Pd掺杂的Ni催化剂表面CH4解离吸附的理论研究

使用密度泛函理论研究了Pd掺杂的Ni(111),Ni(100)和Ni(211)表面最稳定的结构,同时考察了干净的和Pd掺杂的Ni表面催化CH₄解离反应的活性.结果表明,由Pd原子取代最外层Ni原子而形成的表面Pd掺杂的Ni表面在热力学上最为稳定,亚表面Pd掺杂的Ni表面在热力学上都不稳定; 而对于表面Pd吸附的Ni表面,只有Pd/Ni(211)表面是稳定的.表面掺杂的Pd/Ni表面上CH₄解离中间体(CH₄,CH₃,CH,C,H)吸附能的计算结果表明,Pd的掺杂在不同程度上减弱了除CH₄之外各解离中间体的吸附能.另外,CH₄和CH均优先在Ni(211)和Pd/Ni(211)台阶面上解离,其次是在比较开阔的Ni(100)和Pd/Ni(100)表面上.Pd的掺杂不同程度上提高了CH₄和CH解离的能垒,对于活性最高的Ni(211)面,Pd的掺杂使得CH脱氢的能垒较CH₄脱氢的高,改变了其速率控制步骤,从而抑制了积碳的生成.     

A density functional theory study of the noble metal adsorption on the CeO2(111) surface

利用密度泛函理论系统研究了贵金属原子(Au、Pd、Pt和Rh)在CeO2( 111)表面的吸附行为.结果表明,Au吸附在氧顶位最稳定,Pd、Pt倾向吸附于氧桥位,而Rh在洞位最稳定.当金属原子吸附在氧顶位时,吸附强度依次为Pt ＞Rh＞ Pd＞Au.Pd、Pt与Rh吸附后在Ce 4 f、O2p电子峰间出现掺杂峰;Au未出现掺杂电子峰,其d电子峰与表面O2p峰在-4 -1 eV重叠.态密度分析表明,Au吸附在氧顶位、Pd与Pt吸附在桥位、Rh吸附在洞位时,金属与CeO2(111)表面氧原子作用较强,这与Bader电荷分析结果相一致.     

镍掺杂的镁(0001)面上氢气解离的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论研究了氢气在镍掺杂的镁(0001)面上的解离吸附过程.通过固定键长法计算得到氢分子在镍掺杂的镁(0001)面上的解离能垒为0.09eV,而在清洁镁(0001)面上,氢气的解离能垒为1.15eV.电子结构分析表明,解离能垒的降低是由于氢分子与表面镍原子形成反馈键并被填充所致.这一计算结果表明,在镁中加入过渡金属催化剂会大大提高储氢材料的动力学性能.     

甲烷在清洁 Pd(111) 及氧改性的 Pd(111) 表面解离的密度泛函理论研究

 采用广义梯度近似 (GGA) 的密度泛函理论 (DFT) 并结合平板模型, 研究了 CH4 在清洁 Pd(111) 及 O 改性的 Pd(111) 表面发生 C朒 键断裂的反应历程. 优化了裂解过程中反应物、过渡态和产物的几何构型, 获得了反应路径上各物种的吸附能及反应的活化能. 结果表明, CH4 采用一个 H 原子指向表面的构型在 Pd(111) 表面的顶位吸附, CH3 的最稳定的吸附位置为顶位, OH, O 和 H 的最稳定吸附位置均为面心立方. CH4 在清洁 Pd(111) 表面裂解的活化能为 0.97 eV, 低于它在 O 原子改性 (O 没有参与反应) 的 Pd(111) 表面的活化能 1.42 eV, 说明表面氧原子抑制了 CH4 中 C朒 键的断裂. 当亚表面 O 原子和表面 O 原子 (O 参与反应) 共同存在时, C朒 键断裂的活化能为 0.72 eV, 低于只有表层氧存在时的活化能 (1.43 eV), 说明亚表面的 O 原子对 CH4 分子的活化具有促进作用. CH4 在 O 原子改性的 Pd(111) 表面裂解生成 CH3 和 H, 以及生成 CH3 和 OH 的反应活化能分别为 1.42 和 1.43 eV, 说明 CH4 在 O 原子改性的 Pd(111) 表面发生这两种反应的难易程度相当.     

尿素在ZnO(1010)表面的吸附

运用VASP(Vienna ab-initio simulation package),采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一原理计算,研究了尿素在ZnO(101軈0)表面的吸附行为.计算结果表明:尿素分子在ZnO(101軈0)表面主要发生分子吸附,稳定的吸附产物通过尿素分子中的氮原子或氧原子与表面锌原子之间的键合作用而形成,吸附能分别为-1.48和-1.41eV;表面吸附的尿素分子也可以发生解离,生成表面吸附的异氰酸根、氨气和一个表面羟基,吸附能为-1.66eV.     

Pd6簇与H2分子相互作用的密度泛函理论研究

通过相对论有效核势密度泛函理论计算,优化了Pd6(H)2和Pd6(H)4等簇的平衡几何结构,预测了氢分子在Pd6簇表面上的吸附行为与活化解离性质.计算结果表明,单态的Pd6簇可以活化两个氢分子;第一个H2和第二个H2吸附解离过程速率决定步骤的能垒分别是66.4和24.5kJ/mol、在形成的分子氢配合物Pd6(H2)和Pd（H)2H2中,H2主要作为给电子配体.在最稳定的二氢簇合物Pd6(H)2中,H倾向与3个Pd相互作用,形成面位氢的多核成键吸附方式.     

贵金属原子在CeO2(111)表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论系统研究了贵金属原子(Au、Pd、Pt和Rh)在CeO₂(111)表面的吸附行为。结果表明,Au吸附在氧顶位最稳定,Pd、Pt倾向吸附于氧桥位,而Rh在洞位最稳定。当金属原子吸附在氧顶位时,吸附强度依次为Pt > Rh > Pd > Au。Pd、Pt与Rh吸附后在Ce 4f、O 2p电子峰间出现掺杂峰;Au未出现掺杂电子峰,其d电子峰与表面O 2p峰在-4～-1 eV重叠。态密度分析表明,Au吸附在氧顶位、Pd与Pt吸附在桥位、Rh吸附在洞位时,金属与CeO₂(111)表面氧原子作用较强,这与Bader电荷分析结果相一致。     

氢在Mg_2Ni(100)面的吸附及扩散

运用第一性原理研究氢在清洁和掺杂Al的Mg2Ni(100)面的吸附及扩散.在清洁Mg2Ni(100)表面,氢原子可稳定地吸附于Mg-Ni桥位和Mg-Mg桥位,吸附能为1.19-1.52eV.在掺杂Al的Mg2Ni(100)表面,氢原子可稳定吸附于Al-Ni、Mg-Ni、Mg-Al桥位,吸附能为0.10-0.29eV.氢在掺杂Al的Mg2Ni(100)表面的吸附能低于其在清洁表面的吸附能,说明掺杂Al后氢原子与表面的相互作用减弱.过渡态计算结果表明,氢原子由清洁的Mg2Ni(100)面及掺杂Al的Mg2Ni(100)面扩散至次表层的势垒分别为0.59及-0.04eV,掺杂Al后氢原子的扩散势垒降低,说明氢原子更易由掺杂Al表面扩散至次表层.Al原子替代Mg2Ni(100)面的Mg原子减弱氢原子与表面的相互作用,降低氢原子由表层扩散至次表层的势垒,这可能是Mg2Ni合金掺杂Al可改善其吸氢动力学性能的主要原因之一.     

利用原位APXPS与STM研究H_2在ZnO(1010)表面的活化

Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3是工业中最广泛使用的甲醇合成催化剂。然而该催化反应的活性位点和机理目前仍存争议。H_2作为反应物之一,研究其在ZnO表面的活化和解离对于弄清甲醇合成反应的催化机理具有重要的帮助。本工作利用近常压光电子能谱(APXPS)和扫描隧道显微镜(STM)原位研究了H_2在ZnO (1010)表面上的活化和解离。APXPS结果表明:在0.3mbar (1 mbar=100 Pa)的H_2气氛中,室温下ZnO表面形成羟基(OH)吸附物种。STM实验发现通入H_2后ZnO表面发生了(1×1)到(2×1)的重构。上述结果和原子H在ZnO (1010)表面的吸附结果一致。然而吸附H_2O可以导致同样的现象。因此,我们还开展了H_2O在ZnO (1010)表面吸附的对比实验。结果表明:H_2气氛中ZnO表面发生0.3 eV的能带弯曲,而H_2O吸附实验中几乎观察不到能带弯曲发生。同时,热稳定性实验表明H_2气氛中ZnO表面的OH不同于H_2O解离吸附产生的OH,前者具有更高的脱附温度。因此,本工作的结果表明常温和常压下H_2在ZnO (1010)表面发生解离吸附。这一结果和以往超高真空下未发现H_2在ZnO (1010)表面上的解离不同,说明H_2的活化是一个压力依赖过程。     

CO2在金属表面活化的能学方法研究

应用UBI-QEP方法, 估算了CO2-在金属表面的吸附热, 并计算了CO2在Cu(111)、Pd(111)、Fe(111)、Ni(111)表面的各种反应途径的活化能垒. 结果表明, CO2-在4种过渡金属表面相对的稳定性和CO2解离吸附的活性顺序一致,均为Fe>Ni>Cu>Pd. 说明CO2-可能是CO2解离吸附的关键中间体. 在Cu、Pd、Ni表面上, CO2解离吸附的最终产物是CO,而在Fe表面其最终会解离成C和O. 在Cu、Fe、Ni表面, CO2加氢活化是一种有效模式, 而在Pd上则不容易进行. 在Cu和Pd表面,碳酸盐物种也可能是CO2活化的重要中间体.     

Fe(100)表面Cu单层膜上CO的吸附,解离以及C-C偶合反应

采用密度泛函方法研究了Fe(100)表面Cu单层膜上CO的吸附,直接解离,氢助解离以及C-C偶合反应.相比洁净的Fe(100)表面,在Fe(100)的单层Cu膜上,CO的吸附和活化都减弱了.特别是,相比Fe(100)上CO的解离能垒1.08 eV,铜单层膜上CO解离能垒高达2.4 eV.在H原子共吸附的情况下,Fe(1...     

Electronic and structural properties of the (1010) and (1120) ZnO surfaces

The structural and electronic properties of ZnO (1010) and (1120) surfaces were investigated by means of density functional theory applied to periodic calculations at B3LYP level. The stability and relaxation effects for both surfaces were analyzed. The electronic and energy band properties were discussed on the basis of band structure as well as density of states. There is a significant relaxation in the (1010) as compared to the (1120) terminated surfaces. The calculated direct gap is 3.09, 2.85, and 3.09 eV for bulk, (1010), and (1120) surfaces, respectively. The band structures for both surfaces are very similar.     

A DFT study of the adsorption and dissociation of CO on Fe(100): influence of surface coverage on the nature of accessible adsorption states.

In the present article, we report adsorption energies, structures, and vibrational frequencies of CO on Fe(100) for several adsorption states and at three surface coverages. We have performed a full analysis of the vibrational frequencies of CO, thus determining what structures are stable adsorption states and characterizing the transition-state structure for CO dissociation. We have calculated the activation energy of dissociation of CO at 0.25 ML (ML = monolayers) as well as at 0.5 ML; we have studied the dissociation at 0.5 ML to quantify the destabilization effect on the CO(alpha3) molecules when a neighboring CO molecule dissociates. In addition, it is shown that the number and nature of likely adsorption states is coverage dependent. Evidence is presented that shows that the CO molecule adsorbs on Fe(100) at fourfold hollow sites with the molecular axis tilted away from the surface normal by 51.0 degrees. The asorprton energy of the CO molecule is -2.54 eV and the C-O stretching frequency is 1156 cm(-1). This adsorption state corresponds to the alpha3 molecular desorption state reported in temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments. However, the activation energy of dissociation of CO(alpha3) molecules at 0.25 ML is only 1.11 eV (approximately 25.60 kcal mol(-1)) and the gain in energy is -1.17 eV; thus, the dissociation of CO is largely favored at low coverages. The activation energy of dissociation of CO at 0.5 ML is 1.18 eV (approximately 27.21 kcal mol(-1)), very similar to that calculated at 0.25 ML. However, the dissociation reaction at 0.5 ML is slightly endothermic, with a total change in energy of 0.10 eV Consequently, molecular adsorption is stabilized with respect to CO dissociation when the CO coverage is increased from 0.25 to 0.5 ML.     

Adsorption dynamics of CO2 on copper-precovered ZnO(0001)-Zn: a molecular-beam scattering and thermal-desorption spectroscopy study

Initial, S(0), as well as coverage-dependent adsorption probability measurements, S(Theta), have been conducted at normal impact angle and as a function of the impact energy of CO(2), E(i), adsorption temperature, T(s), and copper precoverage, Theta(Cu) (at 300 K). S(0), which decreased from approximately 0.4 exponentially to approximately 0.05 with E(i) was independent of Theta(Cu). Astonishingly, S(0) for Cu on ZnO(0001)-Zn is smaller than for the clean support which indicates a chemical modification of the support by the Cu deposits. S(Theta) curves consist of two regimes, a Kisliuk-type and Langmuirian-type section. The first is consistent with capture zone models; the second may indicate direct adsorption of CO(2) on the Cu cluster. The thermal-desorption (TDS) curves for Cu on ZnO(0001)-Zn consist of two structures with binding energies of 26 and approximately 40 kJmol (nu=1 x 10(13) ls). The TDS results indicate that CO(2) populates predominantly the Cu deposits and the rim along the Cu nanoparticles. No indications for CO(2) dissociation could be obtained with Auger electron spectroscopy.     

利用原位APXPS与STM研究H2在ZnO(10${\rm{\bar 1}}$0)表面的活化

Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃是工业中最广泛使用的甲醇合成催化剂。然而该催化反应的活性位点和机理目前仍存争议。H₂作为反应物之一,研究其在ZnO表面的活化和解离对于弄清甲醇合成反应的催化机理具有重要的帮助。本工作利用近常压光电子能谱(APXPS)和扫描隧道显微镜(STM)原位研究了H₂在ZnO(10${\rm{\bar 1}}$0)表面上的活化和解离。APXPS结果表明：在0.3 mbar (1 mbar = 100 Pa)的H₂气氛中,室温下ZnO表面形成羟基(OH)吸附物种。STM实验发现通入H₂后ZnO表面发生了(1×1)到(2×1)的重构。上述结果和原子H在ZnO(10${\rm{\bar 1}}$0)表面的吸附结果一致。然而吸附H₂O可以导致同样的现象。因此,我们还开展了H₂O在ZnO(10${\rm{\bar 1}}$0)表面吸附的对比实验。结果表明：H₂气氛中ZnO表面发生0.3 eV的能带弯曲,而H₂O吸附实验中几乎观察不到能带弯曲发生。同时,热稳定性实验表明H₂气氛中ZnO表面的OH不同于H₂O解离吸附产生的OH,前者具有更高的脱附温度。因此,本工作的结果表明常温和常压下H₂在ZnO(10${\rm{\bar 1}}$0)表面发生解离吸附。这一结果和以往超高真空下未发现H₂在ZnO(10${\rm{\bar 1}}$0)表面上的解离不同,说明H₂的活化是一个压力依赖过程。     

甲醛在CeO2(111)表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

采用基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论和周期平板模型, 研究了甲醛在以桥氧为端面的CeO2(111)稳定表面上的吸附行为. 通过对不同覆盖度, 不同吸附位的甲醛吸附构型、吸附能及电子态密度的分析发现, 甲醛在CeO2(111)表面存在化学吸附与物理吸附两种情况. 化学吸附结构中甲醛的碳、氧原子分别与表面的氧、铈原子发生相互作用, 形成CH2O2物种; 吸附能随着覆盖度的增加而减小. 与自由甲醛分子相比, 物理吸附的甲醛构型变化不大, 其吸附能较小. 利用CNEB(climbing nudged elastic band)方法计算了甲醛在CeO2(111)表面的初步解离反应活化能(约1.71 eV), 远高于甲醛脱附能垒, 这与甲醛在清洁CeO2(111)表面程序升温脱附实验中产物主要为甲醛的结果相一致.     

Density functional study of the interaction between small Au clusters, Au(n) (n=1-7) and the rutile TiO(2) surface. I. Adsorption on the stoichiometric surface

This is the first paper in a series of four dealing with the adsorption site, electronic structure, and chemistry of small Au clusters, Au(n) (n=1-7), supported on stoichiometric, partially reduced, or partially hydroxylated rutile TiO(2)(110) surfaces. Analysis of the electronic structure reveals that the main contribution to the binding energy is the overlap between the highest occupied molecular orbitals of Au clusters and the Kohn-Sham orbitals localized on the bridging and the in-plane oxygen of the rutile TiO(2)(110) surface. The structure of adsorbed Au(n) differs from that in the gas phase mostly because the cluster wants to maximize this orbital overlap and to increase the number of Au-O bonds. For example, the equilibrium structures of Au(5) and Au(7) are planar in the gas phase, while the adsorbed Au(5) has a distorted two-dimensional structure and the adsorbed Au(7) is three-dimensional. The dissociation of an adsorbed cluster into two adsorbed fragments is endothermic, for all clusters, by at least 0.8 eV. This does not mean that the gas-phase clusters hitting the surface with kinetic energy greater than 0.8 eV will fragment. To place enough energy in the reaction coordinate for fragmentation, the impact kinetic energy needs to be substantially higher than 0.8 eV. We have also calculated the interaction energy between all pairs of Au clusters. These interactions are small except when a Au monomer is coadsorbed with a Au(n) with odd n. In this case the interaction energy is of the order of 0.7 eV and the two clusters interact through the support even when they are fairly far apart. This happens because the adsorption of a Au(n) cluster places electrons in the states of the bottom of the conduction band and these electrons help the Au monomer to bind to the five-coordinated Ti atoms on the surface.     

Pd掺杂对Co3O4催化CH4燃烧反应的影响:密度泛函理论计算

研究发现,Pd和Co3O4催化剂均可有效地催化甲烷燃烧反应,且Pd掺杂的Co3O4催化剂上甲烷反应活性优于单纯的Pd和Co3O4催化剂,可见两者存在明显的协同效应.然而由于Co3O4本身复杂的表面配位环境,相关理论模拟研究依然较少.同时,由于甲烷分子中C–H键有着非常高的键能,且该分子具有很高的对称性,导致C–H键活化往往是甲烷选择转化和完全燃烧反应中最困难的一步.由于Co3O4表面电子结构比较复杂,因此本文基于Co3O4(001)晶面的两种不同暴露面来构建和模拟Pd掺杂Co3O4表面Pd?O位点的甲烷反应活性.对于Co3O4(001)–A晶面,暴露面金属离子只有未饱和的八面体Coo,而(001)–B晶面,还有四面体Cot.由于Pd取代Cot后所形成的Pd/(001)–B面更不稳定,因而选择了较稳定的Pd替换Coo结构模型.基于第一性原理PBE+U计算的Pd/(001)表面甲烷活化能垒来探讨Pd掺杂对Co3O4表面催化活性的影响.计算表明,甲烷在Pd掺杂的(001)面上最低解离能垒为0.68 eV,明显低于在Co3O4(001)和(011)面的(分别为0.98和0.89 eV),表明Pd掺杂的(001)表面催化活性要远高于纯的Co3O4(001)和(011)表面.为了进一步理解Pd掺杂影响Co3O4表面甲烷反应活性的原因,我们计算了反应位点相关原子的Bader电荷.结果表明,当CH3δ–吸附于Pd/(001)–A面Pd位点时,Pd较(001)面上Co位点能从CH3δ–获得更多电子,这与Pd较Co有更强的氧化性一致.我们也对比了(001)–A,(001)–B,Pd/(001)–A和Pd/(001)–B在氧气分压为常压及不同温度下表面能的大小,并发现在与反应相关的温度区间(001)–A表面较(001)–B表面更为稳定,同样地Pd/(001)–A表面也较Pd/(001)–B表面更为稳定,且Pd/(001)–A表面与(001)–A表面稳定性差别不大,因此Pd单原子掺杂的(001)表面模型在热力学上较为稳定,且根据计算的能垒,(001)–A和Pd/(001)–A表面对甲烷活化的贡献最大.为了更好与实验结果对比,我们构建了简单的动力学模型,并计算了甲烷在Co3O4(001),(011)和1%,2%,3%Pd掺杂的Co3O4(001)表面的甲烷燃烧速率.计算表明即使较低量的Pd也可明显提高甲烷燃烧速率,与实验数据吻合较好,表明掺杂Pd显著增加Co3O4催化甲烷燃烧.