近红外光谱与组合的间隔偏最小二乘法测定清开灵四混液中总氮和栀子苷的含量

应用近红外光谱分析技术结合化学计量学方法, 建立了中药清开灵注射液中间体总氮和栀子苷含量测定的新方法. 首先采用Kernard-Stone法对训练集样本和预测集样品进行分类, 然后应用组合的间隔偏最小二乘法(Synergy interval partial least squares, siPLS)对所得近红外透射光谱进行有效谱段范围的选择以及二者定量校正模型的建立, 并对光谱预处理方法进行了详细的讨论. 所建立的总氮和栀子苷校正模型的预测相关系数(R)分别为0.999和0.708; 交叉验证误差均方根(RMSECV)均为0.023; 预测误差均方根(RMSEP)分别为0.074和0.159; 预测结果表明, 本实验所建方法快速、无损且可靠, 可推广并应用于中药注射液中间体的在线质量控制.     

近红外光谱法快速测定柴胡提取过程中的药效成分

利用近红外光谱(NIRS)技术对柴胡提取过程中的药效成分进行快速定量分析。共收集126个柴胡提取液样品,采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定总黄酮和多糖的含量,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定柴胡皂苷A及柴胡皂苷D的含量,以透射模式采集提取液的近红外光谱,运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别建立了近红外光谱与4种药效指标参考值之间的定量校正模型,并采用不同的预处理方法、光谱波段和主因子数对模型进行优化。结果表明,总黄酮、多糖、柴胡皂苷A和柴胡皂苷D 4种定量模型的近红外预测值与参考值之间的拟合性良好,模型预测精度较高,其中预测集相关系数(RP)均大于0.9;预测集误差均方根(RMSEP)分别为3.46 μg/mL、0.743 mg/mL、1.53 μg/mL、0.406 μg/mL;预测集相对偏差(RSEP)分别为1.65%、8.28%、5.74%、7.52%。该研究证实了NIRS结合PLS可成功应用于监测柴胡提取液中药效成分的含量变化,且方法具有快速、准确、无损和环保的特点。     

基于可见/近红外透射光谱的番茄红素含量无损检测方法研究

针对番茄内外部结构特征,搭建了可见/近红外透射检测系统,利用完整番茄透射光谱信息,对番茄红素含量进行无损伤快速检测研究。采集的原始光谱曲线经去趋势(DT)、标准正态变量变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)、归一化(NOR)、一阶导数(FD)预处理后分别用偏最小二乘(PLS)进行建模分析。其中SNV预处理后的模型效果最好,校正集和验证集相关系数分别为0.9771和0.9504,校正集和验证集均方根误差为0.9711和1.0496 mg/kg。为进一步提高模型的精度和稳定性,采用无信息变量消除法(UVE)、连续投影算法(SPA)、竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)3种方法单独或联合处理(UVE-SPA,UVE-CARS),对全光谱进行变量优选。经UVE-CARS处理后番茄红素预测模型效果最好,其校正集和验证集相关系数分别提高至0.9830和0.9741,均方根误差分别降低至0.6919和0.7680 mg/kg。最后,选用25个番茄样品对所建立模型进行了外部验证,UVE-CARS-PLS模型的预测集相关系数为0.9812,预测集均方根误差为0.7071 mg/kg,平均相对误差为4.3%。而作为比较的PLS模型的预测集相关系数为0.951,均方根误差为1.0610 mg/kg,平均相对误差6.0%,相比于全光谱PLS模型,UVE-CARS可以很大程度地简化模型,提高模型精度,降低检测的误差限。结果表明,基于自行搭建的番茄可见/近红外透射检测系统结合光谱处理方法,可以实现对生鲜番茄中番茄红素含量的快速、无损检测,为番茄红素定量检测提供了新方法。     

近红外光谱法快速测定推进剂中N-甲基对硝基苯胺

采用近红外光谱法快速测定固体推进剂中N-甲基对硝基苯胺(MNA)的含量。评价了滤波平滑、一阶导数、二阶导数、多元散射校正(MSC)和标准正态变量校正(SNV)这5种不同光谱预处理方法的优化效果，基于建模参数优化结果建立了MNA定量模型，并对模型进行了准确性和重复性验证。结果表明，光谱最佳预处理方式是SNV，模型最佳主因子数为7，模型校正决定系数(R_C²)和验证决定系数(R_P²)分别为0.998 6和0.987 2，交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.012 0和0.009 8，重复性极差和绝对误差均低于0.2%。近红外光谱法与液相色谱法测定结果相比相对偏差在6%以内，经t检验，两种方法测定结果无显著性差异。近红外光谱法快速、准确，可用于推进剂老化进程监控。     

基于小波变换-遗传算法-偏最小二乘的草莓糖度检测研究

采用近红外漫反射光谱分析技术,对草莓糖度进行了无损检测研究。利用便携式近红外光谱仪采集草莓样品在600～1 100 nm波段内的漫反射光谱数据。首先利用小波变换(WT)多分辨率方法对光谱数据进行去噪预处理,然后利用遗传算法(GA)优选特征波长,最后运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立草莓糖度的WT-GA-PLS校正模型。该模型校正集的相关系数R_C为0.9395,校正集的均方根误差RMSEC为0.1615,预测集的相关系数R_P为0.9652,预测集的均方根误差EMSEP为0.5042。与全光谱模型(FS-PLS)和小波变换模型(WT-PLS)相比,该模型预测能力更强,稳健性更优。     

近红外光谱技术定量分析连作滁菊土壤中的阿魏酸含量

应用近红外光谱(NIRS)技术定量分析连作滁菊土壤样品中阿魏酸的含量.通过标准杠杆值、学生残差和马氏距离判断异常光谱,经二阶导数和Norris平滑滤噪预处理后,在6000~4000 cm-1范围,最佳因子数为7,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)构建数学模型.结果表明,模型校正集和验证集与高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)测定的参考值之间均呈现良好相关关系,校正相关系数Rc为0.9914,交叉验证相关系数Rcv为0.9935,校正集误差均方根(RMSEC)为0.484,预测误差均方根(RMSEP)为0.539,交叉验证误差均方根(RMSECV)为0.615.研究结果表明,NIRS分析技术能够实现连作土壤中阿魏酸的快速检测,结果准确可靠.     

基于近红外光谱的人工神经网络研究STR基因座分型方法

以D16S539基因座的3种(9-9、9-11、11-11)基因型为例,设计引物扩增包含该多态性位点的1段DNA片段,获得了3种基因型建模样本各50个.基于近红外光谱(NIRS)结合误差反向传播人工神经网络(BPANN)建立了测定短串联重复序列(STR)基因型的判别模型,所建立的判别模型的校正均方根残差和预测集均方根误差分别为0.082 5、0.072 5,预测准确率均为100%.该方法不需任何前处理,只需一步PCR扩增和NIRS检测即可实现STR基因型判别,具有简单、快速、低成本等优点.     

基于近红外光谱法的定量分析模型快速预测蕨菜中总黄酮的含量

采用近红外光谱法结合偏最小二乘法构建蕨菜中总黄酮含量的快速无损测定方法。取蕨菜样品140份,采用傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪采集4 000～11 500 cm^-1波段内近红外光谱,以一阶导数预处理原始光谱,设置主因子数为10,在6 100～7 500 cm^-1和5 400～6 000 cm^-1波段内建模。结果表明：校正集定量分析模型的校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.078,交叉验证决定系数(R²)为0.991 9;验证集定量分析模型的预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.125,R²为0.984 1,说明所建模型性能较优。分别以定量分析模型和紫外-可见(UV-Vis)分光光度法分析完全外部验证集样品,预测回收率(预测值和测定值比值的百分数)接近100%,说明所建模型的预测准确度较高,可用于蕨菜中总黄酮的快速、准确测定。     

PLS–分光光度法同时测定三组分阳离子染料

将偏最小二乘法用于可见分光光度分析,建立一种同时测定阳离子黄X–8GL、阳离子红X–FG、阳离子艳蓝RL三组分混合染料含量的新方法。在380～780 nm范围内,将测定的26组混合溶液的吸光度值作为校正集,另8组混合溶液的吸光度值作为预测集,结合二阶差分法确定最佳主成分数。测得三组分混合体系中校正集的相关系数分别为0.9988,0.9994,0.9964;交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)分别为0.0754,0.1852,0.2168;预测集的相关系数分别为0.9984,0.9996,0.9981;预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.1086,0.1877,0.2515。该方法无需样品分离,可为染色过程中多组分染料浓度的在线监测提供技术支撑。     

近红外光谱测定溶液中甲醇的含量

测量了含微量甲醇(体积分数为0.04%～0.24%)的系列乙醇水溶液的近红外光谱,利用近红外光谱分析建立了预测甲醇含量的定量分析模型。比较了用外部检验法(Test Set-Validation)和交叉检验法(Cross-Validaton)建立的数学模型,研究了使用外部检验法时,校正集和检验集样品数的改变对模型预测结果的影响。结果发现,当校正集样品数为15检验集样品数为6(总样品数为21)时,使用外部检验法建立的数学模型预测结果较好,其校正集的均方根误差和检验集的预测均方根误差(分别为RMSEE和RMSEP)均较小(分别为0.0115和0.0105),而且很接近。结果表明,近红外光谱方法简单,准确而且实用。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。