度DNA进行分离检测,考察DNA片度长度、电场强度、聚合物浓度及分子量等因素对DNA迁移行为的影响.实验结果显示,DNA迁移时间随其长度的增加而延长;电场强度越高,DNA迁移时间越短,分离效果变差;DNA在高浓度聚...     

嗜神经病毒衍生肽RVG29介导的靶向纳米载药胶束的合成及抗肿瘤活性

将羧基化的水溶性葡聚糖(Dex)与紫杉醇(PTX)化学偶联, 制得载药纳米胶束M(PTX), 再将M(PTX)与嗜神经性病毒衍生肽(RVG29)化学偶联, 得到RVG29靶向的载药纳米胶束M(RVG,PTX). 采用核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)测定了Dex-PTX及RVG-Dex-PTX键合物的分子量, 并对2种胶束进行了表征, 考察了2种胶束对肿瘤细胞的抑制效果及细胞凋亡情况, 观察了C₆细胞对荧光标记M(RVG,PTX)和M(PTX)的摄取情况. 结果表明, 羧基化葡聚糖-紫杉醇键合物的分子量约为16500, 紫杉醇的质量约为葡聚糖的20%, RVG29的质量约为葡聚糖的10%. 2种胶束的粒径在45~60 nm之间; M(RVG,PTX)胶束对C₆细胞的抑制作用具有浓度和时间依赖性, 细胞抑制率随着作用时间和药物浓度增加而增加, 且M(RVG,PTX)胶束对C₆细胞的抑制作用强于M(PTX)胶束. 细胞摄取实验结果表明, 与M(PTX)相比, C₆细胞摄取了更多的M(RVG,PTX)胶束. 如果先用游离的RVG29处理C₆细胞, 再进行细胞实验, 则M(RVG,PTX)胶束对C₆细胞生长的抑制作用及被C₆细胞摄取的比率显著降低, 与 M(PTX)相当. 表明靶向载药胶束M(RVG,PTX)中的RVG29保留了游离RVG29的活性, 对C₆细胞依然具有靶向效应, 从而介导了M(RVG,PTX)被C₆细胞的摄取, 增强了对C₆细胞的生长抑制作用. 由于M(RVG,PTX)胶束只使用水溶性葡聚糖作载体, 不涉及疏水高分子链段, 不需要分别制备载药高分子和靶向高分子然后再共组装, 因而制备过程比较简单, 同时具有载药和靶向功能.     

葡聚糖分子量和接枝度对阿霉素/白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米粒子体外抗肿瘤效果的影响

以Maillard反应制备的牛血清白蛋白-葡聚糖共价接枝物作为载体, 通过调节混合溶液的pH值和温度制备负载阿霉素的白蛋白-葡聚糖纳米粒子. 利用分子量为5×10³, 10×10³和62×10³的葡聚糖制备了多种共价接枝物, 研究了共价接枝物分子量对载药纳米粒子的粒径和稳定性及载药量的影响. 用短链葡聚糖(分子量5×10³和10×10³)制备的纳米粒子粒径为60 nm左右, 用长链葡聚糖(分子量62×10³)制备的纳米粒子粒径约为200 nm; 阿霉素的包埋效率为81%~98%, 包埋量为7.4%~16.9%. 细胞实验结果表明, 共价接枝物具有很好的生物相容性; 与自由阿霉素相比, 纳米粒子可以促进阿霉素进入人口腔上皮癌细胞; 受缓释性质的影响, 纳米粒子在低浓度时的细胞毒性要小于自由阿霉素. 与长链葡聚糖纳米粒子相比, 接枝度高的短链葡聚糖纳米粒子由于具有较小的粒径、 密集的葡聚糖分子刷表面、 一定的自由阿霉素浓度和较快的阿霉素释放速率, 因而更容易进入细胞并具有更好的体外抗肿瘤活性.     

无胶筛分毛细管电泳法检测微量蛋白质骨桥蛋白

采用非涂层毛细管,以150 mmol/L硼酸盐缓冲液为电泳缓冲液,30 g/L聚乙二醇(PEG)20000为筛分介质,经对分离条件进行优化,成功地建立了用无胶筛分毛细管电泳检测微量蛋白质的方法。用所建立的方法测定骨桥蛋白,其批内、批间迁移时间的相对标准偏差均小于5%,回收率大于95%,被检测样品中骨桥蛋白的含量与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系（相关系数为0.996）,最低检测限为0.079 g/L。考察了无血清饥饿培养对血管平滑肌细胞分泌骨桥蛋白的影响,结果表明无血清饥饿培养24 h骨桥蛋白的合成与分泌达到高峰,此后随时间延长含量随之降低,此结果与采用Western blot方法检测的结果一致。该方法具有进样量小（nL级)、检测速度快、可自动化等优点,是一种简便、快捷的检测微量蛋白质的好方法。     

紫外光引发丙烯酰胺分散聚合研究

以聚丙烯酸接枝壬基酚聚氧乙烯(PAA -g -NPEO)作分散剂,紫外光(UV)引发丙烯酰胺(AM )在叔丁醇 水(TBA /H2 O)体系中进行了分散聚合.考察了聚合反应特征以及醇水比、初始单体浓度、引发剂浓度、分散剂浓度、表面入射光强、反应温度、液层厚度等参数对聚合产物粒径及分子量的影响.结果表明该聚合体系不存在诱导期,反应速度快,光照4 0min转化率可达到90 % ,产物分子量达6 . 5×10 6 .透射电镜(TEM)观察显示所得聚合物粒子基本为球形,粒径分布较为均匀.     

基体辅助激光解吸质谱法测定蛋白质分子量

本文叙述用自行研制成功的激光微探针飞行时间质谱仪及采用基体辅助激光解吸的新方法,对溶菌酶、细胞色素C、肌红蛋白、胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶、白蛋白等多种蛋白质的分子量进行测定,并对蛋白质混合物进行分析,得到满意的结果.此方法测定蛋白质分子量具有速度快(十分钟一个样品),准确度高(±1%～0.1%),灵敏度高(10~(-12)～10~(-15)mol)等优点,是传统生物方法难以比拟的.     

食品中沙门菌和单增李斯特菌的多重PCR-芯片电泳快速检测

建立了食品中沙门菌和单增李斯特菌的多重PCR-芯片电泳快速检测方法。根据沙门菌和单增李斯特菌的特征基因合成2对特异性引物,优化聚合酶链反应(PCR)体系,采用芯片毛细管电泳快速检测食品中上述2种致病菌的多重PCR扩增产物。在优化的实验条件下,6 min内即可完成沙门菌和单增李斯特菌的同时检测;迁移时间的日内精密度为0.20%～1.7%,日间精密度3.7%～4.5%。     

双-(β-酮萘胺)镍(II)/B(C6F5)3/AlEt3体系催化醋酸降冰片烯酯聚合及结构表征

采用双-(β-酮萘胺)镍(II)/B(C6F5)3/AlEt3体系在甲苯溶剂中进行了降冰片烯衍生物醋酸降冰片烯酯的聚合,研究了聚合温度和聚合时间对聚合的影响。通过1H NMR、13C NMR、FT-IR、DSC及WAXD技术对聚合物的结构和性能进行了研究。证明双-(β-酮萘胺)镍(II)/B(C6F5)3/AlEt3体系催化醋酸降冰片烯酯按乙烯基加成聚合方式进行的,聚合物分子量中等和分子量分布较窄。所得聚合产物为非晶态,具有短程有序长程无序的特征,热稳定性较好,并能够溶解在大部分普通有机溶剂中。     

Capillary electrophoresis of seed 2S albumins from Lupinus species

Two modes of capillary electrophoresis (CE)--free-solution capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary electrophoresis (SDS-CE) using a non-gel sieving matrix--have been developed for comparative analysis of low-molecular-mass 2S albumin isoforms from lupins. The albumin fraction and 2S albumins were separated in uncoated fused-silica capillary by CZE with 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.3, containing the sodium salt of phytic acid. The use of phytic acid (0.025 M) as buffer modifier and ion-pairing agent improved migration reproducibility, peak shape and separation efficiency. The reduced 2S albumins were separated by SDS-CE using a high concentration (0.3-0.5 M) mixture of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and borate buffers in uncoated fused-silica capillary. Of the various polymers used as non-gel sieving matrix, SDS-CE with a 10% dextran solution was found to be suitable for separation of 2S albumin polypeptides with molecular masses of 4,000-7,000 and 8,000-11,000. The addition of glycerol or ethylene glycol to the SDS separating buffer improved the resolution of polypeptides. The examined Lupinus species showed species-specific CZE and SDS-CE migration profiles of the 2S albumins.     

Size-based separations of proteins by capillary electrophoresis using linear polyacrylamide as a sieving medium: model studies and analysis of cider proteins

Electrophoretic conditions to separate sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-protein complexes according to their relative molecular mass by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using linear polyacrylamide as a sieving matrix were examined. Five purified proteins with relative molecular masses between 14 400 and 66 200 Da were separated on a coated fused-silica capillary with an internal diameter of 100 microm and an effective length of 24 cm (total length, 32.5 cm). Benzoic acid was added to the solution of purified proteins as internal standard; beta-mercaptoethanol was also added as reducing agent. The running buffer composition was 0.05 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), 0.035 M aspartic acid, 0.1% m/v SDS, 4% m/v acrylamide, the resulting pH being 8.0. The applied voltage was 7 kV (reversed voltage polarity) in order to avoid high current intensities. Under optimized conditions, the five proteins were separated in less than 15 min, with a % relative standard deviation (RSD) between 0.2 and 0.4 for migration times in the same day. Good efficiency (values between 150 000 and 40 000 N/m) and resolution (values between 2 and 2.8) were obtained. The inverse of relative migration times was found to correlate with the logarithm of their relative molecular mass. Finally, cider proteins were analyzed and their relative molecular masses were determined. These results were compared with those obtained by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).     

The capillary electrophoresis separation of benzodiazepine drug using dextran sulfate and SDS as running buffer

Capillary electrophoresis has been applied the analyses of many clinical drugs due to its rapid, high-resolution separation. In this study, electrokinetic chromatography involving the combination of SDS and dextran sulfate, which are synthetic polymers, was examined in order to obtain high resolution. Use of 2% dextran sulfate (10,000 molecular weight), 20 mm SDS running buffer containing boric acid solution (pH 9.2) and a silica capillary (inner diameter of 75 micro m, effective length of 50 cm, 57 cm overall length) afforded separation of 10 kinds of benzodiazepines. The detection limit was 0.2 micro g/mL; additionally, reproducibilities were de fi ned as the peak height and migration time. The average peak height was 5.92% (2.46-17.61), whereas the average migration time was 0.44% (0.18-0.76; n = 5). This separations system can be applied to the analysis and measurement of other pharmaceuticals as well.     

Sieving variations due to the choice in pore size distribution model

The effect of the choice of the standard probabilistic model to describe the pore size distribution was theoretically studied on predicting membrane performance parameters, area average water flux and area average membrane sieving coefficient. Preliminary discrete pore size distributions were generated from rejection profiles of dextran and PEG for 10,000, 30,000 and 100,000 molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) polysulfone and cellulose acetate membranes. The standard probability distribution functions (PDF), gamma, lognormal, normal, Weibel and Rayleigh were used to fit the resulting pore size distribution data. It was observed that the area averaged sieving coefficients are sensitive to the choice of the PDF. These results implied that an uncertainty in the choice of distribution in describing the membrane morphology could lead to a propagated uncertainty in predicting overall membrane performance.     

多重聚合酶链反应-毛细管电泳-激光诱导荧光法检测三种食源性致病菌

建立了食品中常见致病菌大肠杆菌O157:H7的uidA基因、沙门菌的invA基因和志贺菌的ipaH基因的多重聚合酶链反应（PCR）产物的毛细管电泳快速检测方法。根据这3种致病菌的特异性基因序列设计多重PCR引物,优化PCR扩增反应体系,采用7.0 g/L 甲基纤维素为筛分介质,毛细管电泳-激光诱导荧光检测法同时检测了3种常见致病菌的PCR扩增产物。在优化的多重PCR反应和毛细管筛分电泳条件下,该方法可以同时检测沙门菌、志贺菌和大肠杆菌O157:H7基因的多重PCR扩增产物,22 min内即可完成3种常见致病菌的毛细管电泳检测。迁移时间的相对标准偏差为1.47%~2.07%。与凝胶电泳法比较,该法简便快速,灵敏度高,可用于多种致病菌脱氧核糖核酸的检测,为食品安全提供了一种可靠的快速检测方法。     

Consecutive Electrophoretic Separation of PCR Products Under a High-Ionic-Strength Solution on PMMA Chips with Enhanced Static Adsorptive Coat

Abstract

Consecutive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product electrophoretic separation was done using a high-ionic-strength solution on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) micofluidic devices. Microchannels were modified with an enhanced static adsorptive coating method using 3% hydroxyethyl cellulose. The relative standard deviations of migration time and fluorescence intensity for the amplified cytosine deaminase PCR product of 258 bp (without pretreatments in 16 consecutive and rapid runs) on the PMMA chip were 0.88% and 3.5%, with a separation efficiency of 6.0 × 10⁵/m. PCR products were repeatedly separated on the modified chip without rinsing the channels with water and refilling the channels with the sieving matrix between runs.     

Static adsorptive coating of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic chips for extended usage in DNA separations

A simple and robust static adsorptive (dynamic) coating process using 2% hydroxyethylcellulose was developed for surface modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic chips for DNA separations, suitable for usage over extended periods, involving hundreds of runs. The coating medium was also used as a sieving matrix for the DNA separations following the coating process. Four consecutive static treatments, by simply filling the PMMA chip channels with sieving matrix once every day, were required for obtaining a stable coating and optimum performance. The performance of the coated chips at different phases of the coating process was studied by consecutive gel electrophoretic separations with LIF detection using a PhiX-174/HaeIII DNA digest sample. The coated chip, with daily renewal of the sieving matrix, showed high stability in performance during a 25-day period of systematic study, involving more than 100 individual runs. The performance of the coated chip also remained almost the same after 3 months of continuous usage, during which over 200 separations were performed. The average precision of migration time for the 603-bp fragment was 1.31% RSD (n = 6) during the 25-day study, with a separation efficiency of 6.5 x 10(4) plates (effective separation length 5.4 cm).     

An automated capillary electrophoresis system for high-speed separation of DNA fragments based on a short capillary

A high-speed DNA fragment separation system was developed based on a short capillary and a slotted-vial array automated sample introduction system. The injection process of DNA sample in a short capillary was investigated systematically with three injection techniques including constant-field-strength, low-field-strength and translational spontaneous injections. Under the optimized conditions, picoliter-scale sample plugs (corresponding to ca. 20-μm plug length) were obtained, which ensure the high-speed and high-efficiency separation for DNA fragments with a short effective separation length. Other separation conditions including the sieving matrix concentration, separation field strength and effective separation length were also optimized. The present system was applied in the separation of ΦX174-Hae III digest DNA marker. With an effective separation length of 2.5 cm, the separation could be achieved in <100 s with plate heights ranging from 0.21 to 0.74 μm (corresponding to plate numbers from 4.86 × 10(6) to 1.36 × 10(6)/m). The repeatabilities for the migration time of the eleven fragments were between 0.4 and 1.1% RSD (n=8). By using the automated continuous injection method, the separation for four different DNA samples could be achieved within 250 s. The present system was further applied in the fast sizing of real DNA samples of PCR products.     

硫代反义寡聚核苷酸在线性聚丙烯酰胺-毛细管电泳中的分离行为

通过对硫代反义寡聚核苷酸在毛细管线性聚丙烯酰胺胶（LPA）中的电泳行为的研究，发现在10％浓度的LPA和100mmol/L Tris-borate及7mol/L尿素的缓冲溶液中（pH=8.2），这类被分析物质有着较好的分离效果和重现性，能使相差一个碱基的硫代反义寡聚核苷酸片断得到基线分离。非常适合用于对合成的反义寡聚核苷酸的定性分析并进一步应用于纯度测定。