氧化石墨烯-Ag纳米粒子/聚酰亚胺混合基质膜及其渗透汽化性能

以聚乙二醇(PEG-400)为还原剂,Ag NO3为前驱体,采用浸渍-还原法合成氧化石墨烯-Ag纳米粒子(GO-Ag NP)复合物,再通过共混法制备氧化石墨烯-Ag纳米粒子/聚酰亚胺(GO-Ag NP/PI)混合基质膜,用于苯/环己烷混合物的渗透汽化分离。使用透射电子显微镜、红外吸收光谱、拉曼光谱、热失重以及X射线光电子能谱等分析表征GO-Ag NP复合物、GO-Ag NP/PI混合基质膜的形貌和结构;探讨了Ag掺杂量对GO-Ag NP复合物的结构以及GO-Ag NP/PI混合基质膜的结构和渗透汽化性能的影响。结果发现,Ag+被还原形成Ag NP的同时,GO失去了部分含氧官能团;Ag掺杂破坏了GO的结构,使其无序度增加,但改善了GO-Ag NP复合物在混合基质膜中的分散性,提升了GO-Ag NP/PI混合基质膜的苯/环己烷渗透汽化性能。然而过量的Ag掺杂将使GO片层上产生Ag粒子团聚,从而降低混合基质膜的渗透汽化性能。当Ag掺杂量为15%时,GO-Ag NP/PI混合基质膜渗透汽化性能最佳,渗透通量为1 404 g·m-2·h-1,分离因子可达36.2。     

氧化石墨烯-Ag纳米粒子/聚酰亚胺混合基质膜及其渗透汽化性能

以聚乙二醇（PEG-400）为还原剂,AgNO₃为前驱体,采用浸渍-还原法合成氧化石墨烯-Ag纳米粒子（GO-AgNP）复合物,再通过共混法制备氧化石墨烯-Ag纳米粒子/聚酰亚胺（GO-AgNP/PI）混合基质膜,用于苯/环己烷混合物的渗透汽化分离。使用透射电子显微镜、红外吸收光谱、拉曼光谱、热失重以及X射线光电子能谱等分析表征GO-AgNP复合物、GO-AgNP/PI混合基质膜的形貌和结构;探讨了Ag掺杂量对GO-AgNP复合物的结构以及GO-AgNP/PI混合基质膜的结构和渗透汽化性能的影响。结果发现,Ag⁺被还原形成AgNP的同时,GO失去了部分含氧官能团;Ag掺杂破坏了GO的结构,使其无序度增加,但改善了GO-AgNP复合物在混合基质膜中的分散性,提升了GO-AgNP/PI混合基质膜的苯/环己烷渗透汽化性能。然而过量的Ag掺杂将使GO片层上产生Ag粒子团聚,从而降低混合基质膜的渗透汽化性能。当Ag掺杂量为15%时,GO-AgNP/PI混合基质膜渗透汽化性能最佳,渗透通量为1 404 g·m^-2·h^-1,分离因子可达36.2。     

密胺苯二醛多孔聚合物/聚二甲基硅氧烷混合基质膜的制备及气体分离性能

以溶液复合成膜法制备了密胺苯二醛多孔聚合物(MA)/聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)混合基质膜,利用扫描电镜(SEM)表征了混合基质膜的形貌。考察了不同MA用量下MA/PDMS混合基质膜的气体分离性能,结果表明,MA的加入可以在提高PDMS膜渗透系数的同时提高CO_2气体分离选择性;随着混合基质膜中MA含量的增加,混合基质膜的渗透系数均明显提高,气体分离选择性则先增大后减小。双组分混合气体分离测试结果表明,MA/PDMS(1.2%(w,质量分数))混合基质膜对CO_2/N_2和CO_2/CH_4的分离选择性分别是19.2和6.0,CO_2的渗透系数达到8100Barrer,均高于纯PDMS膜。MA/PDMS(1.2%(w))混合基质膜对CO_2/N_2混合气的分离性能突破了Robeson上限。     

纳米金-4,4'-二巯基二苯硫醚自组装膜修饰金电极的制备及其电化学行为

纳米金粒子,因其良好的光学、电学特性和生物相容性,受到分析化学工作者的极大关注.本研究利用4,4'-二巯基二苯硫醚(DMDPSE)中两端巯基的S原子与Au表面强烈作用形成Au-S键,构筑了纳米金-4,4'-二巯基二苯硫醚自组装膜修饰金电极(NG/DMDPSE/Au),然后研究了该电极的电化学行为.这不仅对纳米材料构建在基质表面提供了一个有效途径,而且对纳米粒子制成具有特殊功能的生物传感器具有一定的参考价值.     

Cr掺杂TiO_2纳米线/还原氧化石墨烯复合物的制备及光催化活性

以TiO_2纳米颗粒P25和氧化石墨烯(GO)为原料,Cr(NO_3)_3·9H_2O为Cr源,采用碱性水热法制备了Cr掺杂TiO_2纳米线/还原氧化石墨烯复合物(Cr-Ti O2 NWs/RGO).采用类似方法合成了TiO_2纳米线(Ti O2NWs)、Cr掺杂Ti O2纳米线(Cr-TiO_2NWs)和TiO_2纳米线/还原氧化石墨烯复合物(TiO_2 NWs/RGO)等其它样品.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼(Raman)光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-VisDRS)等方法对样品进行了表征.测试了样品在可见光下对亚甲基蓝(MB)的降解活性,结果表明,Cr-TiO_2NWs/RGO在120 min内对MB的催化降解率为TiO_2NWs的2.2倍,催化降解速度为TiO_2NWs的5.8倍.     

化学改性氧化石墨烯交联的聚酰亚胺气凝胶

聚酰亚胺(PI)气凝胶是一类密度低、机械性能好、隔热性能优异的多孔材料, 通常使用昂贵的化学交联剂进行交联. 氧化石墨烯(GO)是近年来广受关注的用于聚合物增强的纳米功能填料. 以前报道的PI/GO 复合材料多是纤维或膜的形式. 为了获得PI/GO 复合气凝胶, 本文采用化学改性氧化石墨烯(m-GO)替代1,3,5-三(4-氨基苯氧基)苯(TAB)等常规的交联剂, 使之与4,4'-二氨基二苯基醚(ODA)和3,3',4,4'-联苯四羧酸二酐(BPDA)反应, 制得了m-GO交联的PI 气凝胶. GO的化学改性通过其与过量ODA在水热条件下反应实现. 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了PI/m-GO气凝胶的微观结构. 分别通过氮气吸脱附测试、热重分析和热线法研究了m-GO对气凝胶的孔特性、热稳定性和热导率的影响. 测试结果表明, 所获得的PI/m-GO气凝胶保持了高的孔隙率、热稳定性和绝热性. 压缩测试结果显示, 与采用1.8% (质量分数, w)的TAB进行交联的PI 气凝胶相比,仅用0.6% (w)的m-GO交联所获得的气凝胶具有更高的比杨氏模量(杨氏模量/密度)、比屈服强度(屈服强度/密度)和更小的体积收缩率.     

金属掺杂TiO2纳米粒子电化学催化合成氨

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了三种过渡金属掺杂的TiO_2纳米颗粒(TiO_2-M, M=Cu, Mn, Pd),XRD和XPS等结构表征结果表明掺杂的金属以-O-M-O-的不饱和配位形式存在于TiO_2纳米颗粒表面.在N_2饱和的0.01 mol·L~(-1) K_2SO_4溶液中,-0.55 V(vs. Ag/AgCl)阴极电位下分别测试了三种TiO_2-M颗粒的电催化合成氨性能,其中TiO_2-Pd催化合成氨速率(R_(NH_3))达到1.54×10~(-11) mol·s~(-1)·cm~(-2),但电流效率(FE)只有0.78%;而TiO_2-Cu的R_(NH_3)为9.77×10~(-12) mol·s~(-1)·cm~(-2),而FE达到15.33%.线性扫描伏安测试结果表明三种催化剂的析氢催化活性顺序为TiO_2-Pd TiO_2-Mn TiO_2-Cu,且阴极电位负移导致电催化合成氨FE下降,意味着电催化合成氨的电流效率与催化剂自身的析氢催化活性密切相关.     

局部表面等离子体共振可调的MoO_(3-x)-TiO_2纳米复合物用于提高可见光下光催化还原CO_2的性能（英文）

利用太阳能光催化还原CO_2和H_2O到燃料和化学品是一条极具吸引力但又充满挑战性的转化途径.迄今为止,只有非常有限的光催化剂已经被报道可以在可见光照射下光催化还原CO_2.局部表面等离子体共振(LSPR)现象可以被用作一种有效的开发可见光催化剂的策略.贵金属Au,Ag,Pt等的LSPR现象已经被较为广泛的研究,并应用于光催化、光热、气敏等多种领域.而低价态金属自掺杂的金属氧化物,如MoO_(3-x)和WO_(3-x),也被证明具有LSPR现象,可用于开发更加廉价的可见光催化剂.本文通过简单的溶剂热法成功合成了低价态Mo自掺杂的MoO_(3-x)纳米片催化剂,并在合成过程中原位加入TiO_2纳米颗粒(TiO_2-NP)和TiO_2纳米棒(TiO_2-NT),构建了MoO_(3-x)-TiO_2纳米复合物.电镜表征显示,MoO_(3-x)-TiO_2-NT纳米复合物中,MoO_(3-x)纳米片和TiO_2纳米管的结合更为紧密.UV-vis光谱显示,TiO_2的复合不仅可以增强MoO_(3-x)可见区的吸收强度,同时吸收峰的位置也发生了蓝移.XPS表征显示,TiO_2复合后,MoO_(3-x)中Mo~(5+)的比例明显增加,从而提高了MoO_(3-x)中自由电子的浓度,进而增强了LSPR现象和LSPR吸光能力,且TiO_2纳米管相对TiO_2纳米颗粒具有更好的促进效果.MoO_(3-x)纳米片具有在可见光照射下光催化还原CO_2的性能,CO的生成速率为2.8μmol g~(?1) h~(?1).复合TiO_2纳米颗粒后,MoO_(3-x)-TiO_2-NP纳米复合物上,CO的生成速率提高到6.8μmol g~(?1) h~(?1).当复合TiO_2纳米管时,光催化性能显著提高,在Mo O_(3-x)-TiO_2-NT纳米复合物上,CO的生成速率可达12μmol g~(?1) h~(?1),约为MoO_(3-x)纳米片的四倍,此外还可观测到CH_4的生成.当我们将反应气氛由CO_2替换成N_2后,CO和CH_4的生成量几乎为零,证明CO和CH_4的生成主要来自CO_2的光催化还原.此外,我们还考察了MoO_(3-x)-TiO_2-NT纳米复合物光催化还原CO_2的催化性能稳定性,以12 h反应时间为一个循环,经3个循环反应后,催化剂的活性基本保持不变,证明该催化剂具有较好的稳定性.综上,我们通过MoO_(3-x)纳米片和TiO_2复合的策略,增强了MoO_(3-x)纳米片的LSPR效应,提升了催化剂对可见光的吸收能力,进而提高了MoO_(3-x)-TiO_2-NT纳米复合物光催化还原CO_2的性能.MoO_(3-x)-TiO_2-NT纳米复合物是一种具有发展潜力的光催化还原CO_2的可见光催化剂,且该纳米复合物调变LSPR效应的策略还有望用于增强其他LSPR光催化材料的光催化性能.     

环氧树脂/氧化石墨纳米复合物的等温固化行为研究

用示差扫描分析仪(DSC)研究了氧化石墨(GO)对N,N,N',N'-四缩水甘油基-4,4'-二氨基二苯基甲烷环氧树脂(TGDDM)/4,4'-二氨基二苯基砜(DDS)体系的等温固化反应的影响,用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)研究了GO上存在的官能团及其对TGDDM/DDS体系固化行为的影响,用热失重分析仪(TGA)研究了天然石墨和GO的热力学稳定性.XPS、FTIR和TGA结果表明,GO上存在的大量羟基、羧基、环氧基等官能团能够影响环氧树脂的固化行为.DSC研究发现,环氧树脂/氧化石墨纳米复合物的固化反应属于自催化类型,随着GO含量的增加,达到最大反应速率的时间不断减小,初始反应速率不断增大,这说明GO对环氧树脂的固化反应有促进作用.Kamal模型计算得到的结果表明,随着GO含量的增加自催化反应初期阶段表观活化能E1先减小再增大,而自催化反应结束后表观活化能E2略微减小.经Kamal模型扩散控制函数修正后,整个固化过程中拟合得到的结果与实验数据相当吻合.以上结果说明,少量的GO对TGDDM/DDS体系的固化反应起着催化作用.     

聚2,5-呋喃二甲酸乙二醇酯/纳米二氧化钛/硅藻土复合材料的制备和表征北大核心CSCD

以2,5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯(DMFD)、乙二醇(EG)为原料,原位添加扩链剂均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)、纳米二氧化钛(TiO_(2))、硅藻土(DE),以钛酸四丁酯为催化剂,采用酯交换-熔融缩聚法制备聚2,5-呋喃二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEF)/TiO_(2)/DE复合材料。通过核磁共振波谱仪(NMR)、傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱仪(ATR-FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和热重分析仪(TGA)等技术手段对其结构、热学性能、力学性能、气体渗透性能及紫外屏蔽性能进行表征。结果表明,PEF/TiO_(2)/DE复合材料被成功制备,且TiO_(2)及DE均为物理掺杂。DE粒子在PEF/TiO_(2)/DE复合材料内部分散良好。所有聚酯粉末为无定形聚集态结构。与PEF相比,PEF/TiO_(2)/DE复合材料的5%质量损失温度(Td,5%)、分解速率最快温度(Tdmax)分别提升12.1℃和8.4℃。PEF/TiO_(2)/DE复合材料的拉伸模量及抗冲击强度最高分别达到2657 MPa和3.2×10^(4)J/m^(2)。纳米TiO_(2)和DE的引入调控了PEF/TiO_(2)/DE复合材料对CO_(2)、O_(2)的渗透性,CO_(2)屏障改善系数(BIF_(CO_(2)))由PEF/TiO_(2)的3.02变为1.37~4.64,O_(2)屏障改善系数(BIFO_(2))由PEF/TiO_(2)的1.36变为0.7~2.07;此外,纳米TiO_(2)的加入赋予PEF良好的紫外屏蔽性能:PEF/TiO_(2)复合材料的紫外屏蔽率由PEF的45.38%提高至83.85%,提高了85%,PEF/TiO_(2)/DE复合材料的紫外屏蔽性能均大于84%。     

Enhancement on the permeation performance of polyimide mixed matrix membranes by incorporation of graphene oxide with different oxidation degrees

Graphene oxide (GO) with different oxidation degrees were synthesized by harsh oxidation of graphite using the improved Hummers method. The GO/polyimide (PI) mixed matrix membrane was successfully fabricated by in situ polymerization of PI monomers (3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether) with GO. The structure of GO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermal gravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis. The performance of different GO/PI mixed matrix membranes was evaluated by permeation experiments of CO₂/N₂ gas mixture (volume ratio, 1:9). Results showed that more polar functional groups were introduced to GO with the increase in oxidation degree of GO in the preparation process, producing fewer layers and more translucent structures. GO with higher oxidation degree has significant effect on its dispersion in the N,N‐dimethylacetamide solvent and polymer matrix materials. The permeability of GO/PI hybrid membranes for CO₂ and N₂ increased. The CO₂/N₂ permeation selectivity of membranes exhibited a trend of initial increase, followed by a decrease, with the increase in oxidation degree, when the same amount of GO was added. For GO with the same oxidation degree, the permeability and permeation selectivity of hybrid membrane initially increased, and then decreased with the addition content of GO. In the case of hybrid membrane containing 1 wt% monolayer GO, the maximum permeability and permeation selectivity of hybrid membranes for CO₂ were 14.3 and 4.2 times more than that of PI membrane without GO, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and properties of polyimide/graphene oxide nanocomposite films with Mg ion crosslinker

Polyimide(PI)/graphene oxide(GO) nanocomposite films were prepared by chemical cross-linking using small amounts of divalent Mg ions. The PI/GO nanocomposites showed enhanced tensile properties compared to pristine PI due to the presence of exfoliated GO in the PI matrix as well as crosslinking between poly(amic acid) (PAA), which is a precursor of PI, and GO by Mg ions. The hydrogen bonds between PAA and GO suppressed the phase separation between PI and GO, and small amounts of Mg ions can bond between the oxygen functional groups and carboxylate groups of GO and PAA.     

PI/TiO_2纳米复合材料的耐溶剂和耐热性能研究

以可溶性聚酰亚胺PI(HQDPA DMMDA)和钛酸丁酯为原料 ,在共溶剂NMP中 ,通过溶胶 凝胶法制备出不同TiO2 含量的PI TiO2 复合膜 .采用TEM、TG DTG、DSC和溶剂抽提实验等手段表征了PI TiO2 复合膜的微结构和复合材料的耐溶剂性和耐热性等性能 .结果表明 ,TiO2 含量为 2 2 3wt%时 ,复合膜中TiO2 颗粒的平均尺寸为 1 0nm左右 .与纯PI膜相比 ,随着TiO2 含量的增加 ,PI TiO2 复合膜的耐溶剂性能显著增强 ,热稳定性明显提高 .复合材料的力学性能有所下降 .复合膜耐溶剂性和耐热性能的提高表明PI分子链与TiO2 无机网络间存在化学键联     

多重射流燃烧反应制备的TiO2/ SiO2纳米复合颗粒的形态和结构

TiO₂-SiO₂ nanocomposite particles were prepared in premixed H₂ / Air flame, and the morphology and structure of these nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TEM and HRTEM. The morphology of SiO₂ / TiO₂ nanocomposites was different from that of pure TiO₂ or SiO₂ nanoparticles, and the chemical bond of Ti-O-Si was found in the nanocomposites indicating that the TiO₂ / SiO₂ nanocomposites were not merely a physical mixture of TiO₂ and SiO₂. TiO₂ nanocrystalline grains with sizes of 1～2 nm were homogeneously dispersed in the amorphous SiO₂ matrix when TiCl₄ and SiCl₄ were mixed at molecular level in the flame. The particle size and rutile content decreased with increasing of SiO₂ molar ratio.     

Fluorinated polyimide nanocomposites for CO2/CH4 separation

The purpose of this project was to synthesize fluorinated polyimide (PI) nanocomposite membranes in order to study the gas permeation rates and selectivity of carbon dioxide and methane. PIs were synthesized from 2,2‐bis(3,4‐anhydrodicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane (6F dianhydride, 6FDA) and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (oxydianiline, ODA) into which were incorporated nanoparticulate additives as follows: in situ TiO_2, both plain and treated with dodecyl sulfate surfactant, and organo‐clay (Cloisite®‐10 Å) at loads of 1, 3, and 5 wt% to the polyamic acid. Polyamic acid films were solvent cast, cured at 200°C then post‐cured at 300°C and measured for permeation data and for thermal properties. Glass transition temperatures ranged from 124 to 140°C for the cured PIs and from 142 to 147°C for the post‐cured materials, the nano‐inclusions having little discernable effect on this property. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data show that the inclusion of Cloisite® or TiO₂ caused a small decrease of thermal stability from 555°C to about 532 to 541°C. The inclusion of clay causes a decreased permeation rate while the addition of TiO₂ improves the rate and selectivity. Treating the nanofillers with surfactant decreases selectivity and marginally increases rate of permeation of CO₂. Post‐curing caused a darkening of the composites, but not the neat PI. This heat treatment also resulted in a significantly decreased permeation rate, but a significantly increased selectivity. The resulting material shows superior gas separation properties to the commercially available PI, Matrimid® produced by Ciba‐Geigy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and characterization of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes were prepared by dry/wet and wet phase inversion methods. In spinning these PVDF hollow fibers, dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were used as a solvent and an additive, respectively. Water was used as the external coagulant. Water or ethanol was used as the internal coagulants. The membranes were characterized in terms of water flux, molecular weight cut-off for the wet membranes. Gas permeation fluxes and effective surface porosity were determined by a gas permeation method for the dried membranes. The cross-sectional structures were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The effects of polymer concentration, air-gap, PVP molecular weight, PVP content in the polymer dope, and the internal coagulant on the permeation properties and membrane structures were examined. Highly permeable PVDF hollow fiber membranes could be prepared from a polymer dope containing low molecular weight PVP and using ethanol as the internal coagulant.     

Preparation of mixed matrix membranes based on polyimide and aminated graphene oxide for CO2 separation

The aminated graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by the functionalization of pristine GO with ethylenediamine and then dispersed into the poly(amic acid) (the precursor of polyimide [PI]) solution followed by the chemical imidization to successfully fabricate the PI/amine‐functionalized GO mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) using in‐situ polymerization method. Chemical structure and morphology of the GO before and after amine modification were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectrum, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that fine dispersion of GO throughout PI matrix was achieved, which indicates that the in‐situ polymerization approach can enhance the interfacial interaction between the GO and the PI matrix, and then improve the dispersion of carbon material in the polymer matrix. Compared with the conventional solution mixture method, the MMMs prepared with in‐situ polymerization method showed excellent CO₂ permeability and CO₂/N₂ selectivity. The MMMs doped with 3 wt.% aminated GO exhibited maximum gas separation performance with a CO₂ permeability of 12.34 Barrer and a CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 38.56. These results suggest that the amino groups on GO have strong interaction with the CO₂ molecules, which can significantly increase the solubility of polar gas. Our results provide an easy and efficient way to prepare MMMs with good mechanical behavior and excellent gas separation performance.     

A facile synthesis of cellulose acetate reinforced graphene oxide nanosheets as proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications

In this work, for the first time, a simple casting process is used to create an efficient and highly stable cellulose acetate (CA) based membrane with dispersive graphene oxide nanosheets (GO). The successful preparation of GO and its integration into the polymer matrix was verified by structural and morphological characterization using FTIR, TEM, SEM, and XRD. Furthermore, the impact of GO nanosheets and their content on the composite membranes' physicochemical properties is investigated. The water uptake increased up to 24% as the concentration of GO increased, while the ion exchange capacity increased threefold compared to the blank CA membrane. Additionally, increasing GO loading also enhanced the proton conductivity and the tensile strength of the developed membranes. The homogeneous CA/GO nanocomposite membranes with GO filler amounts ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 wt% were found to have excellent proton conductivity varying from 9.2 to 15.5 mS/cm compared to 6.94 mS/cm for Nafion 212. Further, as systematically studied and compared in membrane performance, the overall power density of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with GO content was increased up to 519 mW/cm² compared to 401 mW/cm² for Nafion 212 with significantly lower cost. The encouraging outcomes of this study pave the way for a simple, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approach for developing nanocomposite membranes for application in PEMFCs.