SO42-/TiO2-SiO2 mixed oxide catalyst, 3. An eco-friendly catalyst for esterification of acetic acid

The effect of addition of titania to silica was examined by various characterization techniques such as FT-IR, BET surface area, surface acid strength/acid sites by the Hammett indicator method and Br?nsted/Lewis acid sites by pyridine adsorbed IR study. Ti-O-Si bond is formed in case of TiO₂-SiO₂ sample, as observed from FT-IR data. Acid strength, surface acid sites, and rate constant for esterification of acetic acid are increased with Ti-O-Si bonding and sulfate impregnation. Both Br?nsted and Lewis acid sites are responsible for catalysing the esterification reaction. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

金属取代型AlPO-5分子筛催化剂上环己烷亚硝化一步法合成己内酰胺(英文)

采用水热法制备了一系列结晶态的AlPO-5(磷酸铝分子筛),SAPO-5(硅磷酸铝分子筛)和MeAlPOs(金属取代型磷酸铝分子筛)催化剂,利用X射线衍射、N2吸附脱附法、扫描电镜、粒度分布、电感耦合等离子光谱、红外光谱、NH3程序升温脱附、H2程序升温还原和热重-微分热重分析对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了其催化环己烷亚硝化一步法制备己内酰胺的反应活性.结果表明,随着Si或金属原子引入AlPO-5结构中,催化剂的Lewis弱酸中心增加,同时出现了Brnsted强酸中心.相对于AlPO-5,具有较大比表面积和较多酸中心的SAPO-5和CrAPO-5表现出较好的环己烷亚硝化反应活性,后者环己烷转化率为8.16%,己内酰胺选择性达68.17%.     

Nano sulfated titania as solid acid catalyst in direct synthesis of fatty acid amides

Nanosized sulfated titania was prepared by a sol-gel hydrothermal process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron, and scanning electron micrographs (TEM and SEM), FT-IR specific surface area, and BET N(2) adsorption were employed to characterize the properties of the synthesized sulfated TiO(2). The results indicate that both anatase and rutile TiO(2) are obtainable. This prepared sulfated titania showed high catalytic activity in direct amidation of fatty acids as well as benzoic acids with various amines under solvent-free conditions.     

Influence of Sulfation on the Catalytic Activity of Ni-ZrO2 for NO Reduction with Propane in Excess Oxygen

Selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of nitric oxide with propane in excess oxygen was investigated on Ni-ZrO2 （NZ） and sulfated Ni-ZrO2 （SNZ）, prepared by coprecipitation from a mixture of nickel nitrate-zirconium oxychloride followed by modifying with （NH4）2SO4. It was found that sulfated Ni-ZrO2 catalyst showed higher activity for the SCR of NO with propane than that of Ni-ZrO2. The structural and surface properties of catalysts were studied by XRD, BET, SEM and FT-IR of pyridine adsorption. The experimental results indicated that the modification of （NH4）2SO4 resulted in the generation of strong BrOnsted and Lewis acid sites and promoted the dispersion of the Ni species, which could lead to higher NO conversion and propane efficiency in NO reduction.     

Acidic Properties of Sulfated Zirconia

IR spectroscopy of adsorbed probe molecules (CO, pyridine) is used to characterize the acidic properties of sulfated zirconia derived from zirconium oxide and hydroxide. Their acidic properties are found to be similar. The strength of the Lewis and Brönsted site measured by the frequency shift of adsorbed CO is lower than that in zeolites. It is concluded that sulfated zirconia have no superacid Brönsted and Lewis sites. Brönsted sites capable of protonating pyridine vanish when calcining the catalysts at temperature above 773 K, but the strength and concentration of the Lewis acid sites (LAS) do not change.     

Effect of iridium loading on HZSM-5 for isomerization of n-heptane

The effect of iridium loading on the properties and catalytic isomerization of n-heptane over Ir-HZSM-5 is studied. Ir-HZSM-5 was prepared by impregnation method and subjected to isomerization process in the presence of flowing hydrogen gas. XRD and BET studies show that the presence of iridium stabilizes the crystalline structure of HZSM-5, leading to more ordered framework structure and larger surface area. TGA and FTIR results substantiate that iridium species interacts with OH group on the surface of HZSM-5. Pyridine FT-IR study verifies the interaction between iridium and surface OH group slightly increased the Bro¨nsted and Lewis acid sites without changing the lattice structure of HZSM-5. The presence of iridium and the increase of strong Lewis acid sites on HZSM-5 were found to bring an increase about 4.1%, 33.2% and 11.8% in conversion, selectivity and yield of n-heptane isomerization, respectively.     

Sulfated and phosphated mesoporous Nb oxide in the benzylation of anisole and toluene by benzyl alcohol

Materials possessing the high acidities of sulfated zirconia and the diffusion properties of mesoporous oxides are predicted to have numerous applications in the petrochemical industry. Because of surface deactivation and loss of structure under highly acidic conditions, there are few examples of materials which meet these specifications. In this work, mesoporous Nb oxide was treated with 1 M sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid and evaluated for their catalytic activities in the benzylation of toluene or anisole with benzyl alcohol. Characterization by XRD, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, and TEM demonstrated that the mesostructure was surprisingly stable to acid treatment. Pyridine adsorption and infrared spectroscopy (IR) showed a mixture of Lewis and Bronsted sites before and after acid treatment. Titration with a series of indicators demonstrated that sulfated mesoporous Nb oxide possesses a pKa of -8.2 and 31.784 mmol/g acid sites, roughly 100 times stronger than either bulk phosphated or sulfated niobia, which both possess pKa values in the range of -3.0. The best catalytic results in this study were achieved when using mesoporous Nb oxide treated with sulfuric acid; the conversion of benzyl alcohol with anisole to the benzylation product was 100% in 30 min, which is 200 times faster than the bulk catalyst. The extremely high activity was rationalized by the high number of strong Br?nsted sites on the surface coupled with the superior diffusion properties of the mesoporous system.     

SiO2含量对钛/硅复合氧化物聚酯催化剂性能的影响

研究了钛/硅复合氧化物聚酯催化剂中,二氧化硅含量对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯缩聚反应的影响.催化剂XRD谱图表示,增加二氧化硅含量会抑制二氧化钛的结晶.随着二氧化硅含量的增加,钛/硅催化剂表面Lewis酸的数目和强度都减小.比表面积和Lewis表面酸性都会影响钛/硅催化剂的活性.     

On the Simple Complexity of Carbon Monoxide on Oxide Surfaces: Facet‐Specific Donation and Backdonation Effects Revealed on TiO2 Anatase Nanoparticles

Atomic‐scale relationships between the structure of TiO₂ surfaces and the physicochemical properties of surface sites, functional for titania‐based applications, can be obtained from IR spectroscopy by using carbon monoxide (CO) as a molecular probe. In the literature, it is reported that strongly unsaturated cationic Ti sites (Lewis acid), which are important for reactivity, should cause a large upshift of the CO stretching frequency. By using IR spectroscopy of CO on TiO₂ nanomaterials and theoretical analyses, here this model is challenged. It is shown that the stretching frequency of adsorbed CO results from a facet‐dependent and synergic CO–surface donation (upshift) ‐ surface–CO backdonation (downshift) mechanism. These results imply that the interaction of adsorbed molecules with the Ti centers is tuned by the surface oxygen atoms of the first coordination sphere, which play an active role as indirect electron density donors (Lewis base).     

Adsorption of triethylenediamine on Al2O3-III: Bonding to Lewis acid Al3+ sites

The adsorption of triethylenediamine (TEDA) on Lewis acid (Al(3+)) sites of the highly dehydroxylated Al(2)O(3) surface has been observed by FT-IR spectroscopy. This was done by monitoring the competitive adsorption of TEDA and CO on the Al(3+) sites. A stoichiometric replacement of Al(3+)-CO species was observed as Al(3+)-TEDA surface species were formed.     

New route to synthesize highly active nanocrystalline sulfated titania-silica: synergic effects between sulfate species and silica in enhancing the photocatalysis efficiency

A simple and efficient approach has been set up for fabricating highly active sulfated titania-silica (SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)-SiO(2)): Ti(SO(4))(2) was hydrolyzed in the presence of silica, making it possible to sulfate titania and form titania-silica mixed oxide in one step. This study was focused on investigating the roles of sulfate species and silica in improving the physicochemical properties and photoactivity of SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)-SiO(2) through comparison with sulfated titania (SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)) and sulfate-free catalysts (TiO(2) and TiO(2)-SiO(2)). Various characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS), were employed to test these materials. The results revealed that for SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2) and TiO(2)-SiO(2) the sole presence of either sulfate species or silica imposes negative effects on the photocatalysis behavior of titania, leading them to have negligible photoactivities. On the contrary, in the case of SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)-SiO(2), sulfate species and silica were proved to act in a cooperative manner; therefore, the following enhanced structure and surface properties of SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2)-SiO(2) were obtained: (i) relatively well-crystallized and smaller-size (15.4 nm) anatase-phase titania was formed upon 500 degrees C calcination without forming rutile phase and (ii) the formation of active surface sulfate species promotes the separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs and therefore accelerates the photocatalysis reaction. Therefore, its photoactivity is enhanced as a result of the favorable synergic effects between sulfate species and silica due to their simultaneous presence.     

VPO催化剂上丙烷选择氧化反应机理的分子探针研究

ＶＰＯ催化剂上丙烷选择氧化反应机理的分子探针研究赵如松，徐铸德（浙江大学化学系，杭州３１００２７）关键词ＶＰＯ催化剂，丙烷，选择氧化，分子探针，反应机理最近研究［１－２］表明，Ｃ３０在ＶＰＯ催化剂上可直接选择氧化成丙烯酸和乙酸。这种工艺与现行烯烃为原...     

Synergistic role of Brønsted and Lewis acidity in alkali metal-exchanged heteropolyacid catalysts for esterification of acetic acid at room temperature

A series of Cs exchanged phosphotungstic acid (PTA) catalysts were synthesized by the ion exchanged method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, pyridine adsorbed FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, BF-TEM, ICP-OES and BET surface area analysis. For comparison purposes, K exchanged PTA, Cs and K exchanged phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) catalysts were also prepared. XRD diffractograms showed that the crystallites of the Keggin ion are maintained, while FT-IR spectra also revealed the characteristic bands of the Keggin ion at all metal loadings of all the catalysts. From pyridine adsorbed FT-IR spectroscopy, it was observed that the Brønsted and Lewis acidity were significantly maintained at lower metal loadings, whereas STEM analysis showed a uniform distribution of the elements which correlated well with the theoretical atomic values of the loaded metals for all the catalysts, which were verified by ICP results. The efficiency of various metal-exchanged heteropolyacid catalysts was assessed for the esterification reaction using various substrates, and the Cs exchanged phosphotungstic acid catalysts showed superior activity compared to the other catalysts. In particular, the Cs exchanged phosphotungstic acid with a 1 wt% loading showed the highest activity and was most tolerant to the presence of water that was produced in the reaction. The catalytic activity correlates well with the Brønsted and Lewis acidity, as well as Keggin ion density of the catalysts.     

Esterification of free fatty acids (Biodiesel) using nano sulfated-titania as catalyst in solvent-free conditions

Nano sulfated titania was tested as catalyst for esterification of free fatty acids, specially methanolic and ethanolic esterification of stearic acid (biodiesels). Factorial design evidenced a positive effect of reaction temperature, amount of catalyst, and solvents on ester conversion. This nano-sized sulfated titania has been prepared by a sol-gel hydrothermal process. This prepared sulfated titania showed high catalytic activity in direct esterification of fatty acids as well as benzoic acids with various alcohols and phenols under solvent-free conditions. This method is of great value because of its environmentally benign character, easy handling, high yields, convenient operation, and green. FT-IR studies are shown that the catalyst can be reused for acylation without loss of catalytic activity.     

Catalytic Combustion of Methane over High Copper-Loading ZSM-5 Catalysts

Two series of Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts,loading from 5 to 20 wt% CuO,were prepared by the deposition-precipitation and impregnation methods,respectively.The catalysts prepared by the impreg- nation method showed better catalytic performances than those prepared by the deposition-precipitation method and the increase of copper loading favored methane conversion.20Cu(I)/ZSM-5 had the highest activity with T_(90%)of 746 K,and for 20Cu(D)/ZSM-5,T_(90%)was as high as 804 K.The characteriza- tion of X-ray diffraction(XRD),temperature-programmed reduction(TPR),temperature-programmed desorption(TPD),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)revealed that the dispersion of cop- per species could be improved by using the deposition-precipitation method instead of the impregnation method,but the fraction of surface CuO,corresponding to active sites for methane oxidation,was larger on 20Cu(I)/ZSM-5 than 20Cu(D)/ZSM-5.The results of Pyridine-Fourier transform infrared spectrum (Py-FT-IR)showed that a majority of Lewis acidity and a minority of Brφnsted acidity were present on Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts.20Cu(I)/ZSM-5 presented more Lewis acid sites.The number of Lewis acid sites changed significantly with preadsorption of oxygen.Adsorption of methane and oxygen on acid sites was observed.The properties of Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts were correlated with the activity for methane oxidation.     

Sn改性TS－1分子筛催化苯酚和草酸二甲酯合成草酸二苯酯

 使用Sn改性的TS－1分子筛催化苯酚和草酸二甲酯的酯交换反应合成草酸二苯酯，深入研究了不同Sn负载量TS－1分子筛的结构及催化性能．实验结果表明，由于Sn和以Ti－O－SiO3为中心的弱Lewis酸的协同催化作用，与未改性的TS－1分子筛催化剂相比，改性后的催化剂虽 然Lewis酸量有明显下降，但催化剂的催化性能明显提高．当Sn的负载量为2％时，草酸二甲酯的转化率达到50．3％，目的产物的选择性为99．2％．利用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和X射线能量分散谱考察了Sn在TS－1分子筛表面的结构和分散状态及其与酯交换反应催化性能的关系．结果表明，当Sn的负载量低于2％时，SnO2以非晶态形式分散在TS－1表面；而当Sn负载量高于2％时，SnO2以微晶的形式存在，此时Sn原子与Ti原子的协同作用已经不明显，催化剂的催化性能反而下降．     

Calorimetric and FTIR study of the acid properties of sulfated titanias

Titanium oxides of different surface areas were sulfated then calcined to convert the solid to a strong acid. The amount of sulfur retained by the solid and the thermal stability of the resulting sulfate are controlled by the dispersion of the initial oxide. The acid properties were determined by gravimetry at 383 K, calorimetry using ammonia adsorption at 353 K, and by quantitative analysis of the infrared spectra of pyridine retained after evacuation at 423 K. A good agreement was observed between the different determinations. At low coverage of ammonia, sulfated titanias show a much lower heat of adsorption, and the IR study of NH3 adsorption shows that the first doses of NH3 dissociate at the surface with the formation of OH species. The lower heat of adsorption is then attributed to the contribution of NH3 dissociation to the differential heat of adsorption. IR spectroscopy indicates that NH3 reacts with sulfates and may lead to the transformation of disulfate species into monosulfate species on sulfated titania dioxide. A band at ca. 3574 cm-1 has been assigned to nu(OH) of monosulfate species. This particular behavior makes it difficult to appreciate the initial acidity of these sulfated oxides.     

Influence of acid–base properties of cobalt–molybdenum catalysts supported on magnesium orthophosphates in isomerization of 3,3-dimethylbut-1-ene

Synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of a pure magnesium phosphate (MgP) prepared by coprecipitation, and MgP modified by introduction of cobalt–molybdenum (4–12 wt.% of MoO₃ with the Co/Mo ratio fixed at 0.5) have been carried out. The structural properties of these catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, their textural properties were determined by N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms and the dispersion of cobalt–molybdenum was studied by XPS spectroscopy. Their acid properties have been investigated by in situ FT-IR spectroscopy of adsorbed molecules, often, 2,6-dimethylpyridine (pK_a = 6.7), pyridine (pK_a = 5.3). Co–Mo incorporation leads to a modification in the MgP acid–base properties, especially on the acid sites type and number. Thus, lower loading of cobalt–molybdenum species decreased the number of strong Lewis acid sites whereas higher loading increased it. It was found that Lewis acid sites on magnesium phosphates play an important role in the isomerization of 3,3-dimethylbut-1-ene.The 3,3-dimethylbut-1-ene (33DMB1) conversion increases with the reaction temperature from 493 to 653 K for MgP, but decreases after 573 K for MgP supported by Co–Mo. A linear relationship between both types of acid sites and conversion values was found. The deactivation of the catalysts appears at high reaction temperature (>573 K).     

SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂表面酸性质对正丁烷异构化反应性能的影响研究

采用“沉淀-浸渍”法制备一系列不同硫酸负载量的SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂,利用N₂吸附-脱附、Py-FTIR、XRD等手段对催化剂进行表征。在常压、200 ℃、H₂：C₄=2：3和质量空速为3 h^-1的反应条件下,在固定床微型反应评价装置上考察了硫酸负载量对SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化正丁烷异构化反应性能的影响。Py-FTIR结果表明,硫酸化处理为催化剂表面提供了丰富的Brønsted酸性位,其中,强Brønsted酸性位在正丁烷异构化反应中起重要作用,因此,硫酸化处理可显著提高正丁烷异构化活性,而Lewis酸性位与之没有直接关系。