无卤磷系阻燃聚合物研究进展

无卤磷系阻燃聚合物燃烧时低烟无毒,对环境污染少,阻燃剂含量较少就能达到好的阻燃效果,且对聚合物材料的各种性能影响甚微,因而无卤磷系阻燃聚合物得到广泛的应用。文中在参考了大量文献的基础上,对无卤磷系阻燃聚合物的合成、结构、性能及应用做了详细的介绍和论述,并展望了无卤磷系阻燃聚合物的发展方向和前景。     

氧弹燃烧-离子色谱法测定高分子聚合物的卤素离子

采用氧弹燃烧法对塑料样品进行燃烧,用碳酸钠作为吸收液进行吸收,建立了离子色谱法分离测定微量卤素离子的方法.离子色谱条件为:IonPac AS22离子交换柱,碳酸盐等度淋洗,抑制型电导检测.用该方法对塑料颗粒和塑料瓶盖中的氯离子进行测定,加标回收率分别为92.25%～95.68%、92.37% ～95.52%.     

低烟无卤阻燃聚烯烃的研究进展和应用前景

结合近几年来在低烟无卤阻燃聚烯烃研究的系列工作，综述了该领域国内外研究的最新进展，重点论述了聚合物纳米插层化合物、可膨胀石墨体系、硅胶、碳酸钾体系、氢氧化镁和硼酸锌、有机磷系和磷－氮系膨胀型阻燃剂在无卤阻燃聚烯烃中所取得的主要成果，展望了其应用前景。     

基于氧弹燃烧-离子色谱法测定生活垃圾可燃组分中氯和硫的含量

采用氧弹燃烧法对垃圾样品干燥基进行前处理,用碳酸钠(24mmol/L)和碳酸氢钠(30mmol/L)以及过氧化氢(2.5%)为吸收液,并用离子色谱法对其处理后吸收液中氯离子和硫酸根含量进行测定,最后换算为样品中氯和硫的含量。氯和硫酸根质量浓度分别在1～50mg/L与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性相关,其线性相关系数都大于0.999。样品中氯的加标回收率为96.5%～99.1%,硫酸根的加标回收率为92.5%～101%,测定结果中样品的相对平均标准偏差均小于3%(n=5),并用质控样品对方法进行了验证,结果表明样品的前处理方法简单、样品损失少、准确度高,适合于垃圾样品可燃组分中氯和硫含量的测定。     

氧弹燃烧-离子色谱法测定原油中氯和溴

采用氧弹燃烧法对原油样品进行燃烧,然后用碳酸钠-碳酸氢钠溶液作为吸收液进行吸收,并提出了离子色谱法分离测定原油中氯和溴的含量的方法。以Dionex IonPac AS23型分离柱为离子交换柱,以4.8mmol·L-1碳酸钠-1.0mmol·L-1碳酸氢钠溶液为淋洗液等度洗脱。氯和溴的质量浓度均在0.01～1mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.3mg·kg-1与0.7 mg·kg-1。方法用于原油样品分析,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在3.5%～4.2%之间,回收率在91.8%～109%之间。     

氧弹燃烧-离子选择性电极法测定氟

介绍了一种测定试样中氟含量的快速方法。首先利用氧弹燃烧技术对样品进行预处理,将氟转化为氟化氢,用碱液吸收燃烧产物,吸收液加入TISAB消除Al^3 、Fe^3 等离子干扰,调节溶液pH在5～8后进行定容,然后用氟离子选择性电极用标准加入法测定溶液的电位,从而测得样品中氟的含量。对香烟、头发和饲料进行分析,结果表明该法简单、快速、结果可靠,可用于试样中氟的快速测定     

高温燃烧碘量法测定萤石中的总硫

建立高温燃烧碘量法测定萤石中总硫含量的方法。采用铜粉为助熔剂与萤石样品混合,以氧气为载气,萤石样品在高温燃烧管式炉中于1 200℃加热燃烧,将萤石样品中的硫转化为二氧化硫,以酸性碘化钾–淀粉溶液吸收二氧化硫,用碘酸钾标准溶液滴定。实验条件:氧气流量为1.5～2.2 L/min;称样质量为500 mg;铜粉用量为1 000 mg。在选定的实验条件下,总硫测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.1%～2.8%(n=11),方法的加标回收率为98.0%～103.5%。该方法准确、快速、简便、检测成本低,可用于萤石中总硫含量的测定。     

氧瓶燃烧-离子色谱法测定香烟中硫含量

采用氧瓶燃烧法对香烟样品进行燃烧,然后用含有过氧化氢的水溶液吸收释放出来的二氧化硫,并将其转化成为SO42-,过量的过氧化氢通过加热煮沸10min去除。据此提出了用离子色谱法测定香烟中硫含量的方法。用IonPac AS14离子交换柱,以1.8mmol.L-1碳酸钠-1.7mmol.L-1碳酸氢钠溶液为淋洗液等度洗脱。硫的质量浓度在0.02～60mg.L-1之间与峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s)为3.24μg.L-1。方法用于茶叶(GSB-7)标准样品分析,测定值与认定值相一致。硫的相对标准偏差(n=6)小于1%,回收率在99.2%～99.7%之间。     

PP/EVA/OMMT纳米复合材料及其阻燃材料的动态燃烧行为

利用锥形量热仪(CONE)在35kW/m2热辐照条件下,并结合极限氧指数(LOI)和UL-94垂直燃烧测试方法对聚丙烯(PP)/乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)/有机蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合材料和加入无卤复配阻燃剂制备的PP/EVA/OMMT/氢氧化铝(ATH)/三氧化二锑(AO)纳米复合阻燃材料的热释放速率、烟释放及材料在燃烧时的质量损失行为进行了研究。结果表明,添加5%(质量分数)OMMT可以提高PP/EVA复合材料的阻燃性能,燃烧时的热释放速率、质量损失率以及烟释放量减少,且OMMT与无卤复配阻燃剂之间可产生阻燃协同作用,使纳米复合阻燃材料的阻燃性能、热稳定性和抑烟性进一步增强。     

氧弹燃烧处理试样-离子色谱法测定聚苯硫醚中总氯含量

采用氧弹燃烧法对样品进行燃烧,然后用超纯水作为吸收液吸收释出的氯或氯化物,并提出了离子色谱法分离测定聚苯硫醚中总氯含量的方法。以Metrosep A Supp 5-250型分析柱为离子交换柱,以3.2 mmol.L-1碳酸-钠1.0 mmol.L-1碳酸氢钠溶液为淋洗液等度洗脱。方法用于矿物油标准样品(AOD 1.11)和聚乙烯标准样品(ERM-EC 681K)标准样品的分析,测定值与标准值相一致。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。