仿生波纹夹层结构耐撞性分析及优化

为提高薄壁夹层结构耐撞性,以虾螯为仿生原型,设计梯度分布的仿生波纹形夹层结构,包括单层、双层和三层波纹结构。以初始峰值载荷F_p、比吸能E_s为耐撞性指标,利用有限元法分析了单元高宽比γ（γ₁、γ₂和γ₃分别为单元第1层、第2层和第3层的高宽比）对波纹夹层结构耐撞性的影响,采用多目标粒子群优化方法得到了夹层结构最优参数。结果表明,单层波纹结构耐撞性随单元高宽比γ的增大逐渐变差,双层波纹结构下层结构单元高宽比γ对耐撞性的影响大于上层结构单元高宽比γ对耐撞性的影响,较小的γ值有利于提高三层波纹结构的比吸能。结构优化结果表明:单层结构最优尺寸γ₁为0.8;双层结构最优尺寸为γ₁ = 0.5和γ₂ = 1.2;三层结构最优组合为γ₁ = 0.6,γ₂ = 0.6和γ₃ = 0.9。上述结果可为薄壁夹层结构轻量化设计提供新思路。     

磁电热弹耦合材料三维多裂纹超奇异积分法

用超奇异积分方程法将多场耦合载荷作用下磁电热弹耦合材料内含任意形状和位置三维多裂纹问题转化为求解一以广义位移间断为未知函数的超奇异积分方程组问题,退化得到内含任意形状平行三维多裂纹问题的超奇异积分方程组;推导出平行三维多裂纹问题的裂纹前沿广义奇异应力场解析表达式、定义了广义(应力、应变能)强度因子和广义能量释放率;应用有限部积分概念及体积力法,为超奇异积分方程组建立了数值求解方法,编制了FORTRAN程序,以平行双裂纹为例,通过典型算例,研究了广义(应力、应变能)强度因子随裂纹位置、裂纹形状及材料参数变化规律,得到裂纹断裂评定准则. 最后,分析了裂纹间干扰、屏蔽作用及其在工程实际中的应用.      

氮化碳增强聚四氟乙烯摩擦学性能的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟的方法研究氮化碳(C₃N₄)对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)摩擦学性能的影响. 首先,建立了纯聚四氟乙烯和氮化碳/聚四氟乙烯复合材料两个无定型模型,优化后分别计算其机械性能. 模拟结果显示:加入氮化碳后,聚四氟乙烯的杨氏模量和剪切模量分别提高了218% 和141%. 然后为了计算摩擦学性能,建立了与铜对摩的摩擦模型,对金属铜层施加一定的载荷和速度进行滑动磨损. 模拟结果显示:纯聚四氟乙烯的摩擦系数为0.144,磨损率为27.6%;氮化碳/聚四氟乙烯基体的摩擦系数为0.118,未见明显的磨损. 最后通过提取摩擦界面温度、原子运动速度、原子相对浓度、径向分布函数和结合能等数据,从原子尺度揭示了氮化碳对聚四氟乙烯摩擦学性能的作用机制.      

添加Ag2Nb4O11的NiAl基复合材料的高温摩擦学性能及高温润滑机理研究

首先采用高温固相反应法合成了由纳米球状结构紧密堆积的微米级粉体Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁,然后通过粉末冶金技术制备了添加铌酸银(Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁)的NiAl基复合材料(NABO20,NiAl-20%Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁),考察其对复合材料显微结构、力学及摩擦学性能的影响. 结果表明:热压烧结过程中,Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁发生高温分解及与C发生氧化还原反应,形成了NbC和Ag相. 铌酸银(Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁)的添加使得复合材料的密度略有增加,并且显著改善了NiAl基复合材料的显微硬度. 在高温摩擦条件下(800 ℃),由于NABO20磨损表面和Al₂O₃对偶球表面均形成完整光滑的润滑膜(Nb₂O₅、Al₂O₃、Ag₂Nb₄O₁₁、AgNbO₃和AgNb₃O₈),两层膜的存在阻隔了对偶球和复合材料的直接接触,抑制了磨损进程,从而有效地提高了复合材料的耐磨性能.      

热处理对Ni/Ti2AlC复合材料显微组织和摩擦学性能的影响

通过真空热压烧结方法制备Ni/Ti₂AlC复合材料,并对材料进行热处理,考察了两种不同热处理工艺对复合材料的显微组织和室温及800 ℃下摩擦学性能的影响. 结果表明:烧结后,Ni/10%Ti₂AlC复合材料包含Ni基固溶体、TiC_x、Ni₃Al和少量Al₂O₃,而Ni/50%Ti₂AlC主要由Ni₂TiAl、TiC_x、Ti₃NiAl₂C和少量Al₂O₃组成. 分别于1 200和1 350 ℃热处理16 h后,Ni/10%Ti₂AlC中的Ni₃Al相和Ni/50%Ti₂AlC中的Ti₃NiAl₂C相消失. 热处理导致TiC_x相的生长,复合材料显微组织得到优化,同时材料保持了高度致密性. 热处理后,两种复合材料的维氏硬度下降,这主要归结于Ni₃Al强化相的消失和碳化物的长大. 随着热处理温度的升高,室温下复合材料的磨损率降低,这主要归结于热处理优化了显微组织,提高了两相结合强度,进而抑制了TiC_x颗粒的脱出,减少了磨粒磨损的发生;800 ℃摩擦条件下,热处理前后,复合材料均表现出较低的摩擦系数和磨损率,这主要归结于高温下磨损表面形成的由TiO₂、NiO和NiTiO₃组成的润滑膜所起到的减摩抗磨作用,此外,热处理使得显微组织更均匀,更有利于磨损表面TiO₂和NiTiO₃润滑相的形成,对摩擦学性能有利.      

氧化铝/石墨-硫酸钡层状复合材料的摩擦学性能及润滑机理

将石墨和硫酸钡按一定比例复合作为弱界面层,通过铺层-冷压-放电等离子烧结工艺制备了Al₂O₃/Graphite-BaSO₄层状复合材料. 考察了复配润滑剂的组分对层状复合陶瓷在室温至800 ℃连续加热过程中自润滑性能的影响规律,并通过磨损表面分析探讨了其在宽温域下的协同润滑机制. 结果表明:通过复配在室温和中高温度段具有优异自润滑性能的固体润滑剂,并借助仿贝壳材料独特的层状结构特征,可有效改善氧化铝陶瓷在不同温度段的摩擦学性能,进而实现材料在较宽温度范围内的连续润滑. 基于润滑相组分优化的复合材料在室温至800 ℃温度范围内与Al₂O₃栓对摩时的摩擦系数可保持在0.28~0.48之间,比块体Al₂O₃陶瓷/Al₂O₃栓摩擦副的摩擦系数降低了近60%.      

Application of hypersingular integral equation method to three-dimensional crack in electromagnetothermoelastic multiphase composites

A three-dimensional crack problem in electromagnetothermoelastic multiphase composites (EMTE-MCs) under extended loads is investigated in this paper. Using Green’s functions, the extended general displacement solutions are obtained by the boundary element method. This crack problem is reduced to solving a set of hypersingular integral equations coupled with boundary integral equations, in which the unknown functions are the extended displacement discontinuities. Then, the behavior of the extended displacement discontinuities around the crack front terminating at the interface is analyzed by the main-part analysis method of hypersingular integral equations. Analytical solutions for the extended singular stresses, the extended stress intensity factors (SIFs) and the extended energy release rate near the crack front in EMTE-MCs are provided. Also, a numerical method of the hypersingular integral equations for a rectangular crack subjected to extended loads is put forward with the extended displacement discontinuities approximated by the product of basic density functions and polynomials. In addition, distributions of extended SIFs varying with the shape of the crack are presented. The results show that the present method accurately yields smooth variations of extended SIFs along the crack front.     

铝掺杂WC-Co基硬质合金的高温摩擦学性能、磨损机理及抗氧化性能研究

通过高能球磨和电火花等离子烧结,成功制备了(xAl-WC)-6Co(x=0.2,0.33)三元复合材料,并研究了铝掺杂WC-Co基硬质合金在空气环境中500、600和700 ℃下的摩擦学性能. 所制备的铝掺杂WC-Co,基体由WC和Co耦合而成,Al在烧结过程中发生氧化,基体上弥散分布细小的Cr₃C₂和Al₂O₃增强相. (0.2Al-WC-6Co)的硬度与断裂韧性明显高于WC-6Co, (0.33Al-WC)-6Co的断裂韧性较低. 脆性钨类氧化物的形成是Al-WC-Co硬质合金高温磨损的主要原因. 随着Al元素加入量的提高,硬质合金的高温抗软化性能和抗氧化性能提高,磨损表面的剥落和破碎行为减弱,材料的高温耐磨性能提高.      

二硫化钼/硫化锌纳米粉体的制备及其改性聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦学性能研究

采用一步水热法设计制备了二硫化钼/硫化锌(MoS₂/ZnS)纳米杂化体,并利用热压成型技术得到聚酰亚胺/二硫化钼/硫化锌(PI/MoS₂/ZnS)复合材料. 采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪以及光电子能谱仪对所制备材料的形貌和化学组成进行表征,结果表明MoS₂纳米薄片均匀致密地包覆在ZnS纳米颗粒表面. 热重分析和差示扫描量热曲线结果表明,MoS₂/ZnS纳米杂化体的引入显著地提升了PI基体的热稳定性能. 摩擦磨损测试结果表明,三种填料(MoS₂,ZnS和MoS₂/ZnS)均能有效改善PI基体的摩擦学性能,其中MoS₂/ZnS纳米杂化体的增强效应最为显著,这主要归因于MoS₂纳米片和ZnS纳米粒子之间的协同增强效应. 当MoS₂/ZnS纳米杂化体的质量分数为1.5%时, PI/MoS₂/ZnS复合材料的摩擦学性能达到最优,相较于纯的PI,复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率分别下降了15. 9%和34. 3%.      

Multiple 3D flaws in coupled electro-magneto-thermo-elastic multiphase composites by extended hypersingular integral equation method

This work presents extended hypersingular integral equation (E-HIE) method to analyze the multiple 3D mixed-mode flaws problem in fully coupled electro-magneto-thermo-elastic multiphase composites under extended electro-magneto-thermo-elastic coupled loads through intricate theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. First, the problem is reduced to solving a set of E-HIEs. Analytical solutions for the extended singular stresses, the extended stress intensity factors (E-SIFs), the extended energy release rate and the extended strain energy density factors (E-SEDFs) near the flaws front are obtained. Then, the numerical method for the E-HIEs for two 3D flaws subjected to extended coupled loads is proposed. Finally, numerical solutions of E-SIFs and E-SEDFs of some examples are given, and the effect of flaws orientation, interaction and shielding is discussed.     

宽温域环境中聚四氟乙烯及其复合材料摩擦学性能研究

对比研究了?100~100 ℃范围内聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)及三氧化二铝/聚四氟乙烯(Al₂O₃/PTFE)复合材料的摩擦学性能. 研究结果表明,PTFE因为蠕变,在升温过程中摩擦系数逐步降低,磨损率逐步升高. 而引入Al₂O₃填料会显著影响PTFE的摩擦学行为,Al₂O₃/PTFE的摩擦系数普遍比PTFE高,而磨损率比PTFE低. 摩擦学机理表明,滑动过程中形成的摩擦膜是决定摩擦学行为的关键因素. 这对极端工况条件下高分子复合材料的设计具有重要的指导意义.      

梯度密度黏弹性材料的波传播研究

梯度密度黏弹性材料中波的传播比较复杂。为了研究其在冲击载荷作用下黏弹性响应特征,基于控制方程的Euler形式,利用Laplace变换,得到了这种材料中的波传播规律的一个理论公式;并据此分析了双层周期性黏弹性介质中的应力情况。选择具有梯度密度特性的钛-硼化钛（Ti-TiB₂）材料和碳纤维树脂材料,采用不同的叠合方向和方式,利用分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB）加载装置进行了动态冲击实验,并用三波法对得到的实验结果进行处理。同时,采用数值Laplace逆变换方法,结合SHPB测得的入射波与透射波数据,使用推导的理论公式计算出理论解,并与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明:（1）梯度钛-硼化钛材料由于内界面和叠层界面的存在,表现出一定的黏性特性;单层Ti-TiB₂材料的计算结果和三波法分析得到的结果基本一致,双层Ti-TiB₂材料叠合后的计算结果与三波法分析结果存在一定的差异。（2）双层碳纤维树脂材料表现出较强的黏弹性特征,应力波的衰减幅度较大,三波法分析结果与该材料的冲击性能有较大的差异。由此可知,无论是细微观结构特征产生的黏性,还是材料本身的黏性,对材料动力学行为的影响都不可忽略。。     

Asymptotic homogenization of three-dimensional thermoelectric composites

Thermoelectric composites are promising for high efficiency energy conversion between thermal flows and electric conduction, though their effective behaviors remain poorly understood due to nonlinear thermoelectric coupling. In this paper, we develop an asymptotic homogenization theory to analyze the effective behavior of three-dimensional (3D) thermoelectric composites, built on the observation that the equations governing microscopic field fluctuations in the composite are actually linear instead of nonlinear after separation of length scales. A set of solutions similar to Green's function method are used to construct the unit cell problem, and appropriate interfacial continuity conditions and boundary conditions are derived. The homogenized governing equations are then developed for thermoelectric composites, and they are further reduced for a special case wherein the heat flow and electric conduction in the composite remains one-dimensional (1D) at macroscopic scale, even though the composite itself is 3D in general. The general homogenization theory is implemented using finite element method, and a key constant in the constructed solutions is determined using the reformulated eigenvalue problem. The algorithm is validated, and is applied for a number of case studies for the effective behavior of thermoelectric composites.     

An improved SPH model for multiphase flows with large density ratios

This paper presents a new smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model for simulating multiphase fluid flows with large density ratios. The new SPH model consists of an improved discretization scheme, an enhanced multiphase interface treatment algorithm, and a coupled dynamic boundary treatment technique. The presented SPH discretization scheme is developed from Taylor series analysis with kernel normalization and kernel gradient correction and is then used to discretize the Navier‐Stokes equation to obtain improved SPH equations of motion for multiphase fluid flows. The multiphase interface treatment algorithm involves treating neighboring particles from different phases as virtual particles with specially updated density to maintain pressure consistency and a repulsive interface force between neighboring interface particles into the pressure gradient to keep sharp interface. The coupled dynamic boundary treatment technique includes a soft repulsive force between approaching fluid and solid particles while the information of virtual particles are approximated using the improved SPH discretization scheme. The presented SPH model is applied to 3 typical multiphase flow problems including dam breaking, Rayleigh‐Taylor instability, and air bubble rising in water. It is demonstrated that inherent multiphase flow physics can be well captured while the dynamic evolution of the complex multiphase interfaces is sharp with consistent pressure across the interfaces.     

复层孔隙分布铁基粉末冶金材料的力学和摩擦学性能

采用粉末冶金工艺制备基体致密、表层多孔含油的复层铁基含油材料,利用SEM、EDX和XRD分析材料微观组织形貌、组元和物相组成及断口形貌,并基于HDM-20端面摩擦磨损试验机评价其摩擦磨损性能. 结果表明:在铁基粉末冶金材料中添加适量TiH₂可有效提高材料的孔隙率,同时在孔隙附近内生TiC硬质相,有效弥补孔隙对力学性能削弱;添加TiH₂后,材料的硬度提高,压溃强度有所降低,材料的断裂机理逐渐由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂;随着TiH₂含量增加,材料的摩擦学性能呈现先变好后恶化趋势,含质量分数3%TiH₂材料的综合力学和摩擦学性能较好,能实现较高强度与良好自润滑特性的统一. 研究工作为研制高性能铁基含油轴承材料提供新的思路.      

Mixed-mode stress intensity factors of 3D interface crack in fully coupled electromagnetothermoelastic multiphase composites

This contribution presents an extended hypersingular intergro-differential equation (E-HIDE) method for modeling the 3D interface crack problem in fully coupled electromagnetothermoelastic anisotropic multiphase composites under extended electro-magneto-thermo-elastic coupled loads through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. First, based on the extended boundary element method, the 3D interface crack problem is reduced to solving a set of E-HIDEs coupled with extended boundary integral equations, in which the unknown functions are the extended displacement discontinuities. Then, the behavior of the extended singular stress indices around the interface crack front terminating at the interface is analyzed by the extended main-part analysis. The extended stress intensity factors near the crack front are defined. In addition, a numerical method for a 3D interface crack problem subjected to extended loads is proposed, in which the extended displacement discontinuities are approximated by the product of basic density functions and polynomials. Finally, the radiation distribution of extended stress intensity factors at the interface crack surface are calculated, and the results are presented toward demonstrating the applicability of the proposed method.     

激光熔覆CoCrFeNiNbx高熵合金涂层的高温摩擦磨损性能

采用激光熔覆技术成功制备了CoCrFeNiNb_x (x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0)高熵合金涂层,研究了Nb元素对高熵合金涂层微观组织和显微硬度的影响,分析了CoCrFeNiNb_0.75涂层在25~800 ℃的摩擦磨损性能和机制. 结果表明:CoCrFeNiNb_x高熵合金涂层主要由FCC (面心立方)相与具有HCP晶格结构的Laves相组成. 随着Nb摩尔含量的增加,CoCrFeNiNb_x的微观组织由单一的胞状晶FCC固溶体相(x=0)向亚共晶组织(x=0.25)、共晶组织(x=0.5)和过共晶组织(x=0.75,1.0)逐步发生演变. CoCrFeNiNb_0.75涂层具有最高的平均硬度(574 HV),表明适量的Nb元素的掺杂能有效提高涂层的显微硬度,这是固溶强化、第二相强化以及层片共晶组织中产生的大量新界面阻碍位错运动的边界强化相互作用的结果. CoCrFeNiNb_0.75涂层在室温下的磨损机制主要为氧化磨损和轻微的磨粒磨损,而在400和800 ℃下均为氧化磨损. 在800 ℃时,磨损表面形成了致密的氧化物釉质层,起到了良好的减摩抗磨作用,使高熵合金在高温环境下表现出了优异的摩擦磨损性能.      

Melting and refreezing of porous media

During severe nuclear reactor accidents similar to Three-Mile Island, the fuel rods can fragment and thus convert the reactor core into a large rubble bed composed primarily of UO₂ and ZrO₂ particles. In the present study a one-dimensional model is developed for the melting and refreezing of such a bed. The analysis includes mass conservation equations for the species of interest (UO₂ and ZrO₂); a momentum equation that represents a balance among drag, capillary and gravity forces; an energy equation that incorporates the effects of convection by the melt, radiation and conduction through the bed and internal heat generation; and a UO₂---ZrO₂ phase diagram. A few key results are that (1) capillary forces are only important in beds composed of particles smaller than a few millimeters in diameter and in such beds, melt relocates both upward and downward until it freezes, forming crusted regions above and below the melt zone; (2) as melt flows downward and freezes, a flow blockage forms near the bottom of the bed and the location of this blockage is determined by the bottom thermal boundary layer thickness; (3) the maximum thickness of the lower crust increases linearly with the height of the bed; and (4) deviations from initially uniform composition profiles occur because ZrO₂ is preferentially melted and these deviations decrease as the initial ZrO₂ concentration is increased.     

ATP-TiO2杂化材料形貌对UHMWPE复合材料微动磨损性能的影响

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,凹凸棒石(ATP)为载体,分别采用溶胶凝胶法和蒸汽法制备了两种不同形貌的凹凸棒石-二氧化钛(ATP-TiO₂)杂化材料,并以质量分数为5%的含量填充超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE). 通过对比相同微动摩擦条件下超高分子量聚乙烯、凹凸棒石及凹凸棒石-二氧化钛杂化填料填充超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料的摩擦学性能,探究了凹凸棒石-二氧化钛杂化材料微观形貌影响复合材料微动磨损性能的机理. 结果表明:杂化材料的耐热性能较凹凸棒石有显著提升;蒸汽法制备ATP-TiO₂杂化材料的比表面积更大,在基体中分散更均匀,与基体的界面结合性更好,在摩擦过程中能够有效地承载,并促进转移膜的生成,其改性的复合材料表现出最低的摩擦系数和磨损率.      

复合材料面层夹层板中转动一致有效理论

采用分层位移模式，引入夹层板层间和表面剪应力协调条件，导出位移场的修正形式。根据能量误差一致原则，应用最小位能原理建立了复合材料层夹层板的基本方程和边界条件。