一种基于超声共振谱的低Q值材料共振频率提取方法

超声共振谱技术通过测量样本在超声激励下产生的固有共振频率来计算弹性参数,而共振频率的提取是整个测量过程的关键.低$Q$值(品质因数)材料由于其衰减特性,导致共振谱平缓并无法直观地从谱图上观察得到共振频率,为从中提取更为有效的共振频率, 本文提出了一种新的共振频率提取方法.采用经验模态分解法将材料频率响应自适应分解为有限个具有特殊振荡特性的固有模态函数分量,根据材料的超声共振谱先验信息选择具有共振频率特性的固有模态函数分量,并从中提取共振频率. 以短切纤维环氧树脂材料(仿骨材料, $Q \approx$25)为例, 通过实验与传统线性预测方法进行对比,计算弹性系数和工程模量. 实验结果表明新方法的计算效率高,对弱激发模态更为敏感,共振频率的匹配数量(26)多于传统方法(21)且满足5倍于弹性系数的估计要求,优化后的弹性模量更接近标准值.新方法可从低$Q$值材料平缓的频谱中提取数量足够且有效的共振频率,不仅有效提升了力学参数估计的可靠性,而且拓展了超声共振谱技术的应用范围.      

一种基于超声共振谱的低Q值材料共振频率提取方法

超声共振谱技术通过测量样本在超声激励下产生的固有共振频率来计算弹性参数,而共振频率的提取是整个测量过程的关键.低Q值(品质因数)材料由于其衰减特性,导致共振谱平缓并无法直观地从谱图上观察得到共振频率,为从中提取更为有效的共振频率,本文提出了一种新的共振频率提取方法.采用经验模态分解法将材料频率响应自适应分解为有限个具有特殊振荡特性的固有模态函数分量,根据材料的超声共振谱先验信息选择具有共振频率特性的固有模态函数分量,并从中提取共振频率.以短切纤维环氧树脂材料(仿骨材料, Q≈25)为例,通过实验与传统线性预测方法进行对比,计算弹性系数和工程模量.实验结果表明新方法的计算效率高,对弱激发模态更为敏感,共振频率的匹配数量(26)多于传统方法 (21)且满足5倍于弹性系数的估计要求,优化后的弹性模量更接近标准值.新方法可从低Q值材料平缓的频谱中提取数量足够且有效的共振频率,不仅有效提升了力学参数估计的可靠性,而且拓展了超声共振谱技术的应用范围.     

涂层/基体材料界面结合强度测量方法的现状与展望

界面结合强度是涂层/基体材料体系中的一项重要力学性能指标.而表征与评价涂层/基体材料的界面结合强度又得依靠实验 方法的测定.由于涂层/基体材料体系的多样性与复杂性, 至今还没有形成适合于测量这类材料的界面结合强度的标准方法. 目前, 常用来测量涂层/基体材料的界面结合强度的方法有：拉伸法、剪切法、弯曲法、划痕法、压入法等.本文就目前表征 与评价涂层/基体材料界面结合强度的测量方法做了综述, 讨论了它们的适用范围, 比较了它们的优势与不足.     

几种应变检测的光力学测试方法及其比较

应变测量技术在工程应用中有重要意义.一是它可以直接用来获得应力场,可以用来评价材料的安全性和可靠性;二是应变梯度很大的部位往往又是材料破坏的起始点,所以应变测量又可以用于进行材料的无损检测.当前几种光力学方法受到了重视,即云纹干涉法、电子剪切散斑干涉法和数字相关散斑法,对上述方法的原理、光路设计、特点作了介绍,以便这些传统方法的进一步推广,文中还特别介绍了一种作者近来在国内率先开展的微压痕应变花法.这一方法可以方便用于金属等材料上,可以较精确定量研究测试物体的应变而且对刚体位移不敏感,应用起来更加直接和方便,更有推广和应用前景.本文有利于针对研究对象的特点,选用更加合适的应变测量方法.     

悬臂梁弯曲共振法自由阻尼结构试件设计研究

用悬臂梁弯曲共振法测量阻尼材料动态力学参数时,试件设计是否合理直接决定了测量结果的可信度.考虑到复合试件基底层材料阻尼的影响,本文对测量理论进行了改进,得到了考虑基底层阻尼影响的悬臂梁弯曲共振法测量方程.仿真结果表明忽略基底层阻尼将会导致杨氏模量和损耗因子测量精度降低,并且损耗因子测量误差对基底层阻尼变化更敏感.这为基底材料的选用提供了一定的理论依据.本文还结合误差放大因子的概念,对试件设计若干关键参数进行了灵敏度分析,得到了一组对悬臂梁弯曲共振法自由阻尼结构试件设计具有指导意义的结论.     

基于光纤传感器的固体杨氏模量与泊松比测量方法研究

提出了一种基于光纤传感器的测量固体材料杨氏模量与泊松比的方法,给出了Sagnac光纤干涉仪的环形光纤作为点传感器检测声波及用于声速测量的原理,推导出固体中声波速度与材料的杨氏模量及泊松比的关系式.以光纤Sagnac干涉仪作为传感器贴附于三角铸铁导轨表面,分别测出声表面波与纵波的速度,根据理论推导,得到了铸铁的杨氏模量与泊松比.实验结果与理论数值基本吻合,表明了此测量方法的可行性,为固体材料性能评估提供了一种新的方法.     

一种由圆柱体试件的侧向压缩力-位移关系同时测量材料弹性模量和泊松比的新方法

材料的弹性模量和泊松比是材料表征的重要力学参数,传统的压缩试验需要同时测量荷载、压缩和横向变形,才能实现对弹性模量和泊松比的同时测量。本文从Hertz接触理论出发,推导出弹性圆柱体在侧向压缩下的位移-力关系公式,在该关系式中位移与力的关系除与试件的几何尺寸相关外,还取决于材料的弹性模量和泊松比。因此,可以通过对侧向压缩试验测得的力-位移关系进行非线性拟合,得到材料的弹性模量和泊松比。本文通过对硅胶材料开展轴向与侧向压缩试验,对比两种试验测量得到的弹性模量和泊松比,结果较为一致,验证了本文提出方法的可行性。对于模量较小的软物质,因加载过程的荷载常常较小,系统测量的位移可代表试件的变形位移,故本文提出的新测量方法特别适合应用于该类型材料的相关性能测量。     

激光驱动固体材料状态方程实验研究进展

论述了激光驱动固体材料状态方程实验研究的目的和意义,对激光驱动固体材料状态方程测量的3种基本方法进行了分析比较.综述了国内外激光状态方程实验研究的发展现状,介绍了该实验研究中新的诊断方法.      

材料力学性能退化的超声无损检测与评价

材料性能退化总是伴随着某种形式的材料非线性力学行为, 从而引起超声波传播的非线性, 即高频谐波的产生.基于此,材料和结构的超声无损检测与主人技术发展成起来.首先介绍固体介质内的非线性超声波动方程的基础, 并综述了利用超声波传播的非线性特性对结构材料和粘结面的力学性能退化进行无损检测与评价的研究进展.之后对材料在疲劳、拉伸以及蠕变载荷作用下, 其力学性能退化进行超声无损检测与评价的试验研究进行了介绍;综述了超声波传播非线性的机理研究, 以及利用超声波对粘结面的粘结强度及其力学性能退化评估所开展的研究. 最后指出了今后该领域需要进一步研究的问题.      

用振动梁方法测量粘弹性材料的复模量和粘弹性参数

本文利用共振梁方法,通过对一点响应、相位滞后和共振频率的测量,可以获得粘弹性材料的复模量以及标准线性固体模型的三个参数,即松弛模量、松弛系数和蠕变系数.实验结果表明,实验原理正确,测试系统可靠而且简单实用.     

Determination of elastic and plastic characteristics of TiC–TiNi alloys by the ultrasonic resonance method

Elastic characteristics and propagation velocities of ultrasonic waves in a TiC–TiNi composite material are determined by the ultrasonic resonance method. The values of the elastic moduli of the solid composite obtained are used to estimate its plastic properties. The effect of various additives on the elastic and plastic properties of the composite is studied.     

An explicit expression of the effective moduli for composite materials filled with coated inclusions

The obvious shortcoming of the generalized self-consistent method (GSCM) is that the effective shear modulus of composite materials estimated by the method can not be expressed in an explicit form. This is inconvenient in engineering applications. In order to overcome that shortcoming of GSCM, a reformation of GSCM is made and a new micromechanical scheme is suggested in this paper. By means of this new scheme, both the effective bulk and shear moduli of an inclusion-matrix composite material can be obtained and be expressed in simple explicit forms. A comparison with the existing models and the rigorous Hashin-Shtrikman bounds demonstrates that the present scheme is accurate. By a two-step homogenization technique from the present new scheme, the effective moduli of the composite materials with coated spherical inclusions are obtained and can also be expressed in an explicit form. The comparison with the existing theoretical and experimental results shows that the present solutions are satisfactory. Moreover, a quantitative comparison of GSCM and the Mori-Tanaka method (MTM) is made based on a unified scheme. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the Contract NO. 19632030 and 19572008, and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation     

Elastic moduli of the piezoelectric cochlear outer hair cell membrane

The outer hair cell is a specialized cell in the mammalian cochlea, believed to amplify incoming sound waves. This amplification is associated with the outer hair cell's electromotility, a unique cellular phenomenon of voltage-dependent length changes. Outer hair cell properties can be described in terms of the piezoelectric relationships, and the elastic moduli are a key part of them. We revisit the problem of estimating the elastic moduli of the outer hair cell composite membrane (wall) where two methods have previously been proposed. We analyze the two methods, while taking into account experimental ranges of the measured parameters. We have shown that cell stiffness is the critical parameter that determines the difference between the method predictions, and we have found a range of stiffness where the results are reasonably close. The elastic moduli corresponding to this range can be recommended for estimation of the characteristics of the piezoelectric model.     

A comparative study of piezoelectric unimorph and multilayer actuators as stiffness sensors via contact resonance

Piezoelectric bar-shaped resonators were proposed to act as hardness sensors in the 1960 s and stiffness sensors in the 1990 s based on the contact impedance method.In this work, we point out that both multilayer and unimorph(or bimorph) piezoelectric actuators could act as stiffness/modulus sensors based on the principle of mechanical contact resonance. First, the practical design and the performance of a piezoelectric unimorph actuator–based stiffness sensor were presented. Then the working principle of piezoelectric multilayer actuator–based stiffness sensors was given and verified by numerical investigation. It was found that for these two types of resonance-based sensors, the shift of the resonance frequency due to contact is always positive, which is different from that of the contact impedance method. Further comparative sensitivity study indicated that the unimorph actuator–based stiffness sensor is very suitable for measurement on soft materials, whereas the multilayer actuator–based sensor is more suitable for hard materials.     

Multi-pulse chaotic motions of high-dimension nonlinear system for a laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate

This paper investigates the multi-pulse global bifurcations and chaotic dynamics of the high-dimension nonlinear system for a laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate by using an extended Melnikov method in the resonant case. Using the von Karman type equations, Reddy’s third-order shear deformation plate theory and Hamilton’s principle, the equations of motion are derived for the laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate with combined parametric excitations and transverse excitation. Applying the method of multiple scales and Galerkin’s approach to the partial differential governing equation, the four-dimensional averaged equation is obtained for the case of 1:2 internal resonance and primary parametric resonance. From the averaged equations obtained, the theory of normal form is used to derive the explicit expressions of normal form with a double zero and a pair of pure imaginary eigenvalues. Based on the explicit expressions of normal form, the extended Melnikov method is used for the first time to investigate the Shilnikov type multi-pulse homoclinic bifurcations and chaotic dynamics of the laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate. The necessary conditions of the existence for the Shilnikov type multi-pulse chaotic dynamics of the laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate are analytically obtained. Numerical simulations also illustrate that the Shilnikov type multi-pulse chaotic motions can also occur in the laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate. Overall, both theoretical and numerical studies demonstrate that the chaos in the Smale horseshoe sense exists for the laminated composite piezoelectric rectangular plate.     

Damage analysis of thermopiezoelectric properties: Part II. Effective crack model

Having completed the general formulation for temperature, heat flow, displacement, electric potential and displacements and mechanical stresses of a piezoelectric material as presented in part I of this work, part II is concerned with a generalized self-consistent approximate method for determining the thermoelectroelastic properties of piezoelectric materials weakened by microcracks. A representative area element is adopted; it contains a microcrack surrounded by an elliptic matrix in a solid with effective properties. Numerical results are given for a piezoelectric BatiO₃ ceramic. The effective conductivity and effective modulus are found to decrease with increasing crack density.     

Double Hopf bifurcation of composite laminated piezoelectric plate subjected to external and internal excitations

The double Hopf bifurcation of a composite laminated piezoelectric plate with combined external and internal excitations is studied. Using a multiple scale method, the average equations are obtained in two coordinates. The bifurcation response equations of the composite laminated piezoelectric plate with the primary parameter resonance, i.e.,1:3 internal resonance, are achieved. Then, the bifurcation feature of bifurcation equations is considered using the singularity theory. A bifurcation diagram is obtained on the parameter plane. Different steady state solutions of the average equations are analyzed.By numerical simulation, periodic vibration and quasi-periodic vibration responses of the composite laminated piezoelectric plate are obtained.     

A New Technique for Characterization of Low Impedance Materials at Acoustic Frequencies

Measuring the mechanical properties of low impedance rubbery polymers at acoustic frequencies is a challenging problem due to the small signal amplitudes, relatively high loss, and the long wavelength of stress waves. One such material is solid polyurea (PU), an elastomeric copolymer, which has excellent chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties and is widely used as a coating (e.g. in truck bed lining) or blast protection (advanced helmet designs and concrete structures) material. Moreover, due to its heterogeneous structure, PU has a wide transition of thermo-mechanical behavior from rubber-like to glassy compared to most engineering polymers, which translates to a broader loss spectrum in frequency domain. In this study, we have developed a new test technique by modifying the split Hopkinson pressure bar and using ball impact to measure Young’s storage and loss moduli of polyurea at kHz frequencies. This will therefore fill the frequency gap between the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and ultrasonic (US) wave measurement. The measured Young’s storage and loss moduli from this technique are compared with the master curves of the moduli developed using experimental data of dynamic mechanical analysis and ultrasonic wave measurements. This technique is a direct measurement which provides more reliable data in the kHz frequency range and can be used to evaluate the reliability of other indirect estimations including master curves. The utility of this technique is not limited to polyurea and it can be used to characterize other low impedance materials at kHz frequencies.     

基于等效特征应变原理的复合材料有效模量细观力学分析

基于等效特征应变原理,提出了一种新的复合材料有效模量细观力学分析方法。首先,在等效特征应变原理基础上提出平均等效特征应变原理,它可用于解决有限体下任意形状(无论是凸或凹形)的单个夹杂或多个夹杂的弹性变形问题。其次,将平均等效特征应变原理与细观力学直接均匀法相结合,来分析确定复合材料的有效模量。最后利用复合材料纤维与基体的力学性能参数及纤维的体分比,借助MATLAB编程方法,预测其有效模量。通过将理论预测值与已有的的试验值、其它理论预测值进行对比,验证了新分析方法的合理性和分析精度。