Ni-Co-B非晶态合金催化肉桂醛常压加氢制3-苯丙醛的研究

采用化学还原法制备了一系列Ni-Co-B非晶态合金催化剂, 通过调变金属盐混和液中Ni^2＋/Co^2＋的比例, 可制得不同Co含量的Ni-Co-B非晶态合金. 用ICP, BET, XRD, TEM, SAED, DSC, XPS和H₂-TPD对其组成、结构、粒子大小、表面形貌和表面电子态进行了系列表征, 并以肉桂醛常压加氢制苯丙醛作为探针反应, 考察了所制备的Ni-Co-B非晶态合金的催化性能. 结果表明, Ni-Co-B非晶态合金中Ni为活性中心, Co的引入可显著增加其催化活性. 由于催化测试中金属总量固定为1.0 g, 因此增加Ni-Co-B中Co的含量具有正负两方面的效应. 一方面, 由于Ni活性位数目的减少加氢活性降低; 另一方面, Co对Ni活性中心具有协同作用, 有利于增加合金的无序度、金属-类金属间相互作用、表面Ni含量和电子相互作用, 从而提高催化活性. 最佳Co与(Ni＋Co)摩尔比含量的范围为0.2～0.5.     

钴系非晶合金超细微粒金属微观状态的研究

过渡金属（Fe、Co、Ni）一类金属（B、P）非品合金超细微粒催化剂金属－类金属的相互作用是影响其催化性能的重要因素．B、P组元的加入能显著地改变过渡金属的催化活性和催化选择性；许多研究者都认为在过渡金属与B、P之间存在化学键合作用且有电子的转移，但对电子转移的方向仍有争议．前文我们报导了CoB非晶态合金超细微粒催化剂的表面性质和催化性能问，以及掺入P后对CoB已非晶态合金超细微粒催化剂性能的影响．本文采用了乙烯加氢反应作为探针，通过测定金属Co和CoB、CoPB非晶态合金超细微粒催化剂的乙烯加氢反应活化能；获得了…     

Ni含量对Co_(1-x)Ni_xB催化水解放氢性能的影响(英文)

采用化学还原法以乙醇为溶剂在冰水浴中合成了一系列Co1-xNixB合金催化剂,研究了该系列合金不同Ni含量对NaBH4水解放氢性能的影响.X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)显示Co1-xNixB合金是纳米非晶态颗粒.放氢测试表明Co1-xNixB具有很高的催化活性.放氢速率先随着Ni含量的增加而增大,并在x=0.15时放氢速率达到最大值,然后随x值的增加而减小.298K时Co0.85Ni0.15B合金催化碱性硼氢化钠水解的最大放氢速率可达4228mL·min-1·g-1,CoB和Co0.85Ni0.15B合金催化放氢的活化能分别为34.25和31.87kJ·mol-1.因此以乙醇为溶剂合成的Co1-xNixB合金具有较高的催化活性.     

花球状镁铝复合氧化物负载Ni⁃Co催化剂的合成及正十二烷水蒸气重整制氢

采用水热晶化的方法制备了花球状镁铝层状水滑石材料,经过高温焙烧和氢气还原成功制备了镁铝复合氧化物负载的Ni?Co合金催化剂。通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、氮气吸附-脱附测试、粉末X射线衍射、程序升温还原等技术表征了所制备催化剂的物理化学性质,并且测试了所制备催化剂催化正十二烷水蒸气重整制氢性能。实验结果表明:水热晶化后催化剂的前驱体是花球状层状水滑石结构,焙烧后催化剂以复合氧化物的结构存在,且存在非常丰富的介孔和大孔。通过调控Co的加入量,可以调控金属载体相互作用的强度及金属颗粒尺寸。还原后,Ni和Co形成合金且均匀地分布在层状薄片镁铝复合氧化物上面。所制备的催化剂用于正十二烷水蒸气重整制氢,结果显示,相比于Ni单金属催化剂,形成Ni?Co合金的催化剂的活性及产氢率均有较大程度的提升,且抗积碳性能大幅度提高。这归因于Ni?Co协同的合金状态和较小的金属纳米颗粒尺寸。     

NiCoB超细非晶合金的化学制备和热稳定性研究

用化学还原法制备了Ni－B、Co－B及不同含量的Ni－Co－B超细非晶态微粒．电感耦合等离子光谱（ICP）测定合金的组成表明：微粒中Ni与Co的含量可通过调节反应溶液中Ni与Co离子浓度来控制．X衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）及电子衍射证实合金是粒径约为20nm的非晶相球状颗粒．用示差量热法（DSC）考察了制备条件对非晶态合金热稳定性的影响．发现相同组成不同含量及不同条件下制得的样品其热稳定性均有差异．初步解释了引起这种差别的原因．从而揭示了非晶态合金结构的复杂性．     

Pt-M(M=Co,Ni,Fe)/g-C_3N_4复合材料构建及其高效光解水制氢性能（英文）

铂(Pt)是公认的优秀助催化剂:一方面,Pt能抑制光催化过程中光生载流子的复合;另一方面,Pt能降低光解水制氢反应过电势。尽管如此,高昂的价格和极低的丰度限制了Pt在光解水制氢中的应用。Pt基过渡金属合金在多种催化反应中呈现出卓越的催化性能,是潜在的助催化材料。在本工作中,我们利用Co、Ni、Fe等过渡金属部分取代贵金属Pt,并以乙二醇为还原剂,通过原位还原H_2PtCl_6和过渡金属盐制备了Pt-M/g-C_3N4_ (M=Co, Ni, Fe)复合材料。在可见光照射下,1%(w) Pt_(2.5)M/g-C_3N_4 (M=Co, Ni, Fe)均表现出比同样条件下Pt负载的复合材料更高或者相当的光解水制氢性能。其次,我们通过调节Pt/Co的原子比例以及Pt-Co合金的负载量进一步优化了光催化性能。结果显示:1%(w) Pt_(2.5)_Co/g-C_3N_4复合材料表现出最高的光解水制氢性能,是同样条件下Pt负载的1.6倍。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和光致发光光谱(PL)表明光催化性能的提升得益于电子从g-C_3N_4向Pt_(2.5)Co的有效传输以及光生载流子复合被有效抑制。这一工作显示Pt基过渡金属合金在高效光解水制氢中具有潜在的应用前景,对于开发低成本、高效助催化剂具有一定的指导意义。     

单过渡金属配位磷钨酸铵盐的合成及其催化环己酮氨肟化

以磷钨酸和过渡金属盐在pH值为4.0~5.0的条件下合成了4种具有Keggin结构的单过渡金属配位磷钨酸铵盐NH4MPW11(M=Zr2+,Co2+,Ni2+,Cu2+),通过红外、紫外、热重、X射线衍射、循环伏安法等技术对这类杂多化合物的结构和性质进行了表征,并考察了它们在环己酮氨肟化反应中的催化性能.结果表明:单过渡金属配位的磷钨酸铵盐NH4MPW11(M=Zr2+,Co2+,Ni2+,Cu2+)具有典型的Keggin结构,过渡金属离子配位后,热稳定性和氧化性增强;在催化环己酮氨肟化反应中,NH4MPW11的催化性能低于单缺位磷钨酸铵盐(NH4PW11),其中NH4ZrPW1 1为催化剂,性能优于M=Co2+,Ni2+,Cu2+的催化剂,环己酮的转化率达到85.1%,环己酮肟的选择性达到92.1%,而NH4CuPW11的催化性能则下降显著;H2O2的分解实验表明,过渡金属配位的磷钨酸铵盐对H2O2分解均存在一定的促进作用,分解能力随过渡金属种类而变化,其中NH4CuPW1 1对H2O2的分解率高达72.3%,这是造成过渡金属配位的磷钨酸铵盐在环己酮氨肟化反应中催化性能下降的主要原因;回收催化剂的红外和XRD表征表明,氨肟化反应后的NH4MPW11保持了Keggin型的一级结构,但二级结构遭到一定程度的破坏.     

Ni-Co-B非晶态合金的结构和催化活性的理论研究

利用一系列原子簇模型Ni_xCo_(3-x)B_2(x=1～3)对Ni-Co-B非晶态合金的电子结构进行了SCC-DV-Xa计算.结果表明,Ni-B非晶态合金的催化加氢活性可通过Co的引入而得到改进.结合EXAFS和活性试验的结果,得出Ni和Co对非晶态Ni-Co-B合金的结构的稳定性有一种协同作用的结论.     

由金属粉末直接合成铁、钴、镍、铜N-杂环卡宾配合物的新方法

VIII族贵金属N-杂环卡宾(NHC)化合物已在许多有机合成反应如烯烃歧化、碳—碳/氮偶联反应中得到广泛应用. 第一过渡系金属价格低廉且毒性小, 发展铁、 钴、镍、铜等的非膦系催化剂具有重要应用价值. 合成第一过渡系金属的NHC化合物需要使用自由卡宾或者由M(NR2)2与咪唑盐反应制备, 这类制备方法通常需要特殊试剂, 反应条件苛刻. 浙江大学化学系刘斌和陈万芝等利用金属单质粉末 (M＝Fe, Co, Ni和Cu)与Ag-NHC配合物的金属置换反应直接合成了相应的M-NHC化合物. 在氧化银存在下, 金属粉末与咪唑盐反应也可以获得相同金属卡宾化合物. 另外, M-NHC化合物也可由咪唑盐在氧气存在下与金属单质直接反应得到. 这些新合成方法收率高, 不需要特殊或贵重试剂, 产物分离简单, 适宜于规模化制备铁、钴、镍、铜的卡宾催化剂, 为非贵金属卡宾催化剂的工业应用奠定了基础.     

TiO2-B纳米管负载过渡金属氧化物的电化学嵌锂性能

采用碱性条件下的水热法合成了质子钛酸盐纳米管,在此基础上采用化学沉淀方法制备了负载过渡金属(Co,Ni和Cu)氢氧化物的纳米管材料,然后在300 ℃氩气氛下烧结后得到负载过渡金属(Co,Ni和Cu)氧化物TiO₂-B纳米管。采用XRD和TEM等对其结构与形态进行了表征,采用恒电流充放电、循环伏安以及交流阻抗测试研究了其电化学嵌/脱锂性能。结果表明,TiO₂-B纳米管通过负载过渡金属(Co,Ni和Cu)氧化物纳米颗粒之后,改善了TiO₂-B纳米管的高倍率放电性能和循环稳定性。其中,负载NiO和CuO的TiO₂-B纳米管的高倍率放电性能和循环稳定性较为突出。研究还表明,负载过渡金属氧化物纳米颗粒后,有助于保持TiO₂-B纳米管在动态反应条件下的拟电容反应控制特征,并不同程度地减小了TiO₂-B纳米管的表面电荷转移电阻,这是TiO₂-B纳米管的电化学性能改善的主要原因。     

The stability of the SEI layer, surface composition and the oxidation state of transition metals at the electrolyte-cathode interface impacted by the electrochemical cycling: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation

The stability of the valence state of the 3d transition metal ions and the stoichiometry of LiMO(2) (M = Co, Ni, Mn) layered oxides at the surface-electrolyte interface plays a crucial role in energy storage applications. The surface oxidation/reduction of the cations caused by the contact of the solids to air or to the electrolyte results in the blocking of the Li-transport through the interface that leads to the fast batteries deterioration. The influence of the end-of-charge voltage on the chemical composition and the oxidation state of 3d transition metal ions, as well as the stability of the solid-electrolyte interface formed during the electrochemical Li-deintercalation/intercalation of the LiCoO(2) and Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O(2), have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. While the chemical composition of the solid-electrolyte interface is similar for both layered oxide surfaces, the electrochemical cycling to some critical voltage values leads to the disappearance of the interface. By the analysis of the shape of the 2p and 3s photoelectron emissions we show that the formation of the solid-electrolyte interface layer correlates with the partial reduction of the trivalent Co ions at the electrolyte-LiCoO(2) interface and the amount of the Co(2+) ions is increased as the solid-electrolyte interface vanishes. In contrast, the Mn(4+), Co(3+) and Ni(2+) ions of the Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O(2) are stable at the interface under the electrochemical cycling to higher end-of-charge voltage. A correlation between deterioration of the LiCoO(2) and Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O(2) batteries and the change of electronic structure at the surface/interface after the electrochemical cycling has been found. The dissolution of the solid-electrolyte interface layer might be the reason for the fast deterioration of the Li-ion batteries.     

Preparation of porous Cu-rich CuNi electrodes via electrochemically dealloying in ionic liquid

Commercial CuNi (55/45 wt%) alloy can be electrochemically dealloyed to be the porous Cu-rich CuNi electrodes, which reveals an enhanced catalytic activity toward nitrate reduction in contrast with that of the mother alloy electrodes. In comparison with the use of aqueous electrolytes, the formation of the porous structures is reproducible if ionic liquid (IL) is used as the electrolyte for the dealloying process. During the dealloying process, a relatively more quantity of Ni but both Ni and Cu were electrochemically oxidized to be Ni(II) and Cu(II) complex ions; different ions seemed to own different coordinating molecules in accordance with the NMR analysis. Cu(II) ions could be reduced to Cu metal and deposited upon the counter electrode during the dealloying process. Ni(II) ions, on the other hand, can be mostly removed from the IL phase by extraction into the immiscible water phase. A sustainable system may be developed for the preparation of nitrate-active electrodes in accordance with the study shown here.     

Role of anionic impurities in the formation of the active state of catalysts based on transition metals

Experimental data concerning the structure of transition metal-based catalysts are analyzed. Anionic impurities in the oxide precursor markedly modify both its structure and the structure of the catalyst resulting from its reduction. The modifying anionic impurities exert a significant effect on the local environment of the transition metal cations (particularly on that of Jahn-Teller cations) and even on the very possibility of existence of a mixed oxide precursor. In some cases, the changes in the local environment of the cations under the action of modifying ions show themselves as radical changes in the catalyst reduction kinetics. The formation of epitaxial bonding between the particles of the active metal and the surface of the oxide support, as well as the decoration of the particles with an amorphous oxyhydroxide layer, can be favorable for the stabilization of the active metal particles in the reduced state. Presumably, the activation of hydrogen molecules and the substrate being hydrogenated (e.g., CO) occurs on the surface of metal particles completely covered by a thin layer of the amorphous oxyhydroxide. The experimentally observed high activity of these catalysts is unlikely to be solely due to the increase in the specific catalytic activity of the remaining uncovered surface of the metal. It should also be attributed to the high inherent catalytic activity of the metal particles decorated with the oxyhydroxide layer.     

Cathodic stripping voltammetry of nickel: sonoelectrochemical exploitation of the Ni(III)/Ni(II) couple

The exploitation of the Ni(III)/Ni(II) transition as a means of quantifying the concentration of nickel within industrial samples was assessed. The methodology relies upon the reagentless electrodeposition of Ni onto a glassy carbon electrode and the subsequent oxidative conversion of the metallic layer to Ni(III). The analytical signal is derived from a cathodic stripping protocol in which the reduction of the Ni(III) layer to Ni(II) is monitored through the use of square wave voltammetry. The procedure was refined through the introduction of an ultrasonic source which served to both enhance the deposition of nickel and to remove the nickel hydroxide layer that results from the measurement process. A well-defined stripping peak was observed at +0.7 V (vs. AgAgCl) with the response found to be linear over the range 50 nM to 1 μM (based on a 30 s deposition time). Other metal ions such as Cu(II), Mn(II), Cr(III), Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Fe(III) and Co(II) did not interfere with the response when present in hundred fold excess. The viability of the technique was evaluated through the determination of nickel within a commercial copper nickel alloy and validated through an independent comparison with a standard ICP-AES protocol.     

Synthesis of Pt3Ni-based functionalized MWCNTs to enhance electrocatalysis for PEM fuel cells

Nanoscale Pt₃Ni/functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs) catalysts, successfully synthesized by anchoring nickel–platinum alloy nanoparticles on FMWCNTs, are presented in this paper. Compared with conventional commercial Pt/C catalysts, the preliminary results revealed that the Pt₃Ni/FMWCNTs catalysts demonstrated not only higher specific activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) but also outstanding stability. The enhancement in the stability of the Pt₃Ni/FMWCNTs catalysts is believed to be due to the anchor effects in Pt₃Ni alloy structure, the stronger interaction between Pt₃Ni alloy nanoparticles and FMWCNTs, and the “π sites” anchoring centers for metal nanoparticles from CNTs with high graphite.     

Nitrogenous synergists induced potentiometric response to metal ions with polymeric liquid membranes containing thenoyltrifluoroacetone as an ionophore.

The effects of nitrogenous synergists on the potentiometric responses to divalent transition metal ions were investigated concerning polymeric liquid membranes containing thenoyltrifluoroacetone (Htta) as an ionophore. The tested synergists were pyridine (py) and 4,4'-dioctyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (C8bpy). The potentiometric responses to metal ions, such as Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+, were induced by adding the synergists into the liquid membrane systems. The coexistence of Htta and a synergist was necessary for generating the membrane potential. The tta- anion adsorbed at the liquid membrane/solution interface and the complex formation between the synergist and a given metal ion appeared to participate in preferential uptake of metal ions.     

La~2NiO~4催化制备纳米碳管

制备了四方结构复合氧化物La~2NiO~4,并以其为催化剂前体,甲烷和一氧化碳为碳,合成出大量高纯度的纳米碳管。XRD结果表明La~2NiO~4经还原后,在La~2O~3的隔离作用下Ni晶粒实现纳米级均匀分散。利用TEM,HRTEM,SEM,XRD,Raman等手段对所制备的纳米碳管进行了观察和表征。所制备的纳米碳管管径均匀、石墨化程度较高,该法制备纳米碳管工艺简单、产量较高,产品易于纯化。     

Coaxial metal and magnetic alloy nanotubes in polycarbonate templates by electroless deposition

We present a novel technique for the preparation of coaxial metal and magnetic alloy nanotubes, which is demonstrated for the coaxial nanotubes of Ni/Co and Ni/CoNiFe alloys deposited in activated polycarbonate templates using electroless plating. For each metal or alloy the tube wall thickness was controlled to be less than 100 nm. The process involved two consecutive deposition steps from hypophosphite and/or borane reducing agent based electroless plating solutions. We further characterise the magnetic properties of the ternary magnetic alloy films and coaxial nanotubes. The coaxial tubes show homogenous wall thickness and composition, which is delineated from the magnetic measurements.     

Energy‐damping behaviors of poly(methyl acrylate‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres coated with a porous nickel–phosphorus layer

Hybrid microspheres of poly(methyl acrylate‐co‐divinylbenzene) (PMADVB) with a thin and porous nickel–phosphorus (Ni–P) alloy layer were prepared via suspension polymerization and electroless nickel plating. The characterization of pristine and nickel‐coated microspheres was carried out with a differential scanning calorimeter and a scanning electron spectroscope equipped with an energy‐dispersive system. The glass‐transition range of Ni–P‐coated PMADVB was broadened and extended in the higher temperature direction. This effect allowed the PMADVB network to embrace more diversified energy states of the segment motion, this being a desired feature for damping sound waves. The low‐frequency (100–1000‐Hz) sound absorption behavior of the microspheres was tested with a sound attenuation kit. Besides the testing of their low‐frequency damping performance, an investigation into the ultrasonic‐wave (～35 kHz) absorption feature of the microspheres was conducted through chemical means; that is, the attenuation to the ultrasonic wave with respect to the unprotective situation was assessed through the chemisorption extent of copper ions on a biomass adsorbent. The Ni–P deposition layer was found to augment the damping capacity of the polymer network. The alloy layer was determined to cause an expansion of the glass‐transition range of PMADVB and its wave‐scattering capability because this layer was made up of submicrometer metallic grains. In this work, the particulars of the metal–polymer interactions were associated with a core–shell structure. The metal outer layer was thought to create a spherical temperature field inside the PMADVB network, and concerted motions of the polymer segments resulted. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2710–2723, 2004     

过渡金属氧化物和金属负载型沸石催化剂上合成 纳米碳管及其表征

采用气相催化沉积法催化合成纳米碳管,比较了不同金属氧化物和金属负载型沸石催化剂以及不同分子筛载体对合成纳米碳管的影响,并用TEM,XRD表征其形貌和结晶度,用DTA-TG考察了纳米碳管的热和稳定性。实验结果表明纳米碳管的形成除了与金属种类有关外,还直接与催化剂的颗粒大小和分散状态有关。粒径在20nm左右的不规则形状的纳米粒子是形成纳米碳管的活性组分,非负载和负载型的催化剂均表明活性组分的粒径与纳米碳管的管径有一定的对应关系。化学提纯后能得到高纯度的纳米碳管;其管壁具有较好的石墨化结构,在空气中的热稳定性大于400℃,而在氮气中能维持到1200℃以上。