Scale Inhibition of Green Inhibitor Polyepoxysuccinic Sodium

Polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) is the green water treatment agents recognized all over the world[1-3]. It is found that when PESA is used alone, it had good scale inhibition. PESA should be included in the category of green scale inhibitor.PESA is synthesized with maleicanhydride in the presence of catalysts. The effect on scale-in-hibiting property of the product from amount and feed times of catalyst, the reaction temperature, the reaction time were investigated. The optimum reaction conditions are as follows:n(maleic anhydride):n(Ca(OH)2):n(NaOH)=1:0.05-0.2:0.5, reaction temperature 95C, reaction time 4h.In all the references about PESA, PESA is researched as a kind of highly effective scale inhibitor or chelate. In this paper, the performance of scale inhibition of PESA is evaluated by scale static inhibitor.The results are shown in Figture1.It is evident from our experimental data (Figture1) that when inhibition for CaCO3.With the increase of PESA dosage, scale inhibition increases. When dosage is more than 6mg/L, inhibition efficiency is over 50%. The formulas give scale inhibition efficiency more than 95% at 12mg/L of total dosage.     

天然海水中绿色碳钢缓蚀剂的研究

根据分子设计和官能团剪裁方法,结合有机缓蚀剂分子在金属表面和氧化膜表面的配位理论,选择葡萄酸钙,葡萄糖酸锌,硫酸锌,蒜素,丙烯酸聚合物,椰子油基烷醇酰胺,APG,OCTA,多聚磷酸钠等多种缓蚀剂成分,利用极化曲线法和重量法研究了上述缓蚀剂复配后对海水中碳钢的缓蚀作用,并由正交实验对筛选出的葡萄酸钙,硫酸锌和OCTA研究确定其以及相互之间的最佳复配比和协同效应,然后通过分段实验法再研究其最佳配方的后效能性,从而得到一种可生物降解的无磷高效绿色缓蚀剂.     

山梨酸钾与Zn2+在NaCl溶液中对Q235钢的缓蚀协同作用

采用失重法、电化学法、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液中,山梨酸钾(PS)与Zn²⁺对Q235钢的缓蚀协同效应。 失重实验结果表明,在0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液中,PS对Q235钢具有一定的缓蚀效果,缓蚀效率随PS质量浓度的增加而增大,当添加PS的质量浓度为25.0 g/L时,最大缓蚀效率仅为38.37%,而PS与Zn²⁺复配后存在显著的缓蚀协同作用,缓蚀效率高达91.03%。 动电势极化结果表明,PS与Zn²⁺混合物可同时抑制Q235钢的阴、阳极反应,属于阳极型缓蚀剂。 阻抗谱表明,该混合物可在电极表面形成致密的保护膜。 XPS分析证明保护膜是由PS、铁的氧化物/氢氧化物和Zn(OH)₂沉淀组成。     

Study of the mechanism action of sodium gluconate used for the protection of scale and corrosion in cooling water system

This work based on the mechanism action study of sodium gluconate (SG) for ordinary mild steel used for cooling water system treatment. In the first time, we evaluated the temperature effect on the scale inhibition of SG using statistic scale inhibition method. Result showed that the inhibition efficiency became more important with increasing temperature, at great concentration (10⁻² and 10⁻³ M). This can be explained by forming of stable complex SG–Ca²⁺. In the second time, the present work focuses on the study of operational parameters and corrosion products effect on SG performance using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic method. The obtained results show that SG is a very good inhibitor for corrosion and scale and remains effective in the presence of corrosion products. For this study we were proposed a mechanism action for SG on metallic surface. In addition, the SG keeps its effectiveness in a more aggressive medium such as 3% NaCl. Finally, to complete the formulation, we added a not oxidizing biocide (CTAB) to SG. The results obtained show that SG remains its effective.     

Polyepoxysuccinic acid with hyper-branched structure as an environmentally friendly scale inhibitor and its scale inhibition mechanism

In order to improve the scale inhibition efficiency of existing polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) and to study the impact of their molecular structure on scale inhibition efficiency, a series of PESA with linear and hyper-branched structure have been designed and synthesized through co-polymerization reaction with glycidyl and epoxy succinate. The scale inhibition behavior of PESA with linear and hyper-branched structure against CaCO₃ and CaSO₄ scales was evaluated using static scale inhibition method, and their ability to retard deposition of CaCO₃ was also examined. The experimental results showed that, for CaCO₃ and CaSO₄, the PESA with hyper-branched structure provides a scale inhibiting efficiency as high as 95.9% and 94.3%, respectively, at an inhibitor concentration of 15?mg/L. In addition, the processes of crystal nucleation, growth and crystal morphology have been analyzed. The experimental results show that the PESA with hyper-branched structure not only prolongs the induction period of CaCO₃ crystal nucleation, but also reduces the number of crystal nuclei and changes the size and morphology of the CaCO₃ crystal. Moreover, the FTIR, SEM and XRD analyses showed that the PESA with hyper-branched structure can induce the irregularity of growing CaCO₃ crystal, destroy the formation of crystals and change the polymorphs of calcium scale crystal. This conclusion indicates that the prepared PESA with hyper-branched structure has great potential for applying in the treatment of industrial water.     

基于癸二酸二异辛酯的环保型复合缓蚀剂对钢筋的缓蚀效应

应用缓蚀剂控制混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀具有高效、廉价和易操作等优点,越来越受腐蚀研究者的关注。近年来,对环保型缓蚀剂的需求日益增加。因此,本工作发展了由癸二酸二异辛酯、D-葡萄糖酸钠和硫酸锌组成的环保型复合缓蚀剂并应用电化学测试技术和表面分析方法研究其对钢筋的缓蚀作用。结果表明,Q235钢筋在pH为11.00,含0.5 mol∙L^-1 NaCl的模拟污染的混凝土孔隙液中处于活化状态并发生局部腐蚀。含有59 mmol∙L^-1癸二酸二异辛酯,0.5 mmol∙L^-1 D-葡萄糖酸钠和1.5 mmol∙L^-1硫酸锌组成的复合缓蚀剂对钢筋具有良好的协同缓蚀效应,在模拟污染混凝土孔隙液中和水泥砂浆试样中对钢筋的缓蚀效率分别达到96.8%和90.0%。该复合缓蚀剂是一种混合型缓蚀剂,对钢筋腐蚀的阴极反应和阳极反应均有抑制作用。     

阻垢剂阻BaSO4垢性能的电导滴定评价法

采用一种基于电导滴定原理的评价方法,通过测定电导滴定过程中不同阻垢剂在相同浓度下所能维持的BaSO4的最大相对过饱和度来评价阻垢性能。实验对阻垢剂聚环氧琥珀酸(PESA)、聚天冬氨酸(PASP)、二亚乙基三胺五亚甲基膦(DEPTMP)、六偏磷酯钠(SHMP)阻BaSO4垢的性能分别采用了电导滴定法及静态阻垢法进行测定并比较。电导滴定法对阻垢剂阻BaSO4垢性能的测试结果表明,阻垢剂PESA、PASP、DTPMP和SHMP对BaSO4垢的阻垢能力大小为:PESA>PASP>DEPTMP>SHMP,这与静态阻垢法的实验结果一致,表明电导滴定法与静态阻垢法对阻垢剂阻BaSO4垢的评价结果具有一致性,电导滴定法评价阻垢剂对BaSO4垢的阻垢性能具有快速、简单、易行的优点。而且实验表明,电导滴定法的RSD为0.020,而静态阻垢法为0.069,说明电导滴定法的重现性优于静态阻垢法。该法还可用于评价阻垢剂对BaSO4垢的协同阻垢效应。     

Synthesis of polyaspartic acid-glycidyl adduct and evaluation of its scale inhibition performance and corrosion inhibition capacity for Q235 steel applications

In this work, the development of the eco-friendly comprehensive scale and corrosion inhibitor based on green polyaspartic acid (PASP) was presented. In this view, PASPG was prepared by a ring-opening graft modification reaction of polysuccinimide (PSI) with glycidyl. In addition, the molecular structure and the thermal stability of PASPG were characterized by using three different methods (FTIR, ¹H NMR, and TGA). PASPG’s scale inhibition efficiency and corrosion inhibition efficiency were also evaluated, respectively. More concretely, the scale inhibition efficiency of PASPG achieved 94.6 % and 95.1 % for CaCO₃ and CaSO₄, respectively. With the aid of the FTIR and SEM measurement techniques, it was found that PASPG could induce the irregular growth of the CaCO₃ and CaSO₄ morphology and destroy the formation of crystals. On the other hand, the higher corrosion efficiency of 85.17 % was achieved by PASPG in comparison with PASP (72.53 %). PASPG is a mixed inhibitor and the adsorption of PASPG on the Q235 steel surface followed the Langmuir mono-layer adsorption isotherm. The formation of a protective film on the surface of carbon steel was proved by PASPG’s adsorption, which increased the resistance to be eroded. Thus, the surface of carbon steel can be effectively protected. The present work provides a simple and effective pathway for the synthesis of high-efficiency green scale and corrosion inhibitor, by introducing a functional group into the PASP chains. The implementation of such type of chemical modification method may also be an effective strategy for improving the efficiency of other polymers green scale and corrosion inhibitors.     

Corrosion inhibition by benzotriazole derivatives and sodium dodecyl sulphate as corrosion inhibitors for copper in ground water at different temperatures

1‐(2‐Pyrrole carbonyl) benzotriazole (PBTA) and 1‐(2‐thienyl carbonyl)‐benzotriazole (TBTA) were synthesized. Different concentrations of PBTA, TBTA, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and molybdate (Mo) were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for copper in ground water medium at different temperatures. The obtained results were compared with the effect of benzotriazole (BTA) on the inhibition of copper corrosion at the same condition. The study was performed using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and scanning electron microscopy investigations. A good inhibition is ensured at elevated temperatures. All measurements indicated that PBTA, TBTA, and BTA act as good corrosion inhibitors and their inhibition efficiency (IE%) increased with combining them with optimum concentration of SDS and Mo. Furthermore, the best performance was recorded for the compound PBTA + SDS + Mo, which was found to offer increased IE% in a synergistic manner, thereby acting as a good corrosion inhibitor for copper in ground water medium. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

稀土Ce~(4+)和香兰素在H_3PO_4介质中对钢的缓蚀协同效应

采用失重法、电化学法和紫外-可见吸收光谱研究了3.0mol/LH3PO4介质中,稀土Ce4+和香兰素(4-羟基-3-甲氧基-苯甲醛)对冷轧钢的缓蚀协同效应。结果表明,香兰素对冷轧钢有中等程度的缓蚀作用,缓蚀率随其浓度的增加而增大,最大缓蚀率为66%,在钢表面的吸附符合Freundlich吸附模型;稀土Ce4+对冷轧钢的缓蚀作用较差,最大缓蚀率仅为20%左右。稀土Ce4+和香兰素复配后对冷轧钢产生了明显的缓蚀协同效应,最大缓蚀率可达90%。稀土Ce4+和香兰素在H3PO4介质中复配后形成了新的配合物,为混合抑制型缓蚀剂。     

Gemini型咪唑啉双季铵盐金属缓蚀剂的合成及其性能

合成了系列新型咪唑啉双季铵盐阳离子缓蚀剂(S-HSJ),研究并讨论了其在5%HCl介质中对铜、铁、铝等金属的缓蚀性能及缓蚀剂结构中亲油基部分碳链长度、缓蚀时间、缓蚀剂浓度等对缓蚀效果的影响. 研究表明,S-HSJ系列咪唑啉双季铵盐对红铜、黄铜、铝及马口铁四种金属均表现出较传统单季铵盐与苯并三氮唑缓蚀剂好的缓蚀性能,S-HSJ-16双季铵盐添加量0.1%时缓蚀效率可达94%~99%,S-HSJ与阴离子表面活性剂复配对铜腐蚀表现出明显协同效应.     

Study of the Synergistic Effect Between Corrosion Inhibitors by Using Fractional Free Volume

The fractional free volumes(FFVs) of the adsorption films formed with different ratios of dipropargyl methoxythiourea imidazoline(DPFTAI) and pyridine quaternary ammonium salt(16BD) were calculated by simulation to determine their synergistic corrosion inhibition effect. The results suggest that the composite corrosion inhibitor at the molar ratio between DPFTAI and 16BD of 4:1 gives the best corrosion inhibition effect. This simulation method to predict the synergistic effect between corrosion inhibitors was further validated by mass loss and electrochemical experiments. This finding delivers valuable understandings of inhibition mechanism of corrosion inhibitors.     

Molecular dynamics simulation on the interaction between polymer inhibitors and anhydrite surface

Investigation on the microscopic interaction between polymer inhibitors and calcium sulfate will be helpful for understanding its scale inhibition mechanism and can provide a theoretical guidance to developing new scale inhibitors. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations with COMPASS force field have been performed to simulate the interaction between hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA), polyaspartic acid (PASP), polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA), polyacrylic acid (PAA) and the (001) and (020) surfaces of anhydrite (AD) crystal with and without water. The results show that the sequence of binding energies between four polymer inhibitors and AD (001) and (020) with water is PESA > PASP > HPMA > PAA. The binding energy of the same polymer inhibitor on AD (001) is smaller than that on AD (020). Water molecules weaken the deformations of HPMA and PAA but aggravate those of PASP and PESA. Natural bond orbital (NBO) charges of the repeat units of polymer inhibitors were calculated by B3LYP/6‐31G* method. The Coulomb interaction is formed between the O atoms of polymer inhibitors and the Ca atoms of AD crystal. The system of polymer–AD is mainly contributed from the non‐bonding interaction. Polymer inhibitors do not interact directly with AD crystal, but indirectly through the interactions between inhibitor–H₂O and H₂O–AD, i.e. water molecules participate in scale inhibition of polymer inhibitors to AD crystal. Water molecules cannot be ignored when the interaction models are constructed, i.e. solvent effect cannot be ignored. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Corrosion inhibition of ammonium molybdate for AA6061 alloy in NaCl solution and its synergistic effect with calcium gluconate

The corrosion inhibition of ammonium heltamolybdate (AH) and calcium gluconate (CG) for AA6061 alloy in 3% NaCl solution was investigated by the electrochemical measurements. It indicates that AH inhibits the corrosion of AA6061 alloy and acts as an anodic inhibitor. Maximum inhibition efficiency reaches 74.3% at the concentration of 1 × 10^?4 mol.l^?1 AH. The results of the electrochemical studies reveal AH is physically adsorbed on the AA6061 alloy surface and the adsorption follows Langmuir isotherm. The combination of AH and CG enhances the inhibition efficiency to 95.9%. The enhanced inhibition is attributed to the promotion of AH adsorption by CG. The mixture of AH and CG is a mixed‐type inhibitor and renders the corrosion potential to more positive values. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑和Na_2WO_4复合缓蚀剂对黄铜的缓蚀协同作用

应用交流阻抗和极化曲线测试3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑(ATA)和钨酸钠复合缓蚀剂对黄铜在3%NaCl溶液中的缓蚀作用.结果表明,ATA对黄铜有缓蚀作用,并以7.5 mg.L-1ATA的缓蚀效果最好,缓蚀率为87.46%,以7.5 mg.L-1ATA和0.15 mg.L-1Na2WO4配成复合缓蚀剂则对黄铜具有很好缓蚀协同效应,缓蚀效率达91.82%,属阴极型缓蚀剂.     

三种有机缓蚀剂对钢筋阻锈作用的电化学研究

应用极化曲线、电化学噪音(EN)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等电化学方法,检测和评价N-月桂酰肌氨酸钠、D-葡萄糖酸钠和β-甘油磷酸钠等3种缓蚀剂对钢筋在含NaC l的模拟混凝土孔溶液中电化学腐蚀行为的影响及其阻锈作用.结果表明,D-葡萄糖酸钠对钢筋具有较好的缓蚀效果,其缓蚀作用主要是通过在钢筋表面的竞争吸附和沉积而提高钢筋耐腐蚀性.     

季铵阳离子与无机阴离子对铁的缓蚀协同效应

在酸性介质中,季铵阳离子与无机阴离子对铁具有明显的缓蚀协同效应,阴离子的表面活性越强,对协同效应的贡献越大,阳离子的结构对协同效应同样有着明显的影响。本文采用电化学方法仔细地研究了硫酸溶液中四丁基铵阳离子(TBA~+)和十六烷基吡啶阳离子(HDP~+)与SCN~-及I~-对铁的缓蚀协同效应。     

Extended protection of mild steel in molar HCl using the Garcinia Indica fruit rind extract (GIW) and iodide ions; electrochemical,thermodynamic and kinetic studies

The extended protection of mild steel in hydrochloric acid (HCl) media at four different temperatures using the synergistic interaction of a nontoxic, green corrosion inhibitor Garcinia Indica fruit rind (GIW) and potassium iodide (KI) is discussed in this paper. The investigations are mainly carried out using weight loss and electrochemical studies. The corrosion inhibition property of the aqueous extract is due to the presence cyanidin anthocyanins such as cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin sambubioside and o-hydroxy citric acid. By the addition of 200 ​ppm of KI to 4% GIW extract, the efficiency increased from 89% to 90% at 303K but the increase is appreciable at 333K from 74% to 81%. The results explain the charge transfer controlled reactions of corrosion inhibition and proves the mixed type characteristic of GIW/KI pair. The adsorption process is found to be mainly the physisorption of GIW/KI pair. Monte-Carlo simulations of the constituent molecules reveal an increase in binding energy when GIW adsorbed along with KI.     

5-苯基-1H-四氮唑对铜片缓蚀性能的研究

通过金相显微镜和接触角测试研究了5-苯基-1H-四氮唑在硫-乙醇体系中对铜的缓蚀性能。结果显示,缓蚀剂可以在铜片表面形成疏水性保护膜,有效抑制了铜片的腐蚀。电化学测试表明,当缓蚀剂浓度为70 mg/L时缓蚀效率达到87%,对铜电极有明显的缓蚀作用。通过量子化学密度泛函理论研究了缓蚀剂分子结构与缓蚀性能的关系,分析了缓蚀剂分子的活性位点。通过分子动力学模拟研究了缓蚀剂分子在Cu的(111)表面的吸附行为。     

Synergistic and antagonistic effects between halide ions and carboxymethyl cellulose for the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulphuric acid solution

The corrosion and corrosion inhibition effect of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for mild steel in sulphuric acid medium was investigated using chemical (weight loss and hydrogen evolution) techniques at 30–60 °C. The effect of addition of halide ions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, and I⁻) was also studied. It was found that CMC functions as an inhibitor for acid induced corrosion for mild steel. Inhibition efficiency increases with increase in immersion time but decreases with increase in temperature. Addition of halide ions reveals that chloride ions (Cl⁻) antagonize the inhibition process whereas iodide ions (I⁻) exert synergistic effect on the corrosion inhibition by CMC. Corrosion inhibitive effect was afforded by adsorption of CMC molecules onto the mild steel surface both in the absence and presence of halide ions which was found to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The phenomenon of physical adsorption is proposed from decrease in inhibition efficiency with increase in temperature. The inhibition mechanism was further corroborated by the values of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters obtained from the experimental data.