氮掺杂碳材料负载Pd纳米催化剂在有机反应中的最新研究进展

氮掺杂碳材料负载Pd纳米催化剂因其具有反应活性高、反应完成后便于分离和重复使用等优点,在催化领域引起了极为广泛的关注.简要综述了基于氮掺杂多孔/介孔碳NC、氮掺杂石墨烯NG、氮掺杂碳纳米管NCNT和氮掺杂碳纳米片NCNS等不同类型碳材料载体制备的负载型Pd纳米催化剂的合成与应用的最新研究进展,同时对氮掺杂碳材料负载Pd纳米催化剂的发展方向进行了展望.     

气相法羰基合成的新型碳复合材料载体催化剂

气相法羰基合成的新型碳复合材料载体催化剂蒋大智，李小宝，王恩来，田世忠，楼银香，朱黎星（中国科学院化学研究所，北京１０００８０）多相催化反应体系中载体的物质组成、形态和结构对催化剂性能具有很重要的影响［１］。Ｒｏｔｈ等人［２］将锗化合物负载在多孔活性...     

碳复合载体负载铑催化剂的制备及其对气相甲醇羰基合成乙酸的催化反应性能

碳复合载体负载铑催化剂的制备及其对气相甲醇羰基合成乙酸的催化反应性能李小宝王恩来田世忠蒋大智＊（中国科学院化学研究所，北京１０００８０）关键词碳复合载体，铑催化剂，甲醇，羰基合成，乙酸，乙酸甲酯，气相催化多孔炭负载催化剂在许多方面显示出独特的反应行为...     

单源MOF衍生具有三维有序大孔结构的氮掺杂碳包覆铁-氮合金复合材料用于高效氧还原

氧还原反应在一些能源转换系统如金属-空气电池中起着至关重要的作用.目前贵金属基材料(Pt/C)被认为是最有效的氧还原电催化剂,然而价格昂贵和储量有限等因素限制了它的商业化应用,因此探索高效的非贵金属氧还原电催化剂具有重要的意义.近年来,负载过渡金属铁的多孔碳催化剂由于独特的结构和优异的氧还原催化活性成为替代铂基催化剂最有潜力的候选者.该类材料的合成通常采用直接煅烧含有氮源、碳源和铁盐的混合前驱体的制备方法,但是热解时材料的多孔结构以及活性位点的均匀分布很难得到有效的控制.近年来,金属有机框架(MOFs)由于其多孔结构和组成可控等优点而经常被用作自牺牲模板来制备负载铁基纳米材料的多孔碳催化剂,并表现出优异的电催化活性.目前以MOF为前驱体制备高活性的载铁氮掺杂碳复合材料通常需要引入额外的氮源或铁源,因此选择氮含量丰富的铁基MOF材料作为单源前驱体制备载铁氮掺杂多孔碳复合材料具有重要的意义.除此之外,具有多级孔隙率的催化剂可以改善反应时的传质过程,同时有序交联的网络结构能够提供连续的电子传输.本文报道了一种简单可控的制备具有三维有序大孔结构的载铁氮掺杂多孔碳复合催化剂的合成方法,该材料表现出优异的电催化氧气还原性能和优异的催化稳定性.首先,以氮含量丰富的双氰胺和吡嗪配体所构筑的Fe-MOF作为前驱体,利用具有均一尺寸的聚苯乙烯微球作为造孔剂,合成得到了具有三维有序大孔结构的Fe-MOF前驱体,然后通过高温煅烧该单源前驱体制备得到具有三维有序大孔结构的氮掺杂多孔碳包覆铁-氮合金的复合型催化剂(3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC).扫描电镜和透射电镜结果表明,材料内形成了有序交联的大孔结构;氮气吸附测试表明,刻蚀之后材料的比表面积明显增加,结合分级多孔特性可以共同促进催化反应的传质过程.粉末X射线衍射结果证实了多孔碳材料中铁和铁-氮合金物种的成功合成.电化学测试结果表明,在0.1 M KOH电解液中,3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC-800催化剂表现出优于Pt/C的氧还原活性,其半波电位(E_1/2)为0.88 V,大于商业Pt/C的半波电位(E_1/2=0.85 V).同时,3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC-800表现出更加优异的稳定性,经过20000 s测试后,其电流保持率为94%,而Pt/C只保持了78%.关于活性位点探究的对比实验证明在所制备的复合材料中,铁物种作为高效的活性位点参与了电催化氧还原反应,与氮掺杂多孔碳之间的协同作用共同主导了3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC优异的氧还原活性.得益于其优异的氧还原活性,将其作为阴极活性材料组装为锌-空气电池进一步探究了其在实际应用中的可行性.本结果拓宽了高效的铁基催化剂的类型,同时也为制备封装非贵金属的多孔碳基催化剂提供了实验指导和理论依据.     

温和条件下钌/氮掺杂碳纳米笼的苯乙酮选择性催化加氢性能

共轭羰基化合物的羰基选择性加氢反应被广泛用于制备重要的药物和化学中间体.利用氮掺杂碳纳米笼（hNCNC）大的比表面积和掺杂氮原子的锚定作用,构建了10 wt% Ru负载量的Ru/hNCNC催化剂,尺寸约2.4 nm的Ru纳米颗粒高度均匀地分散在hNCNC表面.用于催化苯乙酮选择性加氢制1-苯乙醇,在50.0℃、2.0 MPa H₂的温和条件下,展现出优异的催化加氢性能：反应2.0 h后的苯乙酮转化率和1-苯乙醇选择性分别达到96.2%和95.8%,远优于未掺杂碳纳米笼（hCNC）和活性炭负载的Ru催化剂;循环使用6次后,其苯乙酮转化率仅略有下降（从96.2%到94.0%）,明显优于Ru/hCNC.Ru/hNCNC的优异催化性能可归因于：hNCNC大的比表面积和掺杂氮原子的锚定作用有利于Ru纳米粒子的分散和固载、独特的微孔-介孔-大孔共存的分级孔结构有利于传质、掺杂氮原子有效调变了Ru催化剂的电子结构.     

Ya‐Ru Lv,Xue‐Jing Zhai,Shan Wang,Hong Xu,Rui Wang #, Shuang‐Quan Zang

氧还原反应在一些能源转换系统如金属-空气电池中起着至关重要的作用.目前贵金属基材料(Pt/C)被认为是最有效的氧还原电催化剂,然而价格昂贵和储量有限等因素限制了它的商业化应用,因此探索高效的非贵金属氧还原电催化剂具有重要的意义.近年来,负载过渡金属铁的多孔碳催化剂由于独特的结构和优异的氧还原催化活性成为替代铂基催化剂最有潜力的候选者.该类材料的合成通常采用直接煅烧含有氮源、碳源和铁盐的混合前驱体的制备方法,但是热解时材料的多孔结构以及活性位点的均匀分布很难得到有效的控制.近年来,金属有机框架(MOFs)由于其多孔结构和组成可控等优点而经常被用作自牺牲模板来制备负载铁基纳米材料的多孔碳催化剂,并表现出优异的电催化活性.目前以MOF为前驱体制备高活性的载铁氮掺杂碳复合材料通常需要引入额外的氮源或铁源,因此选择氮含量丰富的铁基MOF材料作为单源前驱体制备载铁氮掺杂多孔碳复合材料具有重要的意义.除此之外,具有多级孔隙率的催化剂可以改善反应时的传质过程,同时有序交联的网络结构能够提供连续的电子传输.本文报道了一种简单可控的制备具有三维有序大孔结构的载铁氮掺杂多孔碳复合催化剂的合成方法,该材料表现出优异的电催化氧气还原性能和优异的催化稳定性.首先,以氮含量丰富的双氰胺和吡嗪配体所构筑的Fe-MOF作为前驱体,利用具有均一尺寸的聚苯乙烯微球作为造孔剂,合成得到了具有三维有序大孔结构的Fe-MOF前驱体,然后通过高温煅烧该单源前驱体制备得到具有三维有序大孔结构的氮掺杂多孔碳包覆铁-氮合金的复合型催化剂(3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC).扫描电镜和透射电镜结果表明,材料内形成了有序交联的大孔结构;氮气吸附测试表明,刻蚀之后材料的比表面积明显增加,结合分级多孔特性可以共同促进催化反应的传质过程.粉末X射线衍射结果证实了多孔碳材料中铁和铁-氮合金物种的成功合成.电化学测试结果表明,在0.1 MKOH电解液中, 3DOMFe/Fe-NA@NC-800催化剂表现出优于Pt/C的氧还原活性,其半波电位(E1/2)为0.88 V,大于商业Pt/C的半波电位(E1/2=0.85 V).同时, 3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC-800表现出更加优异的稳定性,经过20000 s测试后,其电流保持率为94%,而Pt/C只保持了78%.关于活性位点探究的对比实验证明在所制备的复合材料中,铁物种作为高效的活性位点参与了电催化氧还原反应,与氮掺杂多孔碳之间的协同作用共同主导了3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC优异的氧还原活性.得益于其优异的氧还原活性,将其作为阴极活性材料组装为锌-空气电池进一步探究了其在实际应用中的可行性.本结果拓宽了高效的铁基催化剂的类型,同时也为制备封装非贵金属的多孔碳基催化剂提供了实验指导和理论依据.     

基于内嵌钴/氮掺杂多孔碳三维石墨烯笼的抗团聚高效氧还原电催化剂

氧还原反应是决定燃料电池、金属-空气电池等多种新型清洁能源存储与转化技术之性能与应用的关键反应. 铂及其合金是目前催化活性最好的氧还原反应催化剂,但其高昂的成本限制了规模化应用. 在小尺寸效应作用下,微纳米结构催化剂颗粒在电极制备与电化学反应过程中的团聚限制了催化剂本征催化活性的充分发挥. 本文基于喷雾热解技术,发展了一种基于内嵌钴/氮掺杂多孔碳三维石墨烯笼的高活性、抗团聚非贵金属氧还原反应催化剂. 此结构中,金属有机骨架化合物ZIF-67衍生的钴/氮掺杂多孔碳纳米结构是催化氧还原反应的活性中心,包覆其外的三维石墨烯笼不仅可在钴/氮掺杂碳纳米结构之间构建连续的三维载流子传导网络,且可高效抑制其在催化剂制备与电化学反应过程中的团聚与活性损失. 在碱性电解液中,此类非贵金属催化剂表现出可与铂基催化剂媲美的氧还原反应活性和优异的稳定性.     

基于氮掺杂多孔炭的加氢催化剂的理性设计

选择性加氢反应是化学化工领域中最具挑战性的反应之一.针对选择性加氢反应来设计具有工业应用价值的负载型纳米催化剂一直是学术界和工业界的研究热点与难点.载体是负载型催化剂的重要组成部分,在不同类型的载体中,炭载体因其来源广、成本低、耐酸碱、具有高比表面积而被广泛采用.但是,由于炭材料本身相对惰性,炭与负载的金属之间相互作用较弱;此外,碳前驱体的种类甚至产地对炭载体性能影响也非常大,导致催化剂活性及稳定性难以满足工业要求,从而严重限制了炭负载型催化剂的发展.近年来,氮掺杂炭由于其独特的性质受到了广泛的关注,大量的研究证实氮原子的掺入有助于提高炭负载型纳米催化剂的催化效率.本文将重点关注氮掺杂多孔炭负载型催化剂在选择性加氢反应中的应用;最后,将讨论并展望如何基于氮掺杂炭理性设计新型负载型纳米金属催化剂.氮掺杂炭材料中的氮主要可分为石墨氮、吡啶氮、吡咯氮和氨基氮.氮的引入一方面可改变炭材料的局域电子密度,引发电子在载体与活性组分之间的重新分配,电子转移的方向和程度可通过氮掺杂形式(如吡啶型或石墨型氮等)及浓度进行调节,从而实现对活性组分电子结构的调控;另一方面,提供了孤对电子用于形成氢键网络,从而调节了催化剂的亲水性,改善了催化剂在反应体系中的分散性.而且丰富的氮物种可为活性组分提供了稳定的锚定位点,从而提高了活性组分在炭载体上的分散度和稳定性.此外,部分氮物种为催化剂提供了碱性位点,可作为固体碱参与反应,丰富了氮掺杂炭负载型催化剂的应用范围.本文将氮掺杂炭负载型催化剂分为以下四种类型:传统负载型、包覆型、镶嵌型以及单原子催化剂.传统负载型催化剂即以氮掺杂炭材料为载体,采用浸渍法或液相还原法等将活性组分负载其上,该类型催化剂已经被广泛研究和使用.对于包覆型和镶嵌型催化剂,其金属和载体间的相互作用要强于传统炭负载型催化剂,这种强相互作用可有效提升催化剂稳定性,更能使某些高活性亚稳相稳定存在,进而大幅增强催化性能.但是炭层的过度包覆会导致暴露的金属活性位点减少,进而影响催化剂的性能.最近,炭负载型单原子催化剂得到迅速发展,它有着独特的配位环境和微观结构,众多单原子催化剂(如镍、钌、金等)已在选择性加氢反应中展现出优异的催化性能,且在某些反应中表现出独特的选择性.最后,本文讨论了氮掺杂炭负载型加氢催化剂未来的发展方向.原始生物质是氮掺杂炭的理想原料,且制备过程应尽量避免模板剂的使用.丰富氮掺杂炭材料的形貌和微观结构,以应对不同的反应需求是今后的重点发展方向.贵金属催化剂拥有优异的催化性能,如何提升其稳定性是急需解决的问题.非贵金属催化剂的活性相对较低,多组分协同催化是提升其性能的有效方法,进一步的工业应用也值得期待.不含金属的氮掺杂炭直接催化加氢反应需要极为苛刻的反应条件,其工业应用前景相对较低.     

氮掺杂碳材料负载Pd纳米结构催化剂催化硝基芳烃与苄醇借氢还原偶联制备亚胺

亚胺化合物作为一类重要的有机合成中间体,在医药、染料以及精细化学品制备方面具有重要的应用价值.使用竹笋为生物质原料制备一种氮掺杂碳材料负载的Pd纳米结构催化剂,以醇为氢源和反应物,通过借氢还原策略实现硝基芳烃原位还原并偶联反应高效制备亚胺化合物.该催化剂相对于其他商业化的催化剂和载体具有明显的性能优势,催化体系具有良好的底物适用性和官能团兼容性.此外,该催化剂具有良好的催化稳定性,能够循环使用多次并保持催化活性不变.     

手性质子酸催化酮的不对称直接α-烷基化反应研究

在有机合成中,羰基化合物的α-烷基化反应是一种重要的碳碳键形成策略.羰基化合物的不对称α-烷基化反应已经有较多的研究报道,但是,在已有的报道中多是使用脂肪醛作为烷基化反应的给体和手性胺作为催化剂.手性胺催化脂肪酮的不对称α-烷基化反应其立体选择性不是十分理想.西南大学化学化工     

An Efficient Synthesis of 1,3‐Diphenyl‐3‐phenylamino‐propan‐1‐one and its Derivatives by Mannich Reaction in the Presence of Doped Porous Carbon by Nitrogen and Sulfur (NS‐PCS) as Catalyst

Synthesis of β‐amino carbonyl compounds by Mannich reaction involves the creation of various bonds in a single action and is attracting great attention as one of the most powerful synthetic tools for the expansion of molecular convolution and versatility. Carbon spheres (CSs) combine the advantages of carbon materials with spherical colloids, which gives them several inimitable features as catalysts. In this work, the reaction between acetophenone, aromatic aldehydes, and aromatic amines has been efficiently catalyzed by porous carbon spheres which were doped by nitrogen and sulfur (NS‐PCS) at ambient temperature to give diverse β‐amino carbonyl compounds in nearly high yields.     

Controllable Sulfur,Nitrogen Co‐doped Porous Carbon for Ethylbenzene Oxidation: The Role of Nano‐CaCO3

Heteroatom‐doped porous carbon materials have exhibited promising applications in various fields. In this work, sulfur, nitrogen co‐doped carbon materials (SNCs) with abundant pore structure were prepared by pyrolysis of sulfur, nitrogen‐containing porous organic polymers (POPs) mixed with nano‐CaCO₃ at high temperature. Among the resultant materials, SNC‐Ca‐850 possesses a relatively high level of doped heteroatoms and exhibits an excellent catalytic performance for the selective oxidation of benzylic C?H bonds. It is noteworthy that nano‐CaCO₃ increases the doped sulfur content in the synthesized carbon materials to a large extent and impacts the existence modes of sulfur. In addition, it enhances the porous structure and specific surface area of the resultant SNCs significantly. This work provides a viable strategy to promote the doping of sulfur into carbon materials during the pyrolysis process.     

Atomic Fe-N_4 sites on electrospun hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Porous carbon materials doped with atomically dispersed metal sites(ADMSs) are promising electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) electrocatalysis.In this work,we fabricated hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers with atomically dispersed Fe-N_4 sites by carbonization of electrospinning iron-based metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers for ORR electrocatalysis.Remarkably,the re sultant carbon nanofibers with atomically dispersed FeN_4 sites exhibit extraordinary electrochemical performance with an onset potential of 0.994 V and a halfwave potential of 0.876 V in alkaline electrolyte,comparable to the benchmark commercial Pt/C catalyst.The high catalytic performance is originated from the unique hierarchically porous 1 D carbon structure and abundant highly active atomically dispersed Fe-N_4 sites.     

Preparation of nitrogen doped clews-like carbon materials and their application as the electrode in supercapacitor

Nitrogen doped clews-like hierarchical porous carbon materials, fabricated by means of a one-pot hydrothermal reaction and post treatment, exhibit superior supercapacitive performances.     

氮掺杂多孔炭材料的制备及在多相催化中的应用

氮掺杂多孔炭材料,不仅具有多孔炭材料的较高的比表面积、丰富的孔结构、良好的稳定性及耐高温耐酸碱性等优点,同时氮原子的引入使材料表现出优异的导电性能及电子传输能力,使得炭材料具有了一定的碱性及催化性能,是目前多相催化及材料领域的一个研究热点。本文综述了氮掺杂多孔炭的制备方法及在多相催化中的应用,并指出了该领域未来研发的重点及应用前景。     

Easy synthesis of iron doped ordered mesoporous carbon with tunable pore sizes

Precise control of the pore sizes for porous carbon materials is of importance to study the confinement effect of metal particles because the pore size in nanosize range will decide the physical and chemical properties of the metal nanoparticles.In this paper,we report a new approach for the synthesis of iron doped ordered mesoporous carbon materials with adjustable pore size using Fe-SBA-15 as hard template and boric acid as the pore expanding reagent.The pore size can be precisely adjusted by a step of 0.4 nm in the range of 3-6 nm.The carbonization temperature can be lowered to 773 K due to the catalytic role of the doped iron.The present approach is suitable for facile synthesis of metal imbedded porous carbon materials with tunable pore sizes.     

The electrochemistry of activated carbonaceous materials: past, present, and future

Carbonaceous materials are widely used in electrochemistry. All allotropic forms of carbons??graphite, glassy carbon, amorphous carbon, fullerenes, nanotubes, and doped diamond??are used as important electrode materials in all fields of modern electrochemistry. Examples include graphite and amorphous carbons as anode materials in high-energy density rechargeable Li batteries, porous carbon electrodes in sensors and fuel cells, nano-amorphous carbon as a conducting agent in many kinds of composite electrodes (e.g., cathodes based on intercalation inorganic host materials for batteries), glassy carbon and doped diamond as stable robust and high stability electrode materials for all aspects of basic electrochemical studies, and more. Amorphous carbons can be activated to form very high specific surface area (yet stable) electrode materials which can be used for electrostatic energy storage and conversion [electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLC)] and separation techniques based on electro-adsorption, such as water desalination by capacitive de-ionization (CDI). Apart from the many practical aspects of activated carbon electrodes, there are many highly interesting and important basic aspects related to their study, including transport phenomena, molecular sieving behavior, correlation between electrochemical behavior and surface chemistry, and more. In this article, we review several important aspects related to these electrode materials, in a time perspective (past, present, and future), with the emphasis on their importance to EDLC devices and CDI processes.     

Biomass derived nitrogen doped carbon with porous architecture as efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors

Developing porous carbon materials with low-cost, sustainable and eco-friendly natural resources is emerging as an ever important research field in the application of high-performance supercapacitor. In this paper, a simple synthetic method to fabricate nitrogen doped porous carbon(NPC) is developed via a one-pot carbonization of sodium alginate and urea. The as-prepared NPC annealed at 700℃ with mesoand macro-porous structure exhibits excellent specific capacitance(180.2 F/g at 1 A/g) and superior cycling life when serves as electrode materials for supercapacitor. Moreover, the investigation on the annealing temperature demonstrates that NPC pyrolysis at 700℃ possesses relatively high pyrrole nitrogen and pyridine nitrogen, which is favorable for enhancing supercapacitor performance. This work extends biomass derived carbon materials in energy storage applications.     

Heteroatom‐Doped Porous Carbon Materials with Unprecedented High Volumetric Capacitive Performance

The design of carbon‐based materials with a high mass density and large porosity has always been a challenging goal, since they fulfill the demands of next‐generation supercapacitors and other electrochemical devices. We report a new class of high‐density heteroatom‐doped porous carbon that can be used as an aqueous‐based supercapacitor material. The material was synthesized by an in situ dehalogenation reaction between a halogenated conjugated diene and nitrogen‐containing nucleophiles. Under the given conditions, pyridinium salts can only continue to perform the dehalogenation if there is residue water remaining from the starting materials. The obtained carbon materials are highly doped by various heteroatoms, leading to high densities, abundant multimodal pores, and an excellent volumetric capacitive performance. Porous carbon tri‐doped with nitrogen, phosphorous, and oxygen exhibits a high packing density (2.13 g cm^?3) and an exceptional volumetric energy density (36.8 Wh L^?1) in alkaline electrolytes, making it competitive to even some Ni‐MH cells.     

衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的应用研究进展

固相微萃取是一种集采样、萃取、富集和进样于一体的样品前处理技术,其萃取效果与涂层材料密切相关。多孔碳材料具有比表面积大、多孔结构可控、活性位点多和化学稳定性好等优点,广泛应用于电池、超级电容器、催化、吸附和分离等领域,也是一种热门的用作固相微萃取探针的涂层材料。衍生多孔碳材料因种类丰富、可设计性强被广泛研究,研究主要集中在对衍生多孔碳材料的结构优化方面。但是衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的应用还存在如下问题:(1)共价有机框架衍生多孔碳材料的制备已取得较大进展,但将其应用于固相微萃取领域的研究仍较少;(2)有待进一步明确制备出的衍生多孔碳材料用作固相微萃取涂层表现出优异提取能力的机理;(3)有待进一步深入研究将衍生多孔碳材料用作固相微萃取涂层以实现对不同物理化学性质污染物的广谱高灵敏度分析。文章综述了近3年衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的应用研究,并展望了未来衍生多孔碳材料在固相微萃取中的研究前景。引用文献共56篇,主要来源于Elsevier。