脲和盐酸胍诱导溶菌酶去折叠的荧光相图法研究

用荧光相图法分别研究了脲和盐酸胍诱导卵清溶菌酶去抓叠的过程。当变性体 系中无还原剂2－巯基乙醇存在、脲浓度从0变化至4.0 mol/L（或盐酸胍浓度从0变 化至3.0 mol/L）时,溶菌酶从天然态转变为部分折叠中间态,当脲浓度从4.0 mol/L变化至8.0 mol/L（或盐酸胍浓度从3.0 mol/L变化至6.0 mol/L）时,溶菌 酶从中间态转变为去折叠态,此时该蛋白的变性过程符合“三态模型”。而当变性 体系中有该还原剂存在时,溶菌酶则由天然态直接转变为去折叠态,此时脲诱导该 蛋白去折叠的过程符合曲型的“二态模型”。实难结果表明荧光相图法可以检测蛋 白南去抓叠的中间态。     

荧光相图法研究猪胰腺α-淀粉酶在脲和盐酸胍溶液中的去折叠过程

用荧光相图法分别研究了脲和盐酸胍诱导的猪胰腺α-淀粉酶的去折叠过程。实验结果表明,当脲作为变性剂时,无论变性体系中有无还原剂2-巯基乙醇存在,猪胰腺α-淀粉酶的去折叠过程均只出现一个部分折叠中间体,符合“三态模型”;当盐酸胍作为变性剂时,若变性体系中存在还原剂2-巯基乙醇,猪胰腺α-淀粉酶的去折叠过程符合“三态模型”,而若变性体系中不存在还原剂2-巯基乙醇,猪胰腺α-淀粉酶的去折叠过程会出现两个部分折叠中间态,此过程符合“四态模型”。     

脲和盐酸胍诱导的卵清溶菌酶分子去折叠过程中各稳定构象态的分布和过渡

以内源荧光光谱和荧光相图法研究了脲和盐酸胍诱导的卵清溶菌酶分子的去折叠过程,结果表明,当变性液中脲和盐酸胍的浓度分别约为4.0和3.0 mol/L时,卵清溶菌酶分子的去折叠过程均存在一个折叠中间态,这两个去折叠过程均符合"三态模型".在卵清溶菌酶分子"三态"去折叠过程的基础上,通过变性剂分子和卵清溶菌酶分子之间的缔合一...     

光谱法研究变性剂诱导的猪胃蛋白酶和牛血清蛋白折叠中间态的分布和过渡

利用紫外光谱和荧光光谱分别测定了变性剂诱导的猪胃蛋白酶和牛血清蛋白的残余活性,并根据它们的两个特征展开参数定量描述了猪胃蛋白酶和牛血清蛋白天然态、折叠中间态和完全展开态随变性液中变性剂浓度的分布和过渡。结果表明,在盐酸胍诱导的猪胃蛋白酶"三态"去折叠过程中,当盐酸胍浓度约为1.5mol/L时,折叠中间态的浓度达到最大,约占溶液中总猪胃蛋白酶的12%;在脲诱导的牛血清蛋白"三态"去折叠过程中,当脲浓度约为2.0mol/L时,折叠中间态的浓度达到最大,约占溶液中总牛血清蛋白的41%;而在盐酸胍诱导的牛血清蛋白"四态"去折叠过程中,当盐酸胍浓度约为0.4mol/L、1.2mol/L时,第一和第二折叠中间态浓度分别达到最大,约占溶液中总牛血清蛋白的20%和70%。     

盐酸胍诱导的变性卵清溶菌酶分子重折叠过程及其各稳定构象态的分布和过渡

采用变性和非变性电泳、 高效凝胶排阻色谱、 内源荧光发射光谱和荧光相图以及生物活性测定等方法, 研究了盐酸胍诱导的变性卵清溶菌酶分子的重折叠过程及此过程中卵清溶菌酶分子各稳定构象态的分布和过渡. 结果表明, 当复性液中盐酸胍浓度分别约为5.0和2.4 mol/L时, 变性卵清溶菌酶分子的重折叠过程各存在1个稳定折叠中间态, 重折叠过程符合"四态模型". 在卵清溶菌酶分子四态重折叠过程基础上, 结合盐酸胍与卵清溶菌酶分子之间的缔合-解离平衡, 给出了一个定量描述变性剂诱导的蛋白质分子复性过程中蛋白质分子复性率随溶液中变性剂浓度变化的方程. 该方程包含2个特征折叠参数, 一个是蛋白质分子从一个稳定构象态过渡到另一个稳定构象态的热力学过渡平衡常数k; 另一个是在此过程中平均每个蛋白质分子所结合的变性剂分子数目m. 通过这2个特征折叠参数能够定量描述盐酸胍诱导的变性卵清溶菌酶完全去折叠态、 折叠中间态和天然态分子随复性液中盐酸胍浓度变化的分布和过渡情况.     

多方法组合分析脲诱导的淀粉液化芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶去折叠和重折叠过程的构象转化

以变性和非变性电泳、体积排阻色谱、内源荧光发射光谱、荧光相图、荧光猝灭以及活性测定等组合分析方法,研究了脲诱导的淀粉液化芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶分子的去折叠和重折叠过程。结果表明,在脲诱导的芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶分子的去折叠和重折叠过程中,芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶分子始终以单分子形式存在,不会形成分子间的聚集体或聚集体沉淀。当变性液或复性液中脲浓度约为4.0mol/L时,芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶分子的去折叠和重折叠过程中均出现一个部分折叠中间体,两个过程均符合"三态模型"。脲诱导的芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶分子重折叠过程的复性曲线几乎与芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶分子去折叠过程的残余活性率曲线重合。通过这些结果,并结合盐酸胍诱导的芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶分子的去折叠和重折叠过程,推断脲和盐酸胍诱导的芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶分子的去折叠和重折叠过程分别是相互可逆的。     

盐酸胍诱导的猪血红蛋白分子解离过程中各亚基的分布

以内源荧光光谱、荧光相图、高效凝胶排阻色谱和相对释氧曲线等方法,研究了盐酸胍诱导的猪血红蛋白分子解离过程中各亚基的分布状况.实验发现,当溶液中盐酸胍浓度小于3.5 mol/L时,猪血红蛋白分子仅仅以四聚体形式存在;而当溶液中盐酸胍浓度达到和超过3.5 mol/L时,部分猪血红蛋白分子开始从四聚体解离成二聚体和单体,并且...     

盐酸胍诱导的淀粉液化芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶去折叠过程的研究

分别用内源荧光光谱法、荧光相图法、荧光探针法、荧光猝灭法、蛋白质电泳法以及体积排阻色谱法研究了盐酸胍诱导的淀粉液化芽孢杆菌a-淀粉酶的去折叠过程. 内源荧光光谱和荧光相图结果表明, 当变性液中盐酸胍浓度约为1.0 mol/L时, 芽孢杆菌a-淀粉酶的去折叠过程中出现一个部分折叠中间体, 其去折叠过程符合“三态模型”; 荧光探针结果表明, 在溶液中盐酸胍浓度约为1.0 mol/L时, 中间态芽孢杆菌a-淀粉酶分子中存在着能够与探针分子1-苯胺 基-8-萘磺酸(ANS)结合的稳定的疏水区域; 荧光猝灭研究给出了不同程度变性的淀粉液化芽孢杆菌a-淀粉酶中的Trp的分布情况, 结果表明中间态芽孢杆菌a-淀粉酶分子中能够被碘化钾猝灭的位于分子表面的色氨酸残基数目达到最大的8个; 蛋白电泳和体积排阻色谱结果表明, 在盐酸胍诱导的芽孢杆菌a-淀粉酶分子的整个去折叠过程中, 不会以共价键或非共价键形式形成芽孢杆菌a-淀粉酶分子之间的集聚体或集聚体沉淀. 在此基础上, 对盐酸胍诱导的淀粉液化芽孢杆菌a-淀粉酶的去折叠过程进行了描述.     

血红蛋白和细胞色素c构象去折叠行为研究

利用紫外-可见吸收和荧光光谱法研究了血红蛋白(Hb)与细胞色素c(Cytc)两种血红素蛋白的去折叠行为。采用化学变性剂盐酸胍(GdHCl)和尿素(Urea)诱导两种蛋白构象去折叠,阐述了两种蛋白的去折叠机理。Hb的血红素(Heme)辅基通过与卟啉铁原子和组氨酸配位,与肽链键合的稳定性较差,在3.0 mol/L的盐酸胍作用下即发生解离。而Cyt c的Heme辅基通过卟啉与半胱氨酸形成二硫键呈现较强的稳定性,盐酸胍浓度达到6.0 mol/L也难使其发生解离。该研究为阐释蛋白构象与功能之间的关系提供了重要依据。     

脲和盐酸胍诱导的牛碳酸酐酶B的去折叠

采用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、高效凝胶排阻色谱和激光光散射光谱研究了脲和盐酸胍诱导的牛碳酸酐酶B的去折叠.实验结果表明,在脲和盐酸胍诱导的牛碳酸酐酶B的去折叠过程中,溶液中只含有单分子牛碳酸酐酶B和二分子牛碳酸酐酶B集聚体;二分子牛碳酸酐酶B集聚体是通过单分子牛碳酸酐酶B之间的疏水和...     

荧光相图法研究脲诱导牛血清白蛋白的去折叠过程

作为从分子水平上阐明生命奥秘的中心课题之一,蛋白质的折叠问题一直受到生物化学、生物物理学和结构生物学等领域研究工作者的高度关注。在蛋白质的变性过程中,它们往往达不到完全去折叠,而是会形成不同的部分折叠中间态[1-3],这些部分折叠中间态在蛋白质折叠过程中起着重要作     

A solution study on the local and global structure changes of cytochrome c: an unfolding process induced by urea

The local and global structural changes of cytochrome c induced by urea in aqueous solution have been studied using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). According to the XAS result, both the native (folded) protein and the unfolded protein exhibit the same preedge features taken at Fe K-edge, indicating that the Fe(III) in the heme group of the protein maintains a six-coordinated local structure in both the folded and unfolded states. Furthermore, the discernible differences in the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) of these two states are attributed to a possible spin transition of the Fe(III) from a low-spin state to a high-spin state during the unfolding process. The perseverance of six-coordination and the spin transition of the iron are reconciled by a proposed ligand exchange, with urea and water molecules replacing the methionine-80 and histidine-18 axial ligands, respectively. The SAXS result reveals a significant morphology change of cytochrome c from a globular shape of a radius of gyration R(g) = 12.8 A of the native protein to an elongated ellipsoid shape of R(g) = 29.7 A for the unfolded protein in the presence of concentrated urea. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data unveil the coordination geometries of Fe(III) in both the folded and unfolded state of cytochrome c. An initial spin transition of Fe(III) followed by an axial ligand exchange, accompanied by the change in the global envelope, is proposed for what happened in the protein unfolding process of cytochrome c.     

Dynamics of water in the hydration layer of a partially unfolded structure of the protein HP-36

Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the folded native structure and a partially unfolded molten globule structure of the protein villin headpiece subdomain or HP-36 have been carried out with explicit solvent to explore the effects of unfolding on the dynamical behavior of water present in the hydration layers of different segments (three alpha-helices) of the protein. The calculations revealed that the unfolding of helix-2 influences the translational and rotational motions of water present in the hydration layers of the three helices in a heterogeneous manner. It is observed that a correlation exists between the unfolding of helix-2 and the microscopic kinetics of protein-water hydrogen bonds formed by its residues. This in turn has an influence on the rigidity of the hydration layers of the helices in the unfolded structure versus that in the folded native structure. These results should provide a microscopic explanation to recent solvation dynamics experiments on folded native and unfolded structures of proteins.     

高效液相色谱法分析葡萄糖异构酶在变性剂中的构象变化与活性的关系

建立了监测葡萄糖异构酶在不同浓度变性剂中构象变化过程的高效液相色谱法。葡萄糖异构酶在天然条件下,以四聚体形式存在,在不同变性剂的不同浓度下,会解聚成二聚体或单体,或整体结构变松散,而且葡萄糖异构酶的活性随着构象的变化也会有相应的变化。     

Surface Arginine Saturation Effect on Unfolding Reaction of Firefly Luciferase: A Thermodynamic and Kinetic Perspective

Replacement of some hydrophobic solvent‐exposed residues in Lampyris turkestanicus luciferase with arginine increases thermostability of this enzyme. Herein, thermodynamic and kinetic of unfolding reactions of wild type (WT), E354R/356R, E354R/356R‐I232R and E354R/356R‐Q35R/L182R/I232R variants, has been investigated. Fluorescence and Far‐UV circular dichroism measurements using urea as a chemical denaturant indicated that the value of for all variants is greater than that of WT enzyme. Analysis of m‐values, as a measure of difference in the solvent accessible surface area between the native and denatured states of protein, revealed that higher stability of mutants is related to their higher degree of compactness in the folded state. Results of unfolding kinetic experiments showed that all variants have three‐exponential behavior in which they unfolded with three rate constants and corresponding amplitudes. Increasing the rate constants of fast unfolding phase in mutants relative to WT protein may be attributed to more compactness and more kinetic sensitivity of their folded state to urea. However, more population of WT protein was unfolded from fast unfolding phase. Results of this investigation highlight kinetic stability of luciferase via a slow rate of unfolding.     

Native and unfolded cytochrome c--comparison of dynamics using 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy

Unfolded vs native CO-coordinated horse heart cytochrome c (h-cyt c) and a heme axial methionine mutant cyt c552 from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus ( Ht-M61A) are studied by IR absorption spectroscopy and ultrafast 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy of the CO stretching mode. The unfolding is induced by guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl). The CO IR absorption spectra for both h-cyt c and Ht-M61A shift to the red as the GuHCl concentration is increased through the concentration region over which unfolding occurs. The spectra for the unfolded state are substantially broader than the spectra for the native proteins. A plot of the CO peak position vs GuHCl concentration produces a sigmoidal curve that overlays the concentration-dependent circular dichroism (CD) data of the CO-coordinated forms of both Ht-M61A and h-cyt c within experimental error. The coincidence of the CO peak shift curve with the CD curves demonstrates that the CO vibrational frequency is sensitive to the structural changes induced by the denaturant. 2D-IR vibrational echo experiments are performed on native Ht-M61A and on the protein in low- and high-concentration GuHCl solutions. The 2D-IR vibrational echo is sensitive to the global protein structural dynamics on time scales from subpicosecond to greater than 100 ps through the change in the shape of the 2D spectrum with time (spectral diffusion). At the high GuHCl concentration (5.1 M), at which Ht-M61A is essentially fully denatured as judged by CD, a very large reduction in dynamics is observed compared to the native protein within the approximately 100 ps time window of the experiment. The results suggest the denatured protein may be in a glassy-like state involving hydrophobic collapse around the heme.     

牛血清IgG热化学变性和热变性的研究

使用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和荧光光谱法研究了在pH 7.4时牛血清IgG (bIgG)热变性, 热化学变性和等温化学变性过程(变性剂为尿素和盐酸胍), 首次报道了bIgG在热化学变性和等温化学变性过程中的相关热力学参数. DSC和荧光光谱实验结果表明, bIgG的热变性和热化学变性过程都是较复杂的不可逆过程, 这个过程可被看作一个三态变构过程. DSC实验表明在热化学变性过程中bIgG的变性温度和焓变值会随着环境中的变性剂浓度的升高而降低. 使用荧光光谱法对bIgG在尿素或盐酸胍存在下的等温化学变性过程进行了研究, 结果显示bIgG的化学变性过程也是一个较复杂的非二态过程. 实验数据分析表明, 变性剂尿素和盐酸胍与bIgG之间主要是依靠氢键相互作用的, 而热变性过程中bIgG的凝集是由于bIgG热变性时结构改变后暴露出的疏水结构互相作用造成的. 实验结果还表明单纯的热变性只能导致bIgG的不完全变性, 而即使是在高浓度变性剂存在时的bIgG热化学变性, 尿素和盐酸胍分别导致的bIgG热化学变性的去折叠态也是不同的.     

Electrochemically Monitoring the Acid and Acidic Urea‐Induced Unfolding of Hemoglobin and Its Electrocatalytic Ability

Acid and acidic urea‐induced unfolding of hemoglobin (Hb) was investigated using protein‐film‐based electrochemical method. The conformational transition of Hb was monitored through the change of direct electrochemical response of Hb. The heme groups in Hb detached from their native binding sites after pH<4.0. Spectral experiments fully supported the results. Furthermore, the catalytic ability of Hb was enhanced 15 times under the optimal unfolded conditions of pH 2.0 PBS containing 3.0 mol L^?1 urea. The method contributes to understand the relationship between function and conformation of Hb, and provides possibility of manipulating protein function by controlling its conformation.