近红外光谱快速鉴别不同产地药用植物重楼的方法研究

重楼属植物极具药用价值,野生资源主要分布在我国西南省区。应用近红外漫反射光谱,以贵州、广西和云南三个不同产区的70份野生药用植物重楼为研究对象进行产地鉴别。采用多元信号校正、标准正态变量、一阶导数、二阶导数、Norris平滑和Savitzky-Golay滤波六种方法,对训练集(50份样品)原始光谱进行优化处理。结果表明,多元信号校正结合二阶导数和Norris平滑预处理光谱效果最好。采用光谱标准偏差选择光谱波段(7 450~4 050cm-1),结合主成分-马氏距离(principal component analysis-mahalanobis distance,PCA-MD)建立分类模型,前三个主成分累计贡献率、R2、RMSEC和RMSEP分别为89.44%,97.58%,0.179 6,0.266 4,预测正确率90%;采用变量重要性图选择光谱波段(7 135.33~4 007.35cm-1),结合偏最小二乘判别分析法(partial least square discrimination analysis,PLS-DA)建立判别模型,前三个主成分累计贡献率、R2、RMSEC和RMSEP分别为89.28%,95.88%,0.234 8,0.348 2,预测正确率为100%。比较两种方法的结果可知:采用变量重要性图方法选择光谱波段结合偏最小二乘判别分析法建立的判别模型能更准确地鉴别不同产区的重楼,该方法的建立为中药材真伪和品质评价奠定基础。     

近红外光谱的三种蓝莓果渣花色苷含量测定

为了提高对蓝莓果渣的开发利用,探索了近红外光谱测定三种蓝莓(北陆、蓝美1号、灿烂)果渣中花色苷含量的可行性。通过DA7200采集三种蓝莓果渣的近红外光谱,利用PCA-MD对北陆、蓝美1号、灿烂果渣分别剔除1, 4和8个异常样本。运用K-S划分样本集得到校正集(686个样本)和验证集(171个样本)。对样本集分别进行归一化、变量标准化(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、 Norris一阶导数(NFD)、 Norris二阶导数(NSD)、 SG卷积一阶导数(SGCFD)、 SG卷积二阶导数(SGCSD)、 Savitzky-Golay(SG)卷积平滑、正交信号校正预处理,并建立相应全谱PLS模型。比较并选择MSC、 SGCSD、 SG卷积平滑、正交信号校正,进行预处理方法顺序组合的比较,结果显示,全谱PLS模型中最优预处理方法为正交信号校正+SGCSD+SG卷积平滑,其R■为0.940 0、R■为0.886 7、 RMSEC为0.722 5、 RMSECV为0.246 2、 RMSEP为1.000 5、 RPD为2.970 8。利用SPA和CARS对预处理过的光谱数据分别进行波长变量的筛选,依次建立PLS回归模型,并定量分析其对蓝莓果渣花色苷的预测能力。在所有预处理方法进行波长变量筛选中, SPA与CARS算法均可以有效地筛选出波长变量,但SPA筛选出的波长变量,无法全部建立PLS回归模型,而CARS算法筛选出的波长变量,均可建立PLS回归模型。数据表明, CARS-PLS最佳组合为正交信号校正+MSC+SG卷积平滑+SGCSD,选择波长数为25个,相较于原始光谱,其R■从0.900 8增长到0.940 3,R■从0.881 8增长到0.885 7, RMSEC从0.929 1减少到0.720 9, RMSECV从0.317 6减少到0.245 6, RMSEP从1.021 8减少到1.004 9, RPD从2.908 8增长到2.957 5。近红外光谱的蓝莓果渣花色苷含量测定中,正交信号校正表现出强大的去噪效果, CARS算法具有简化模型、适用性较好和预测精度较高等优点。研究结果表明,应用近红外光谱技术可以较好地实现三种不同品种蓝莓果渣中花色苷含量的测定,可为蓝莓果渣品质分级提供一种快速、支持大样本量的检测方法。     

基于SERS与PCA-SLR实现乙基对氧磷定量检测

利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS),结合主成分分析(PCA)与分段线性回归(SLR)算法实现乙基对氧磷的定量检测。首先采集820～1 630 cm-1乙基对氧磷溶液SERS,并对820～1 630 cm-1(全范围)与845～875 cm-1(特征范围)光谱分别进行标准正态变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、一阶导数绝对值、二阶导数等预处理;然后经PCA降维后利用SLR建立乙基对氧磷溶液浓度预测模型。通过对比不同模型的预测准确度,发现特征范围光谱采用MSC预处理后所建立的模型为最优,总体预测均方误差值(RMSEP)为0.33,满足乙基对氧磷定量检测的需要。     

近红外光谱(NIRS)技术快速测定湖泊沉积物营养组分研究

湖泊沉积物保存了湖泊环境演化的重要信息,但目前还没有建立起快速、准确的湖泊沉积物营养组分组合分析方法。该文利用近红外光谱(NIRS)技术,采用一阶导数、小波滤噪、正交信号校正、小波滤噪+正交信号校正、一阶导数+正交信号校正、正交信号校正+小波压缩6种光谱预处理技术和偏最小二乘(PLS)法相结合在国内建立了NIR光谱测定湖泊沉积物柱芯样品中总碳(TC),总氨(TN),总有机碳(TOC)和总磷(TP)的校正模型,结果表明虽然NIR光谱校正模型对TOC的预测效果不理想,但一阶导数+正交信号校正光谱校正模型对TC和TN,正交信号校正光谱校正模型对TP的预测效果较好,预测相关系数分别为0.759 7(TC),0.865 0(TN)和0.811 2(TP),预测误差(RMSEP)分别为0.13%(TC),0.008 2%(TN)和0.012%(TP)。该研究对于推动我国湖泊沉积物的光谱学特性研究具有重要意义。     

赣南脐橙果园土壤全氮和有机质近红外漫反射光谱检测

选取赣南脐橙果园土壤作为研究对象,探讨在4 000～7 500 cm-1范围内的光谱分析土壤全氮和有机质的可行性。采集的近红外光谱采用多元散射校正、一阶微分、二阶微分、七点平滑等多种预处理对比分析,分别建立了有机质和全氮含量偏最小二乘模型。实验得出全氮预测模型在4 000～7 500 cm-1范围内采用七点平滑(SG)进行预处理模型较为理想,校正集相关系数(r_c)为0.802,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为2.754,预测集相关系数(r_p)为0.715,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为3.077;有机质预测模型在4 000～7 500 cm-1范围内采用标准正态变量变换(SNV)预处理模型较为理想,r_c为0.848,RMSEC为0.128,r_p为0.790,RMSEP为0.152。研究表明近红外漫反射光谱可快速用于赣南脐橙果园的土壤中全氮和有机质含量的快速检测。     

近红外漫反射光谱法测定玉米秸秆NDF与ADF含量

应用主成分空间和傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS),在国内首次建立了适合不同品种类型、不同生长发育时期和不同部位且适配范围广的近红外漫反射光谱(NIRS)测定玉米秸秆中性洗涤纤维(NeutralDetergentFiber,NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(AcidDetergentFiber,ADF)含量的稳定校正模型。结果表明,采用一阶导数 矢量归一化预处理和一阶导数 多元散射校正预处理,谱区均为7502～5450cm-1和4601～4247cm-1,所建立的NDF与ADF校正模型,其校正和预测效果最佳。其校正决定系数(R2cal)均大于094,交叉验证和外部验证决定系数(R2cv,R2val)为092～096,各项误差(RMSEE,RMSECV和RMSEP)为149%～181%。该结果对青贮玉米秸秆材料快速鉴定和筛选具有重要的意义。     

基于BP-ANN和PLS的近红外光谱无损检测李果实品质的研究

可溶性固形物（SSC）和可滴定总酸（TA）含量是影响李果实品质的重要指标,经典的破坏性检测方法不适用于果实按品质分级,近红外光谱(NIRS)检测方法具有速度快、操作简便、可无损检测果实品质。为实现NIRS无损快速检测安哥诺李果实可溶性固形物和可滴定总酸含量,利用NIRS采集李果实的漫反射光谱,同时采用糖度计测定安哥诺李果实的SSC,采用滴定法测定了李果实TA含量,使用杠杆值和F概率值剔除异常样品,采用软件优化结合人工筛选光谱波段,使用了消除常数偏移量、减去一条直线、矢量归一化（SNV）、最大-最小归一化、多元散射校正（MSC）、一阶和二阶导数结合平滑处理、一阶导数结合减去一条直线和平滑处理、以及一阶导数结合SNV或MSC校正等光谱预处理方法,分别采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）和主成分分析结合反向传播人工神经网络（BP-ANN）建立李果实SSC、TA的定量分析模型。结果表明,李果实SSC和TA的最佳PLS建模效果波段范围分别为4 000～8 852和4 605～6 523 cm-1。SSC的PLS模型的最佳光谱预处理方法为MSC校正,最佳模型校正相关系数（R_c）为0.914 4,预测相关系数（R_p）为0.878 5,校正均方根误差（RMSEC）为0.91,预测均方根误差（RMSEP）为1.00。经一阶微分结合SNV和9点平滑的方法预处理后,TA的PLS模型效果最佳,R_c,R_p,RMSEC,RMSEP分别为0.860 3,0.819 6,0.80和0.86。提取了李果实SSC和TA光谱数据的主成分,并基于前10个主成分得分建立了李果实SSC和TA最佳BP-ANN定量分析模型,其R_c,R_p,RMSEC和RMSEP分别为0.976 7,0.889 7,0.75和0.99;TA的BP-ANN模型的相应参数值依次为0.974 3,0.897 7,0.62和0.83,与采用PLS算法建立的定量模型相比较,BP-ANN模型具有较高的R_c,R_p和较低的RMSEC,RMSEP,因此BP-ANN模型对SSC和TA指标的定量分析结果更佳。     

近红外透射光谱法检测三组分食用调和油含量的研究

以大豆油、花生油和玉米油三组分食用调和油为研究对象,采集样品在10 000～4 200 cm-1范围内的近红外透射光谱,对光谱进行不同预处理后结合偏最小二乘法分别建立调和油中三组分的定量分析模型,并检验模型预测的准确度和精密度。结果显示,一阶导数结合多元散射校正(FD+MSC),一阶导数结合减去一条直线(FD+SLS)以及一阶导数(FD)进行光谱预处理,可以得到大豆油、花生油以及玉米油含量的最优定标模型,分别是在5 450.1～4 597.7 cm-1,7 521.3～6 098.1 cm-1和9 993.7～7 498.2 cm-1谱区范围内获得的。各预测模型的相关系数R2和预测均方根RMSEP分别为99.89%,1.09%;99.88%,1.17%;99.76%,1.48%;配对t检验值在0.371 9～0.007 9之间;预测相对标准偏差RSD均小于1.50%。表明傅里叶变换近红外透射光谱分析技术可以快速准确可靠地检测三组分食用调和油中大豆油、花生油、玉米油的含量。     

廿蔗初压汁锤度近红外光谱分析的波段优选

用近红外透射光谱技术和偏最小二乘法建立甘蔗初压汁锤度的定量分析模型.用多元散射校正和Savitzky-Golay平滑化方法对原谱、一阶导数谱和二阶导数谱进行预处理.选取400-1100nm、1100-1400nm、1550-1850nm、2100-2350nm以及全谱(400-2500nm)5个波段,每个波段分别采用原光谱、一阶导数谱、二阶导数谱.同时调整Sayitzky-Golay平滑点数和PLS因子数,通过多次PLS数值实验比较,按照预测效果确定每个模型的最优平滑点数、因子数,再从中选优.结果表明,采用二阶导数谱的1550-1850nm波段的定标效果最好,模型的预测相关系数、预测均方根偏差、相对预测均方根偏差分别为0.896,0.406,1.95%.1550-1850nm波段可以代替全谱波段得到好的定标效果,为设计小型专用近红外分析仪器提供依据.     

近红外漫反射光谱法测定麦冬的多糖含量

采用近红外光谱分析技术对麦冬多糖进行定量分析.对麦冬的原始漫反射光谱采用了一阶导数、二阶导数、平滑、散射校正等多种光谱解析手段,初步选择了建模波段,并结合偏最小二乘回归法对麦冬多糖进行了定标建模分析.结果表明,光谱经过一阶导数+标准乘性散射校正(MSC)+SG平滑处理,选取4 000～4 900,5 100～6 900,7 050～10 000 cm-1波段建模得到的定标模型效果最佳,分析结果精度较高,R2,RMSEC,R2CV,RMSECV,主因子数分别为0.996,0.237,0.973,0.583,6.模型经过验证样品集检验,预测相关系数达到0.968 8.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.     

Direction-of-arrival estimation using matrix spatial prefiltering approach

An approach to direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation for multiple narrowband farfield signals is proposed. The technique uses a novel matrix spatial prefiltering approach. Specifically, a matrix filter is designed to spatially filter the incoming data snapshots. The un-wanted components arriving from the stopband angular sectors are attenuated and the desired components from the angular sector of interest pass with minimal distortion. The matrix filter spatially filters the element-space data and the output reserves the element-space data property, which makes it very useful by passing sensor data through a spatial prefilter prior to applying many other array processors to attenuate interferences and improve system performance. Several examples of DOA estimation problem are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed spatial prefiltering approach. Results of simulation and real data show that the pre-filter can efficiently attenuate the spatial interferences and significantly improve the estimation and resolution capability of DOA estimators at low signal-to-noise ratios for the sources located inside the passband sector. In addition, the use of spatial prefilter makes it possible to estimate DOAs for multiple sources more than the number of the elements of an array.     

Quantum efficiency calibration of opto-electronic detector by means of correlated photons method

A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal.An absolute calibration system of detector quantum efficiency is performed.And its principle and experimental setup are introduced.A continuouswave (CW) ultraviolet (351 nm),diode-pumped,frequency-doubled,and solid-state laser is used to pump BBO crystal.The quantum efficiencies of the photomultiplier at 633,702,and 789 nm are measured respectively.The coincidence peaks are observed using coincidence circuit.Some measurement factors including the filter bandwidth of trigger channel,the detector position alignment and polarization of the pump light are analyzed.The uncertainties of this calibration method are also analyzed,and the relative uncertainties of total calibration are less than 5.8%.The accuracy of this method could be improved in the future.